Midterm #2 - UC Davis Plant Sciences
... c) The -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase-catalyzed reaction releases carbon dioxide. Which carbon of ketoglutarate is converted to CO2? Circle the carbon in the box above. (1 pt) d) The -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase-catalyzed reaction is highly regulated by the availability of ATP and NADH. Briefly ans ...
... c) The -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase-catalyzed reaction releases carbon dioxide. Which carbon of ketoglutarate is converted to CO2? Circle the carbon in the box above. (1 pt) d) The -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase-catalyzed reaction is highly regulated by the availability of ATP and NADH. Briefly ans ...
Chapter 8 Cellular Respiration Dr. Harold Kay Njemanze 8.1
... 1. Despite a low yield of two ATP molecules, fermentation provides a quick burst of ATP energy for muscular activity. 2. Fermentation products are toxic to cells. a. When blood cannot remove all lactate from muscles, lactate changes pH and causes muscles to fatigue. b. The individual is in oxygen de ...
... 1. Despite a low yield of two ATP molecules, fermentation provides a quick burst of ATP energy for muscular activity. 2. Fermentation products are toxic to cells. a. When blood cannot remove all lactate from muscles, lactate changes pH and causes muscles to fatigue. b. The individual is in oxygen de ...
Chapter 8 Cellular Respiration 8.1 Cellular Respiration 1. Cellular
... 1. Despite a low yield of two ATP molecules, fermentation provides a quick burst of ATP energy for muscular activity. 2. Fermentation products are toxic to cells. a. When blood cannot remove all lactate from muscles, lactate changes pH and causes muscles to fatigue. b. The individual is in oxygen de ...
... 1. Despite a low yield of two ATP molecules, fermentation provides a quick burst of ATP energy for muscular activity. 2. Fermentation products are toxic to cells. a. When blood cannot remove all lactate from muscles, lactate changes pH and causes muscles to fatigue. b. The individual is in oxygen de ...
Bile
... Bile acids are derivatives of cholesterol synthesized in the hepatocyte. It has various components like water, cholesterol, bile pigments, anions of the bile acids, phospholipids, bicarbonate and other ions. Cholesterol is converted into the cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acids, which are then con ...
... Bile acids are derivatives of cholesterol synthesized in the hepatocyte. It has various components like water, cholesterol, bile pigments, anions of the bile acids, phospholipids, bicarbonate and other ions. Cholesterol is converted into the cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acids, which are then con ...
Differential effects of heptanoate and hexanoate on myocardial citric
... -oxidation (Fig. 1)] resulted in a dramatic clinical improvement in cardiac and skeletal muscle function that is not observed with octanoate supplementation (29). As these patients often present with high activities of plasma creatine kinase (reflecting increased cell permeability), it was postulat ...
... -oxidation (Fig. 1)] resulted in a dramatic clinical improvement in cardiac and skeletal muscle function that is not observed with octanoate supplementation (29). As these patients often present with high activities of plasma creatine kinase (reflecting increased cell permeability), it was postulat ...
Document
... • “Pulls” the unfavorable reaction • Operates on the second term of the Δ G equation. • Δ G = Δ Go + RTln([products]/[reactants]) ...
... • “Pulls” the unfavorable reaction • Operates on the second term of the Δ G equation. • Δ G = Δ Go + RTln([products]/[reactants]) ...
Metabolism of amino acid
... The mental retardation is caused by the accumulation of phenylalanine, which becomes a major donor of amino groups in aminotransferase activity and depletes neural tissue of α-ketoglutarate. Absence of α-ketoglutarate in the brain shuts down the TCA cycle and the associated production of aerobic ene ...
... The mental retardation is caused by the accumulation of phenylalanine, which becomes a major donor of amino groups in aminotransferase activity and depletes neural tissue of α-ketoglutarate. Absence of α-ketoglutarate in the brain shuts down the TCA cycle and the associated production of aerobic ene ...
Nutritional Requirements for Rabbits
... The primary function of carbohydrates in rabbit diets is to provide energy. The important carbohydrates in rabbit feed are starch (digestible) and fibre (indigestible). Starch provides energy that is readily available and easily digestible. Although grains are good sources of starch, rabbit diets hi ...
... The primary function of carbohydrates in rabbit diets is to provide energy. The important carbohydrates in rabbit feed are starch (digestible) and fibre (indigestible). Starch provides energy that is readily available and easily digestible. Although grains are good sources of starch, rabbit diets hi ...
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration STAGE 1: Glycolysis
... 1. Both types of PATHWAYS BEGIN with Glycolysis. 2. Glycolysis is a pathway in which One Six-Carbon Molecule of GLUCOSE is Oxidized to Produce Two ThreeCarbon Molecules of PYRUVIC ACID OR PYRUVATE. 3. The word "GLYCOLYSIS" means "The Splitting of Glucose". In a series of Ten Reactions, a molec ...
... 1. Both types of PATHWAYS BEGIN with Glycolysis. 2. Glycolysis is a pathway in which One Six-Carbon Molecule of GLUCOSE is Oxidized to Produce Two ThreeCarbon Molecules of PYRUVIC ACID OR PYRUVATE. 3. The word "GLYCOLYSIS" means "The Splitting of Glucose". In a series of Ten Reactions, a molec ...
Examining Escherichia coli glycolytic pathways, catabolite
... NADH per glucose molecule [1], while OPPP serves as an oxidation route for NADPH synthesis. In E. coli, glucose metabolism mainly relies on the EMPP and the OPPP, while the EDP primarily remains inactive except during growth with gluconate [2]. The EDP utilizes only five enzymes to produce one pyruv ...
