3.3
... The amino acids required to make animal proteins are obtained from animal and vegetable foods. ...
... The amino acids required to make animal proteins are obtained from animal and vegetable foods. ...
Migration Physiology
... intermediates (Fats burn in the flame of carbohydrates) – Fuel anaerobic exercise • Inclement weather • Burst performance (fish jumping falls) ...
... intermediates (Fats burn in the flame of carbohydrates) – Fuel anaerobic exercise • Inclement weather • Burst performance (fish jumping falls) ...
Aerobic and Anaerobic Energy Systems
... are produced and 2 are used (net production = 36 ATP). • Glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid (glycolysis), then acetyl coenzyme A, and this is broken to form carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O) and energy to resynthesise ATP. • Remember that glycolysis occurs in the sarcoplasm whilst Kreb’s cycle ...
... are produced and 2 are used (net production = 36 ATP). • Glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid (glycolysis), then acetyl coenzyme A, and this is broken to form carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O) and energy to resynthesise ATP. • Remember that glycolysis occurs in the sarcoplasm whilst Kreb’s cycle ...
Milk Synthesis
... mammary gland. Each alveoli has a rich supply of blood that brings the components to produce milk to the cells. Alveoli are linked with Capillaries that bring the components and Venuoles that remove excess fluids. About 500 volumes of blood must pass through the udder to maque 1 volume of milk. ...
... mammary gland. Each alveoli has a rich supply of blood that brings the components to produce milk to the cells. Alveoli are linked with Capillaries that bring the components and Venuoles that remove excess fluids. About 500 volumes of blood must pass through the udder to maque 1 volume of milk. ...
Document
... Maintain healthy skin Insulate body organs Maintain body temperature Promote healthy cell function Are a concentrated form of ...
... Maintain healthy skin Insulate body organs Maintain body temperature Promote healthy cell function Are a concentrated form of ...
Metabolism II
... • Lipolysis – breakdown of lipids for entry into TCA cycle • Triglycerides are predominant lipid in body used for energy • Stored in adipose tissue • Glycerol backbone & 3 fatty acids The first step in lipid metabolism is the hydrolysis of the lipid in the cytoplasm to produce glycerol and fatty aci ...
... • Lipolysis – breakdown of lipids for entry into TCA cycle • Triglycerides are predominant lipid in body used for energy • Stored in adipose tissue • Glycerol backbone & 3 fatty acids The first step in lipid metabolism is the hydrolysis of the lipid in the cytoplasm to produce glycerol and fatty aci ...
Insulin and glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue
... • In insulin resistance the insulin signal transduction is dysfunctional • Alterations in receptor expression, binding, phosphorylation state or kinase activity • Overall, it is usually caused by some genetic defects combined with environmental stresses • Ability to remove and process glucose from b ...
... • In insulin resistance the insulin signal transduction is dysfunctional • Alterations in receptor expression, binding, phosphorylation state or kinase activity • Overall, it is usually caused by some genetic defects combined with environmental stresses • Ability to remove and process glucose from b ...
Biochemistry 1 (BASIC-106)
... • The anomeric carbon atom (C#1) can exist as two different isomers called α and β. • α and β differ only in configuration of OH of the anomeric carbon compared to C #6 • Though almost exactly the same, they operate differently in our bodies. For example: Humans have the α-amylase enzyme for the dig ...
... • The anomeric carbon atom (C#1) can exist as two different isomers called α and β. • α and β differ only in configuration of OH of the anomeric carbon compared to C #6 • Though almost exactly the same, they operate differently in our bodies. For example: Humans have the α-amylase enzyme for the dig ...
BIOL 1322 - Victoria College
... energy? Describe marasmus and kwashiorkor. How can the two conditions be distinguished, and in what ways do they overlap? ...
... energy? Describe marasmus and kwashiorkor. How can the two conditions be distinguished, and in what ways do they overlap? ...
Fructose-1,6 - LSU School of Medicine
... High Glucagon -> High cAMP -> activation of PKA -> phosphorylation of bifunctional enzyme -> inhibition of PFK2, activation of FBPase2 -> decrease in fructose 2,6-bisphosphate -> no stimulation of glycolysis, no inhibition of gluconeogenesis -> Gluconeogenesis prevails! ...
... High Glucagon -> High cAMP -> activation of PKA -> phosphorylation of bifunctional enzyme -> inhibition of PFK2, activation of FBPase2 -> decrease in fructose 2,6-bisphosphate -> no stimulation of glycolysis, no inhibition of gluconeogenesis -> Gluconeogenesis prevails! ...
