Metabolism
... 4. Describe how enzymes act as catalysts of reactions with reference to the reaction catalysed by lysozyme. In a biological setting, most energetically favourable reactions will not occur at a rate useful for life, unless catalysed by enzymes. Enzymes function by lowering the barriers that block a p ...
... 4. Describe how enzymes act as catalysts of reactions with reference to the reaction catalysed by lysozyme. In a biological setting, most energetically favourable reactions will not occur at a rate useful for life, unless catalysed by enzymes. Enzymes function by lowering the barriers that block a p ...
The Krebs Cycle - Advanced
... dioxide, accounting for two of the six such end products of glucose oxidation. The energy released by this breakdown is carried by NADH. ...
... dioxide, accounting for two of the six such end products of glucose oxidation. The energy released by this breakdown is carried by NADH. ...
Summary of Chapter 24
... • Overall reaction uses 4 “high energy” phosphate bond hydrolysis. CO2 + NH3 + Asp + 2H2O + 3ATP → Urea + Fumarate + 2ADP + AMP + 2Pi + PPi (→ 2Pi) • Oxidation of urea cycle produces 2NADH (= 6ATP). • Krebs bicycle: Urea cycle and aspartate-argininosuccinate shunt of citric acid cycle. • Urea cycle ...
... • Overall reaction uses 4 “high energy” phosphate bond hydrolysis. CO2 + NH3 + Asp + 2H2O + 3ATP → Urea + Fumarate + 2ADP + AMP + 2Pi + PPi (→ 2Pi) • Oxidation of urea cycle produces 2NADH (= 6ATP). • Krebs bicycle: Urea cycle and aspartate-argininosuccinate shunt of citric acid cycle. • Urea cycle ...
Production of lactic acid
... Well, it depends on your circumstance and goals. Most of us are non-competitive or non-elite active individuals, who just want to exercise to gain health benefits, feel good and possibly lose weight. Aerobic exercise conditions enable you to exercise for long periods of time, potentially benefiting ...
... Well, it depends on your circumstance and goals. Most of us are non-competitive or non-elite active individuals, who just want to exercise to gain health benefits, feel good and possibly lose weight. Aerobic exercise conditions enable you to exercise for long periods of time, potentially benefiting ...
Document
... In animals and bacteria the extra step converts pyruvate to lactate (or lactic acid). This is a reduction, so NADH is used and NAD is regenerated, to be used in glycolysis. The reaction is reversible, so the energy remaining in the lactate molecule can be retrieved when oxygen becomes available and ...
... In animals and bacteria the extra step converts pyruvate to lactate (or lactic acid). This is a reduction, so NADH is used and NAD is regenerated, to be used in glycolysis. The reaction is reversible, so the energy remaining in the lactate molecule can be retrieved when oxygen becomes available and ...
Absorption, hepatic metabolism and mammary
... model based on results of animal experiments. Four second parity sows (Danish Landrace x Yorshire) were fitted with catheters in an artery, the portal vein, the hepatic vein and the mesenteric vein (for infusion). Blood was collected at d -10, -3, 3 and 17 to parturition. With the results of this ex ...
... model based on results of animal experiments. Four second parity sows (Danish Landrace x Yorshire) were fitted with catheters in an artery, the portal vein, the hepatic vein and the mesenteric vein (for infusion). Blood was collected at d -10, -3, 3 and 17 to parturition. With the results of this ex ...
Ecological speciation model
... Heterofermentative organisms use a pathway with a greater number of redox reactions than Streptococcus. Make very oxidized and very reduced compounds. More NAD(P)H to be reoxidized constrains ATP synthesis, high energy intermediate used as an electron acceptor. Vitamins: essential portions of cofact ...
... Heterofermentative organisms use a pathway with a greater number of redox reactions than Streptococcus. Make very oxidized and very reduced compounds. More NAD(P)H to be reoxidized constrains ATP synthesis, high energy intermediate used as an electron acceptor. Vitamins: essential portions of cofact ...
biochemistry-n-6-protein-metabolism
... an endopeptidase, cleaving peptide bonds at various points within the protein chain. Smaller peptides and some free amino acids are produced. ...
... an endopeptidase, cleaving peptide bonds at various points within the protein chain. Smaller peptides and some free amino acids are produced. ...
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) and Metabolic Systems (cont`d)
... • 2 ATP from blood glucose glycolysis OR 3 ATP from stored glycogen glycolysis • 2 ATP from Krebs cycle ...
... • 2 ATP from blood glucose glycolysis OR 3 ATP from stored glycogen glycolysis • 2 ATP from Krebs cycle ...
AQA A-level Biology
... these molecules are arranged in different ways. This means that, although all three substances are sugars, they have slightly different structures. This gives them slightly different properties. Monosaccharides such as α-glucose are the monomers that join together to make many other carbohydrates. T ...
... these molecules are arranged in different ways. This means that, although all three substances are sugars, they have slightly different structures. This gives them slightly different properties. Monosaccharides such as α-glucose are the monomers that join together to make many other carbohydrates. T ...
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
... Fatty acid synthesis occurs through intermediates similar to those of fatty acid oxidation, but with differences in electron ...
... Fatty acid synthesis occurs through intermediates similar to those of fatty acid oxidation, but with differences in electron ...
Events of The Krebs Cycle
... Ketone Body Formation If a person is not getting enough glucose through the diet (rare!) because of fasting, starvation, etc. or if glucose is not being transferred from the blood to body cells (as in diabetes mellitus), then oxaloacetate from the Krebs Cycle is converted to new glucose. Without ox ...
