Insights into digestion and absorption of major nutrients in humans
... outside the cell (4). GLUTs are integral membrane transport proteins folded into 12 transmembrane-spanning ␣-helixes that form a central aqueous channel for the movement of the substrate (D-glucose, D-galactose, or fructose) across the lipid bilayer. Of the five original GLUTs, only GLUT2 and GLUT5 ...
... outside the cell (4). GLUTs are integral membrane transport proteins folded into 12 transmembrane-spanning ␣-helixes that form a central aqueous channel for the movement of the substrate (D-glucose, D-galactose, or fructose) across the lipid bilayer. Of the five original GLUTs, only GLUT2 and GLUT5 ...
Sample pages 2 PDF
... The first theme is played by an extreme character: Pyrococcus abyssi. This is quite an exotic prokaryote, what biologists actually call an extremophile. It belongs to Archaea, the third kingdom of life. However, it is not just its phylogenetic affinity that makes this organism interesting. It is a h ...
... The first theme is played by an extreme character: Pyrococcus abyssi. This is quite an exotic prokaryote, what biologists actually call an extremophile. It belongs to Archaea, the third kingdom of life. However, it is not just its phylogenetic affinity that makes this organism interesting. It is a h ...
... Protein phosphorylation is used to coordinately regulate glycogen synthesis and degradation. Glycogen phosphorylase is active when phosphorylated since the phosphorylation state of proteins is high when glucose levels are low. (2 pts for statements along these lines). Therefore glycogen synthase sho ...
ADP
... 1. Basic Process of Glycolysis * Definition of Glycolysis The process in which a molecule of glucose is degraded in a series of enzymatic reactions to yield two molecules of pyruvate or lactate under anaerobic condition is term glycolysis. * The site of glycolysis is cytoplasm. ...
... 1. Basic Process of Glycolysis * Definition of Glycolysis The process in which a molecule of glucose is degraded in a series of enzymatic reactions to yield two molecules of pyruvate or lactate under anaerobic condition is term glycolysis. * The site of glycolysis is cytoplasm. ...
A multi-tissue type genome-scale metabolic network for analysis of
... The three cell-specific reconstructions were also compared based on the assigned subsystems and reactions. The reactions of each model were grouped into subsystems (Figure 3A). The majority of reactions in all of the networks corresponded to transporters and lipid metabolism. As the AM has the least ...
... The three cell-specific reconstructions were also compared based on the assigned subsystems and reactions. The reactions of each model were grouped into subsystems (Figure 3A). The majority of reactions in all of the networks corresponded to transporters and lipid metabolism. As the AM has the least ...
Document
... the breakdown of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate In gluconeogenesis these molecules are joined to make fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. The same enzyme does the job: aldolase Slide 19 - Aldolase When you join these two small molecules (one a ketone and one an aldehyde) that is called an aldol condensation ...
... the breakdown of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate In gluconeogenesis these molecules are joined to make fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. The same enzyme does the job: aldolase Slide 19 - Aldolase When you join these two small molecules (one a ketone and one an aldehyde) that is called an aldol condensation ...
Treating heart attack with different food substrates
... reported19,20 and is partly a consequence of a shift in cardiac gene expression from the postnatal pattern to a fetal pattern.16 Some controversy exists as to whether the shift towards glucose use is adaptive or maladaptive. In the rapid pacing canine model of heart failure, in contrast to models of ...
... reported19,20 and is partly a consequence of a shift in cardiac gene expression from the postnatal pattern to a fetal pattern.16 Some controversy exists as to whether the shift towards glucose use is adaptive or maladaptive. In the rapid pacing canine model of heart failure, in contrast to models of ...
a-amino acid
... • Chorismate, a derivative of shikimate, is a key branch-point intermediate in aromatic amino acid synthesis. • Animals can not synthesize chorismate. ...
... • Chorismate, a derivative of shikimate, is a key branch-point intermediate in aromatic amino acid synthesis. • Animals can not synthesize chorismate. ...