... NADH per glucose molecule [1], while OPPP serves as an oxidation route for NADPH synthesis. In E. coli, glucose metabolism mainly relies on the EMPP and the OPPP, while the EDP primarily remains inactive except during growth with gluconate [2]. The EDP utilizes only five enzymes to produce one pyruv ...
Ch23-Oxidation of Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
... meals and during periods of increased demand, such as exercise. During overnight fasting, fatty acids become the major fuel for cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, and liver. The liver converts fatty acids to ketone bodies (acetoacetate and -hydroxybutyrate), which also serve as major fuels for tissue ...
... meals and during periods of increased demand, such as exercise. During overnight fasting, fatty acids become the major fuel for cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, and liver. The liver converts fatty acids to ketone bodies (acetoacetate and -hydroxybutyrate), which also serve as major fuels for tissue ...
CoA
... a) fatty acid from which they are derived; b) specific functions of each eicosanoid; c) general pathway of production; effects of glucocorticoids (cortisol) and aspirin ...
... a) fatty acid from which they are derived; b) specific functions of each eicosanoid; c) general pathway of production; effects of glucocorticoids (cortisol) and aspirin ...
Lecture 10
... • ATP can also be made by the “electron transport chain”, the process by which the energy in free electrons is captured as ATP. Requires oxygen, makes water and carbon dioxide. ...
... • ATP can also be made by the “electron transport chain”, the process by which the energy in free electrons is captured as ATP. Requires oxygen, makes water and carbon dioxide. ...
Oxidation of fatty acids in eukaryotes
... has an estimated molecular mass of 60 kDa and is composed of a single polypeptide chain. It catalyzes the transfer of acyl groups with 2-10 carbon atoms between CoA and carnitine. The function of this enzyme has not been established conclusively. Perhaps, the enzyme regenerates free CoA in the mitoc ...
... has an estimated molecular mass of 60 kDa and is composed of a single polypeptide chain. It catalyzes the transfer of acyl groups with 2-10 carbon atoms between CoA and carnitine. The function of this enzyme has not been established conclusively. Perhaps, the enzyme regenerates free CoA in the mitoc ...
Proof of the Mysterious Efficacy of Ginseng: Basic and Clinical Trials
... Esterified M4 (EM4) spread to other organs in the body followed by its excretion as bile. Inconsistent with M1, the selective accumulation of M4 in the liver after its intravenous administration was not observed. The structural difference between M1 and M4 is the glucose moiety connected at C-20 of ...
... Esterified M4 (EM4) spread to other organs in the body followed by its excretion as bile. Inconsistent with M1, the selective accumulation of M4 in the liver after its intravenous administration was not observed. The structural difference between M1 and M4 is the glucose moiety connected at C-20 of ...
Chapter 9
... must be converted to acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), which links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle ...
... must be converted to acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), which links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle ...
CHAPTER 9: HOW CELLS HARVEST ENERGY
... glucose and there is sufficient NAD+. It is advantageous for a cell to do something with its NADH other than allowing it to build up because its supply of NAD+ is generally limited. NADH returns to NAD+ through aerobic respiration. ...
... glucose and there is sufficient NAD+. It is advantageous for a cell to do something with its NADH other than allowing it to build up because its supply of NAD+ is generally limited. NADH returns to NAD+ through aerobic respiration. ...
Bio 210 Cell Chemistry Lecture 9 “Krebs Cycle”
... pyruvate + NAD+ + coenzyme A ----> acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+ (1) pyruvate is transported into the mitochondrion (2) pyruvate is oxidized to a 2 C compound (acetate) with loss of CO2 (3) the acetate is linked to coenzyme A, forming acetyl CoA (4) NAD+ is reduced in the reaction to form NADH + H+ F ...
... pyruvate + NAD+ + coenzyme A ----> acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+ (1) pyruvate is transported into the mitochondrion (2) pyruvate is oxidized to a 2 C compound (acetate) with loss of CO2 (3) the acetate is linked to coenzyme A, forming acetyl CoA (4) NAD+ is reduced in the reaction to form NADH + H+ F ...
Citrate cycle - 3.LF UK 2015
... Enzymes of the citrate cycle a) are found in all cells b) are located in a mitochondrion c) catalyze freely reverzible reactions d) produce coenzymes which are regenerated in a respiratory chain ...
... Enzymes of the citrate cycle a) are found in all cells b) are located in a mitochondrion c) catalyze freely reverzible reactions d) produce coenzymes which are regenerated in a respiratory chain ...
Ketosis
Ketosis /kɨˈtoʊsɨs/ is a metabolic state where most of the body's energy supply comes from ketone bodies in the blood, in contrast to a state of glycolysis where blood glucose provides most of the energy. It is characterised by serum concentrations of ketone bodies over 0.5 millimolar, with low and stable levels of insulin and blood glucose. It is almost always generalized with hyperketonemia, that is, an elevated level of ketone bodies in the blood throughout the body. Ketone bodies are formed by ketogenesis when liver glycogen stores are depleted (or from metabolising medium-chain triglycerides). The main ketone bodies used for energy are acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, and the levels of ketone bodies are regulated mainly by insulin and glucagon. Most cells in the body can use both glucose and ketone bodies for fuel, and during ketosis, free fatty acids and glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis) fuel the remainder.Longer-term ketosis may result from fasting or staying on a low-carbohydrate diet, and deliberately induced ketosis serves as a medical intervention for intractable epilepsy. In glycolysis, higher levels of insulin promote storage of body fat and block release of fat from adipose tissues, while in ketosis, fat reserves are readily released and consumed. For this reason, ketosis is sometimes referred to as the body's ""fat burning"" mode.