... Ketone Body Formation If a person is not getting enough glucose through the diet (rare!) because of fasting, starvation, etc. or if glucose is not being transferred from the blood to body cells (as in diabetes mellitus), then oxaloacetate from the Krebs Cycle is converted to new glucose. Without ox ...
ATPs and - Walton High
... carbon pieces by a process known as Beta Oxidation. Since the fatty acid chains can be up to 20 carbons long there is a very great deal of energy stored in fats. ...
... carbon pieces by a process known as Beta Oxidation. Since the fatty acid chains can be up to 20 carbons long there is a very great deal of energy stored in fats. ...
Metabolic changes in the glucose-induced apoptotic blastocyst
... production and decrease NADH levels as increased pyruvate is converted to lactate. Moreover, increased FBP levels would also stimulate TCA cycle flux and perhaps slow glycolysis. Previous studies have shown that glucose consumption rate is saturated at 0.29 mM but that a further 10% increase is obta ...
... production and decrease NADH levels as increased pyruvate is converted to lactate. Moreover, increased FBP levels would also stimulate TCA cycle flux and perhaps slow glycolysis. Previous studies have shown that glucose consumption rate is saturated at 0.29 mM but that a further 10% increase is obta ...
Chapter 7 - HCC Southeast Commons
... Each turn of the Krebs cycle, one acetyl-CoA is converted to two molecules of CO2 After two cycles • Two pyruvates are dismantled • Glucose molecule that entered glycolysis is fully broken down ...
... Each turn of the Krebs cycle, one acetyl-CoA is converted to two molecules of CO2 After two cycles • Two pyruvates are dismantled • Glucose molecule that entered glycolysis is fully broken down ...
Chapter 9 - Bulldogbiology.com
... 7. Name the three stages of cellular respiration and state the region of the eukaryotic cell where each stage occurs. 8. Describe how the carbon skeleton of glucose changes as it proceeds through glycolysis. 9. Explain why ATP is required for the preparatory steps of glycolysis. 10. Identify where s ...
... 7. Name the three stages of cellular respiration and state the region of the eukaryotic cell where each stage occurs. 8. Describe how the carbon skeleton of glucose changes as it proceeds through glycolysis. 9. Explain why ATP is required for the preparatory steps of glycolysis. 10. Identify where s ...
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of metabolomics data including cross
... surge of metabolomic applications are also investigations of plant (26) and micro-organism/gut micro flora biochemistry (27, 28) and the impact of nutrition and the environment on human health (29, 30). There is continuing debate within the metabolomics community concerning the terminology associate ...
... surge of metabolomic applications are also investigations of plant (26) and micro-organism/gut micro flora biochemistry (27, 28) and the impact of nutrition and the environment on human health (29, 30). There is continuing debate within the metabolomics community concerning the terminology associate ...
Liver glucose metabolism in humans
... or follow the glycolytic pathway to generate pyruvate and then acetyl-coA. Acetyl-coA may enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle to be oxidized or may be exported to the cytosol to synthesize fatty acids, when excess glucose is present within the hepatocyte. Finally, glucose 6-phosphate may produce NADP ...
... or follow the glycolytic pathway to generate pyruvate and then acetyl-coA. Acetyl-coA may enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle to be oxidized or may be exported to the cytosol to synthesize fatty acids, when excess glucose is present within the hepatocyte. Finally, glucose 6-phosphate may produce NADP ...
Glycolysis
... provides the electrons and enough reduction potential to do the job. In fact, consuming NADH is the main goal of this reaction. Cellular levels of NAD+/NADH are limited, and oxidation of NADH back to NAD+, provides an ongoing supply of this reactant for continued oxidation of GAP and continued produ ...
... provides the electrons and enough reduction potential to do the job. In fact, consuming NADH is the main goal of this reaction. Cellular levels of NAD+/NADH are limited, and oxidation of NADH back to NAD+, provides an ongoing supply of this reactant for continued oxidation of GAP and continued produ ...
Lecture 26
... Oxidize an acetyl group to 2 CO2 molecules and generates 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP. Citrate synthase: catalyzes the condensation of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to yield citrate. Aconitase: isomerizes citrate to the easily oxidized isocitrate. Isocitrate dehydrogenase: oxidizes isocitrate to the -k ...
... Oxidize an acetyl group to 2 CO2 molecules and generates 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP. Citrate synthase: catalyzes the condensation of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to yield citrate. Aconitase: isomerizes citrate to the easily oxidized isocitrate. Isocitrate dehydrogenase: oxidizes isocitrate to the -k ...
Ketosis
Ketosis /kɨˈtoʊsɨs/ is a metabolic state where most of the body's energy supply comes from ketone bodies in the blood, in contrast to a state of glycolysis where blood glucose provides most of the energy. It is characterised by serum concentrations of ketone bodies over 0.5 millimolar, with low and stable levels of insulin and blood glucose. It is almost always generalized with hyperketonemia, that is, an elevated level of ketone bodies in the blood throughout the body. Ketone bodies are formed by ketogenesis when liver glycogen stores are depleted (or from metabolising medium-chain triglycerides). The main ketone bodies used for energy are acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, and the levels of ketone bodies are regulated mainly by insulin and glucagon. Most cells in the body can use both glucose and ketone bodies for fuel, and during ketosis, free fatty acids and glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis) fuel the remainder.Longer-term ketosis may result from fasting or staying on a low-carbohydrate diet, and deliberately induced ketosis serves as a medical intervention for intractable epilepsy. In glycolysis, higher levels of insulin promote storage of body fat and block release of fat from adipose tissues, while in ketosis, fat reserves are readily released and consumed. For this reason, ketosis is sometimes referred to as the body's ""fat burning"" mode.