FAS or PKS, lipid biosynthesis and stable carbon isotope
... membrane components in biological systems, it is reasonable to assume that the biosynthetic pathway of fatty acids is relatively ancient [58]. Bacteria are known to synthesize fatty acids via the classic fatty acid synthase (FAS) pathway [59] with chain length ranging from C12 to C19. The bacterial ...
... membrane components in biological systems, it is reasonable to assume that the biosynthetic pathway of fatty acids is relatively ancient [58]. Bacteria are known to synthesize fatty acids via the classic fatty acid synthase (FAS) pathway [59] with chain length ranging from C12 to C19. The bacterial ...
ADP
... Allosteric activators:AMP; ADP; F-1,6-2P; F-2,6-2P Allosteric inhibitors: citric acid; ATP(high conc. ) • F-1,6-2P can positively feedback regulate PFK-1 • There are two binding sites in PFK-1 for ATP: ① substrate-binding site in active center (low conc.) ② allosteric site outside active center (hig ...
... Allosteric activators:AMP; ADP; F-1,6-2P; F-2,6-2P Allosteric inhibitors: citric acid; ATP(high conc. ) • F-1,6-2P can positively feedback regulate PFK-1 • There are two binding sites in PFK-1 for ATP: ① substrate-binding site in active center (low conc.) ② allosteric site outside active center (hig ...
File
... • 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate • This step involves reaction in which ATP is produced by phosphorylation of ADP • 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate transfers a phosphate group to ADP. This is known as substrate level phosphorylation. • Reaction is catalyzed by phosphoglycerate Ki ...
... • 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate • This step involves reaction in which ATP is produced by phosphorylation of ADP • 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate transfers a phosphate group to ADP. This is known as substrate level phosphorylation. • Reaction is catalyzed by phosphoglycerate Ki ...
Clinical Chemistry Evaluations in Toxicity Studies
... organ damage. Enzymes are a highly specialized class of proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions that otherwise would occur at a very low rate. They catalyze reactions by complexing with the substrates and lowering the energy of activation without altering the equilibrium constant. They are not ...
... organ damage. Enzymes are a highly specialized class of proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions that otherwise would occur at a very low rate. They catalyze reactions by complexing with the substrates and lowering the energy of activation without altering the equilibrium constant. They are not ...
Clinical Chemistry Evaluations in Toxicity Studies
... organ damage. Enzymes are a highly specialized class of proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions that otherwise would occur at a very low rate. They catalyze reactions by complexing with the substrates and lowering the energy of activation without altering the equilibrium constant. They are not ...
... organ damage. Enzymes are a highly specialized class of proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions that otherwise would occur at a very low rate. They catalyze reactions by complexing with the substrates and lowering the energy of activation without altering the equilibrium constant. They are not ...
CITRIN DEFICIENCY
... WHY DOES CITRIN DEFICIENCY INTERFERE IN GLYCOLYSIS? Glycolysis (breakdown of glucose sugar) is responsible for oxidizing glucose in order to produce energy (as ATP) for the cell. Citrin deficiency may cause the glycolysis impairment due to an increase in the cytosolic NADH/NAD relationship, leading ...
... WHY DOES CITRIN DEFICIENCY INTERFERE IN GLYCOLYSIS? Glycolysis (breakdown of glucose sugar) is responsible for oxidizing glucose in order to produce energy (as ATP) for the cell. Citrin deficiency may cause the glycolysis impairment due to an increase in the cytosolic NADH/NAD relationship, leading ...
Fundamentals of Biochemistry
... is also obtained via anaerobic glycolysis - The pyruvate end-product of glycolysis is ultimately converted via a two-step process called “alcoholic fermentation” to ethanol: (1) Pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) decarboxylates pyruvate to acetaldehyde using thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) as a cofactor with ...
... is also obtained via anaerobic glycolysis - The pyruvate end-product of glycolysis is ultimately converted via a two-step process called “alcoholic fermentation” to ethanol: (1) Pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) decarboxylates pyruvate to acetaldehyde using thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) as a cofactor with ...
Fatty acid oxidation and the P-oxidation complex in
... pathogenic for mice. These strains were grown in experimental animals as well as axenically with and ...