Examination III Key
... 29. [6 points] Complex lipids can be described as oligomers of oligomers. When this is concept is applied to cholesterol, it is actually an oligomer of an oligomer of an oligomer. a. [2 points] What is the name of the metabolite produced by the first stage of oligomerization (before it is further mo ...
... 29. [6 points] Complex lipids can be described as oligomers of oligomers. When this is concept is applied to cholesterol, it is actually an oligomer of an oligomer of an oligomer. a. [2 points] What is the name of the metabolite produced by the first stage of oligomerization (before it is further mo ...
Fatty oxidation, Amino acid degradation and energy metabolism
... Cysteine is completely catabolized? (Calculate 3ATP/NADH and 2ATP/FADH2). 12. Which metabolic pathway is defective in Maple syrup urine disease? Name the enzyme and the amino acids involved. 13. Which cofactor or coenzyme acts as a one-carbon group carrier (e.g. methyl group) and which one as amino ...
... Cysteine is completely catabolized? (Calculate 3ATP/NADH and 2ATP/FADH2). 12. Which metabolic pathway is defective in Maple syrup urine disease? Name the enzyme and the amino acids involved. 13. Which cofactor or coenzyme acts as a one-carbon group carrier (e.g. methyl group) and which one as amino ...
Making basic science clinically relevant for learners: the biochemistry example Eric Niederhoffer
... • How is skeletal muscle phosphofructokinase-1 regulated? • What are the key Ca2+ regulated steps? • How does nervous tissue (neurons and glial cells) produce ATP (carbohydrates, fatty acids, ketone bodies, branched-chain amino acids)? • How do glial cells (astrocytes) assist neurons? • What are som ...
... • How is skeletal muscle phosphofructokinase-1 regulated? • What are the key Ca2+ regulated steps? • How does nervous tissue (neurons and glial cells) produce ATP (carbohydrates, fatty acids, ketone bodies, branched-chain amino acids)? • How do glial cells (astrocytes) assist neurons? • What are som ...
Test 2
... lead to the increase in glucose synthesis and excretion by liver. One of these changes involves inhibition of glycolysis and stimulation of gluconeogenesis (i.e. the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to glucose). Describe all the steps and intermediates involved in this stimulation, beginning with t ...
... lead to the increase in glucose synthesis and excretion by liver. One of these changes involves inhibition of glycolysis and stimulation of gluconeogenesis (i.e. the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to glucose). Describe all the steps and intermediates involved in this stimulation, beginning with t ...
File
... Sodium ions are actively transported out of the cells of the PCT wall using a sodium-potassium pump. This creates a low Na+ concentration in the cell Na+ ions then enter the cell from the PCT lumen using cotransporter proteins. The cotransporter protein is able to bring in glucose or amino acids alo ...
... Sodium ions are actively transported out of the cells of the PCT wall using a sodium-potassium pump. This creates a low Na+ concentration in the cell Na+ ions then enter the cell from the PCT lumen using cotransporter proteins. The cotransporter protein is able to bring in glucose or amino acids alo ...
Chapter 7
... Amino Acids • After deamination (loose N and produces keto acid & ammonia which can upset the acid-base balance in excess amt.) catabolized by conversion to pyruvate,( can provide glucose) conversion to acetyl CoA ( can provide additional energy or make body fat but cannot make glucose) or enter th ...
... Amino Acids • After deamination (loose N and produces keto acid & ammonia which can upset the acid-base balance in excess amt.) catabolized by conversion to pyruvate,( can provide glucose) conversion to acetyl CoA ( can provide additional energy or make body fat but cannot make glucose) or enter th ...
Ketosis
Ketosis /kɨˈtoʊsɨs/ is a metabolic state where most of the body's energy supply comes from ketone bodies in the blood, in contrast to a state of glycolysis where blood glucose provides most of the energy. It is characterised by serum concentrations of ketone bodies over 0.5 millimolar, with low and stable levels of insulin and blood glucose. It is almost always generalized with hyperketonemia, that is, an elevated level of ketone bodies in the blood throughout the body. Ketone bodies are formed by ketogenesis when liver glycogen stores are depleted (or from metabolising medium-chain triglycerides). The main ketone bodies used for energy are acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, and the levels of ketone bodies are regulated mainly by insulin and glucagon. Most cells in the body can use both glucose and ketone bodies for fuel, and during ketosis, free fatty acids and glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis) fuel the remainder.Longer-term ketosis may result from fasting or staying on a low-carbohydrate diet, and deliberately induced ketosis serves as a medical intervention for intractable epilepsy. In glycolysis, higher levels of insulin promote storage of body fat and block release of fat from adipose tissues, while in ketosis, fat reserves are readily released and consumed. For this reason, ketosis is sometimes referred to as the body's ""fat burning"" mode.