File
... disrupt them. In the first diagram, show how the processes work normally. Trace movement of an electron with an orange arrow, movement of H+ ions (active transport and chemiosmosis) with black arrows, and formation of ATP with a pink arrow. In the second diagram, draw arrows showing the movement of ...
... disrupt them. In the first diagram, show how the processes work normally. Trace movement of an electron with an orange arrow, movement of H+ ions (active transport and chemiosmosis) with black arrows, and formation of ATP with a pink arrow. In the second diagram, draw arrows showing the movement of ...
Final Respiration
... • Where does the rest go? • It’s still in pyruvic acid • This small amount of energy is enough for bacteria, but more complex organisms need more of glucose’s energy. ...
... • Where does the rest go? • It’s still in pyruvic acid • This small amount of energy is enough for bacteria, but more complex organisms need more of glucose’s energy. ...
cellrespdiagrams
... • Where does the rest go? • It’s still in pyruvic acid • This small amount of energy is enough for bacteria, but more complex organisms need more of glucose’s energy. ...
... • Where does the rest go? • It’s still in pyruvic acid • This small amount of energy is enough for bacteria, but more complex organisms need more of glucose’s energy. ...
Chapter 6
... cannot be converted to glucose. With a low-carbohydrate intake (less than 50-100 g/day), the amino acids pool, and then structural proteins, become a very important resource for making glucose for the brain. After a few days of low carbohydrate intake (or fasting), the metabolism of fatty acids by m ...
... cannot be converted to glucose. With a low-carbohydrate intake (less than 50-100 g/day), the amino acids pool, and then structural proteins, become a very important resource for making glucose for the brain. After a few days of low carbohydrate intake (or fasting), the metabolism of fatty acids by m ...
Final Respiration
... • Where does the rest go? • It’s still in pyruvic acid • This small amount of energy is enough for bacteria, but more complex organisms need more of glucose’s energy. ...
... • Where does the rest go? • It’s still in pyruvic acid • This small amount of energy is enough for bacteria, but more complex organisms need more of glucose’s energy. ...
Fermentation
... Fermentation extends glycolysis with extra reactions that replenish NAD+, Keeps glycolysis running producing small amounts of ATP. ...
... Fermentation extends glycolysis with extra reactions that replenish NAD+, Keeps glycolysis running producing small amounts of ATP. ...
Chapter 1 – ______
... 2. CP is creatine phosphate – a high-energy compound in the muscles, used anaerobically. 3. The Energy-Yielding Nutrients a. Nutrients work together while one may predominate. b. Depends on diet, intensity and duration of the activity, and training 1. Extremely intense activity a. 8-10 seconds b. AT ...
... 2. CP is creatine phosphate – a high-energy compound in the muscles, used anaerobically. 3. The Energy-Yielding Nutrients a. Nutrients work together while one may predominate. b. Depends on diet, intensity and duration of the activity, and training 1. Extremely intense activity a. 8-10 seconds b. AT ...
Fatty Acid Catabolism
... Chylomicrons contain phospholipids and proteins on the surface so that the hydrophilic surfaces are in contact with water. The hydrophobic molecules are enclosed in the interior. The lone hydroxyl group of cholesterol molecules is oriented towards the outer surface shown here as black dots. Chylomic ...
... Chylomicrons contain phospholipids and proteins on the surface so that the hydrophilic surfaces are in contact with water. The hydrophobic molecules are enclosed in the interior. The lone hydroxyl group of cholesterol molecules is oriented towards the outer surface shown here as black dots. Chylomic ...
Macromolecules
... Above: left, the simplest amino acid is glycine with R = H; right, in alanine R = CH3; in other amino acids R is more complex and may be an electrically charged group that is attracted to water (it is polar or hydrophilic) or it may be a water-insoluble (fatsoluble) side-chain (which is non-polar or ...
... Above: left, the simplest amino acid is glycine with R = H; right, in alanine R = CH3; in other amino acids R is more complex and may be an electrically charged group that is attracted to water (it is polar or hydrophilic) or it may be a water-insoluble (fatsoluble) side-chain (which is non-polar or ...
03. Metabolism of lipids
... • Number of turns of fatty acid spiral = 8-1 = 7 turns • ATP from fatty acid spiral = 7 turns and 5 per turn = 35 ATP. ...
... • Number of turns of fatty acid spiral = 8-1 = 7 turns • ATP from fatty acid spiral = 7 turns and 5 per turn = 35 ATP. ...
Biological Macromolecules and Lipids
... • Certain unsaturated fatty acids are not synthesized in the human body • These must be supplied in the diet • These essential fatty acids include the omega-3 fatty acids, required for normal growth, and thought to provide protection against cardiovascular disease ...
... • Certain unsaturated fatty acids are not synthesized in the human body • These must be supplied in the diet • These essential fatty acids include the omega-3 fatty acids, required for normal growth, and thought to provide protection against cardiovascular disease ...
Slide 1
... via the carnitine shuttle • Medium-chain TG (MCT) 6-12 carbons long, freely cross the mitochondrial membrane • Fatty acyl-CoA undergoes β-oxidation to acetyl-CoA to enter TCA cycle for oxidation to ATP, CO2, and water • Excess acetyl-CoA is used for ketogenesis ...