... pathogenic for mice. These strains were grown in experimental animals as well as axenically with and ...
Presentation
... ATP synthesis can be uncoupled: if a different H+ diffusion channel is inserted into the mitochondrial membrane, the energy of the diffusion is lost as heat. The protein thermogenin occurs in human infants and hibernating animals. ...
... ATP synthesis can be uncoupled: if a different H+ diffusion channel is inserted into the mitochondrial membrane, the energy of the diffusion is lost as heat. The protein thermogenin occurs in human infants and hibernating animals. ...
the phosphoglycerate mutase family studied by protein engineering
... The wealth of information available for this enzyme, together with its relatively simple reaction mechanism, means that it is an excellent candidate for further study using the technique of site-directed mutagenesis coupled with extensive kinetic and structural characterization of mutants. There are ...
... The wealth of information available for this enzyme, together with its relatively simple reaction mechanism, means that it is an excellent candidate for further study using the technique of site-directed mutagenesis coupled with extensive kinetic and structural characterization of mutants. There are ...
Fatty and Amino acids composition of Bactrocera zonata as affected
... lower protein content than the unirradiated males. Data indicated that the normal male proteins were rich in their contents of glutamic, proline, leucine, tyrosine and arginine, the level of these amino acids were 13.43, 18.17, 11.06, 11.06 and 13.43mg/g, respectively, and extremely poor in cystine ...
... lower protein content than the unirradiated males. Data indicated that the normal male proteins were rich in their contents of glutamic, proline, leucine, tyrosine and arginine, the level of these amino acids were 13.43, 18.17, 11.06, 11.06 and 13.43mg/g, respectively, and extremely poor in cystine ...
Principles of Metabolic Regulation
... stress of prolonged flight. The sprinting rabbit relies on breakdown of stored (liver) glycogen and anaerobic glycolysis for short-term production of ATP for muscle activity. The regulation of these two means of ATP production is very different. Under aerobic conditions (see answer to Problem 9), gl ...
... stress of prolonged flight. The sprinting rabbit relies on breakdown of stored (liver) glycogen and anaerobic glycolysis for short-term production of ATP for muscle activity. The regulation of these two means of ATP production is very different. Under aerobic conditions (see answer to Problem 9), gl ...
Rubisco
... (3) Regeneration of ribulose 1,5bisphosphate from triose phosphate Fructose 6-phosphate is an important branchpoint. Cell can choose to synthesize starch or regenerate ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate from F-6-P. Animals do not have these following enzymes so they can not perform photosynthesis: Sedohept ...
... (3) Regeneration of ribulose 1,5bisphosphate from triose phosphate Fructose 6-phosphate is an important branchpoint. Cell can choose to synthesize starch or regenerate ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate from F-6-P. Animals do not have these following enzymes so they can not perform photosynthesis: Sedohept ...
NSC 207 - National Open University of Nigeria
... glucose 6 –phosphate. The level of F6P increases when PFK is blocked, and so there is a corresponding increase in the level of G6P, which is in equilibrium with F6P.Hence, inhibition of PFK leads to the inhibition of HK. ...
... glucose 6 –phosphate. The level of F6P increases when PFK is blocked, and so there is a corresponding increase in the level of G6P, which is in equilibrium with F6P.Hence, inhibition of PFK leads to the inhibition of HK. ...
Glyceroneogenesis
Glyceroneogenesis is a metabolic pathway which synthesizes glycerol 3-phosphate or triglyceride from precursors other than glucose. Usually glycerol 3-phosphate is generated from glucose by glycolysis, but when glucose concentration drops in the cytosol, it is generated by another pathway called glyceroneogenesis. Glyceroneogenesis uses pyruvate, alanine, glutamine or any substances from the TCA cycle as precursors for glycerol 3-phophate. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPC-K), which is an enzyme that catalyses the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate is the main regulator for this pathway. Glyceroneogenesis can be observed in adipose tissue and also liver. It is a significant biochemical pathway which regulates cytosolic lipid levels. Intense suppression of glyceroneogenesis may lead to metabolic disorder such as type 2 diabetes.