... via the carnitine shuttle • Medium-chain TG (MCT) 6-12 carbons long, freely cross the mitochondrial membrane • Fatty acyl-CoA undergoes β-oxidation to acetyl-CoA to enter TCA cycle for oxidation to ATP, CO2, and water • Excess acetyl-CoA is used for ketogenesis ...
Ans 518_class 4
... • The citric acid cycle begins with Acetyl-CoA (ACoA) transferring its two-carbon acetyl group to the four-carbon acceptor compound (oxaloacetate) to form a six-carbon compound (citrate) • The citrate then goes through a series of chemical transformations, losing first one, then a second carboxyl gr ...
... • The citric acid cycle begins with Acetyl-CoA (ACoA) transferring its two-carbon acetyl group to the four-carbon acceptor compound (oxaloacetate) to form a six-carbon compound (citrate) • The citrate then goes through a series of chemical transformations, losing first one, then a second carboxyl gr ...
Glycogen Metabolism USP
... Promotes glucagon release > increase blood glucose interacts directly with both muscle and liver cells to promote glycogen degradation High blood sugar > release insulin (B-cells) >>>>> > glycogen synthesis ...
... Promotes glucagon release > increase blood glucose interacts directly with both muscle and liver cells to promote glycogen degradation High blood sugar > release insulin (B-cells) >>>>> > glycogen synthesis ...
Lecture Notes
... 1. The pyruvate formed in glycolysis is transported from the cytoplasm into a mitochondrion where a. the citric acid cycle and b. oxidative phosphorylation will occur 2. Two molecules of pyruvate are produced for each molecule of glucose that enters glycolysis 3. Pyruvate does not enter the citric a ...
... 1. The pyruvate formed in glycolysis is transported from the cytoplasm into a mitochondrion where a. the citric acid cycle and b. oxidative phosphorylation will occur 2. Two molecules of pyruvate are produced for each molecule of glucose that enters glycolysis 3. Pyruvate does not enter the citric a ...
Dr. Walaa AL - Jedda – 2016 Metabolism of Glycogen Glycogen: is
... an abnormal structure, or in the accumulation of excessive amounts of normal glycogen in specific tissues as a result of impaired degradation. A particular enzyme may be defective in a single tissue, such as liver, or the defect may be more generalized, affecting liver, muscle, kidney, intestine, an ...
... an abnormal structure, or in the accumulation of excessive amounts of normal glycogen in specific tissues as a result of impaired degradation. A particular enzyme may be defective in a single tissue, such as liver, or the defect may be more generalized, affecting liver, muscle, kidney, intestine, an ...
Where It Starts: Photosynthesis
... place in the inner compartment of mitochondria It starts with acetyl-CoA formation and proceeds through the Krebs cycle ...
... place in the inner compartment of mitochondria It starts with acetyl-CoA formation and proceeds through the Krebs cycle ...
Urinalysis
... completely reabsorbed by renal tubular cells when their concentration in the plasma is within normal limits, but are no longer totally reabsorbed when plasma limits are exceeded. They will then appear in the urine. ...
... completely reabsorbed by renal tubular cells when their concentration in the plasma is within normal limits, but are no longer totally reabsorbed when plasma limits are exceeded. They will then appear in the urine. ...
finalcarbohydrat met..
... E. oxidation of extramitochondrial NADH+H+: 1. cytoplasmic NADH+H+ cannot penetrate mitochondrial membrane, however, it can be used to produce energy (4 or 6 ATP) by respiratory chain phosphorylation in the mitochondria. 2. This can be done by using special carriers for hydrogen of NADH+H+ These ca ...
... E. oxidation of extramitochondrial NADH+H+: 1. cytoplasmic NADH+H+ cannot penetrate mitochondrial membrane, however, it can be used to produce energy (4 or 6 ATP) by respiratory chain phosphorylation in the mitochondria. 2. This can be done by using special carriers for hydrogen of NADH+H+ These ca ...
Ketosis
Ketosis /kɨˈtoʊsɨs/ is a metabolic state where most of the body's energy supply comes from ketone bodies in the blood, in contrast to a state of glycolysis where blood glucose provides most of the energy. It is characterised by serum concentrations of ketone bodies over 0.5 millimolar, with low and stable levels of insulin and blood glucose. It is almost always generalized with hyperketonemia, that is, an elevated level of ketone bodies in the blood throughout the body. Ketone bodies are formed by ketogenesis when liver glycogen stores are depleted (or from metabolising medium-chain triglycerides). The main ketone bodies used for energy are acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, and the levels of ketone bodies are regulated mainly by insulin and glucagon. Most cells in the body can use both glucose and ketone bodies for fuel, and during ketosis, free fatty acids and glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis) fuel the remainder.Longer-term ketosis may result from fasting or staying on a low-carbohydrate diet, and deliberately induced ketosis serves as a medical intervention for intractable epilepsy. In glycolysis, higher levels of insulin promote storage of body fat and block release of fat from adipose tissues, while in ketosis, fat reserves are readily released and consumed. For this reason, ketosis is sometimes referred to as the body's ""fat burning"" mode.