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Transcript
A Glimpse of the Rennaisance The Renaissance - An Introduction Italian City States Renaissance Thought Renaissance Artists The Northern Renaissance I. The Renaissance - An Introduction The Renaissance was the period approximately between 1450 and 1600 B.C. It was a period where “ideas were reborn”. Ideas such as: 1. what is meant by “nationhood” 2. artistry and architecture 3. revolutionary ideas It was a period where great leaps forward in European culture and knowledge where made, especially in the arts and sciences. The renaissance started in Italy because Most of Italy still used Roman Law (which encouraged trade) There were many Roman ruins for inspiration Geography (Italy was a central location in Europe and the Mediterranean) SS8 – Renais01 - The Renaissance – An Intro Italy Map - About 1500 AD Directions: Color and Label the following city states of Italy (see Pathways, 2nd Ed.,Ch.9, p. 277) (10 pts for quality of work and attention to detail) Republic of Venice Republic of Genoa Republic of Florence Ferrara States (Color and Label) Duchy of Savoy Duchy of Milan Corsica Modena Rome Florence Milan Pisa Siena Genoa Papal States Lucca Mantua Major Cities (Label) 2. Florence 5. Siena 8 Assisi Mantua 6. Pisa II. Italian City States The Renaissance came about as a result of the individuality of the Italian city-states. III. Renaissance Thought The Renaissance promoted new and different viewpoints. These city-states were often at war and paid mercenaries to fight for them. Artists, writers, scientists and even priests began to focus on the goals of human beings and the truth instead of the teaching of the church. Florence was one of the most successful Italian city states because of its wool trade and its banking industry These people were called Humanists and they believed that each person had the ability to choose and create his or her own destiny. Florentine bankers spread out over all of Europe and helped introduce the idea of a single currency or money. It soon became “trendy” to read good books, see great works of art and travel widely. Soon the Florentine florin and the Venetian ducat became the standard currency throughout Europe. Writers like Machiavelli wrote about the troubled politics of the 15th and 16th centuries. With a standard currency in Europe, trade in goods, services and even ideas spread rapidly. Machiavelli disagreed with many humanists and believed that people were incapable of doing what was right as a population and therefore had to be ruled by a harsh and manipulating ruler. Venice was another great city state who quickly gained control of the Mediterranean sea trade. Others like Sovonarola, a preacher who fought for social equality, addressed the problems associated with a church that was becoming exceptionally wealthy while many were still very poor. IV. Renaissance Artists Renaissance artists are known for their realism, or their ability to create incredibly lifelike drawings, paintings and sculptures. The key to this realism was the innovation of proportion and perspective. Two of the most famous renaissance artists were Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo and the painter Artemisia Gentileschi. Da Vinci was an inventor as well as an artist. Da Vinci was the first to design a parachute, a helicopter, a tank and a flying machine. Some of Da Vinci’s most famous work includes the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper Michelangelo was a sculptor first then a painter. Some of his most famous works include the 5 m high statue of David and the ceiling paintings of the Sistine Chapel. Artemisia Gentileschi is one of the worlds most famous women artists, who’s paintings such as Judith Slaying Holofernes is known worldwide. V. The Northern Renaissance The ideas and practices of the Renaissance quickly spread to the rest of western and northern Europe. An important German contribution to the Renaissance was Johann Gutenberg’s printing press The Gutenberg press allowed printers to make thousands of copies of books in the same time it used to take to make one. This new technology spread the ideas and even the art of the Renaissance all over Europe. The humanist idea of seeking the truth through reason lead to a scientific revolution, lead by those in Northern Europe, that has changed how we look at ourselves and the universe. A Poland mathematician name Nicholas Copernicus proved that the old religious belief that the Earth was the centre of the universe was wrong and that in fact the Earth circle one of countless stars in the universe. The Church was often at odds with these new scientists because often what they proved through scientific investigation went against what was being taught by the Church. Scientists like Galileo were often summoned to a Church court and threatened with torture to say that their new scientific discoveries were wrong. European Renaissance The period from the late fifteenth century to the end of the seventeenth century marks the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of modern history: Nineteenth-century historians labelled this period the Renaissance. Culture, including art, architecture, literature, and drama, all flourished during this period, representing perhaps the greatest accumulation of artistic talent humankind has seen. The pessimism of the "Dark Ages" gave way to a new period in which artists, supported by wealthy patrons ( often the Church), revisited the classical age of Greece and Rome and brought the period back to lif e (in a 11renaissance" or "rebirth") in their many masterpieces. The Renaissance had its beginnings in the city states of Italy, where a combination of geography, history, and economics created the conditions for a reawakening of artistic endeavour. The location and geography of Italy in the Mediterranean basin favoured the growth of trade and vibrant urban centres where both commerce and ideas flourished. Its history provided ancient Roman ruins and works of art. Its economy was based on the wealth of a number of city states that competed with one another for the rich trade of the area. Cities such as Venice, Florence, Naples, and Genoa played much the same role as the trading centres of Hong Kong and Singapore today. Powerful family dynasties domi nated political, economic, and religious life. The family was the centre of lif e in Renaissance Italy. Arranged marriages were a fact of life and sumptuary laws controlled consumption (or how people spent their money governing much of the economic and social life of everyday people. The Medicis were the most famous and powerful family in Renaissance Italy. Their patronage encouraged great works of art and their influence ex tended to having a family member appointed as Pope. The Renaissance saw a shift from religious themes to more humanistic themes. Reason, rather than adherence to religious dogma, became the basis of seeking truth. Artists found inspiration in the works of Roman times and writers sought answers in the manuscripts of great Greek and Roman scholars. Petrarch, for example, resurrected some of the ancient writings and was in spired to produce new writings with a humanist focus. He influenced Machiavelli's advice to rulers and Savonarola's attempts to reform the Church. Proportion and perspective were two innovations fostered by Renaissance artists such as Giotto; Brunelleschi; Michelangelo; Gentileschi; and the epitome of the "Renaissance Man," Leonardo da Vinci. Although the Renaissance began and flourished on the Italian peninsula, it later spread northwards. Trade between Italian citystates and the cities of the Hanseatic League allowed for the spread of new ideas as well as new goods. The spread of knowledge was greatly enhanced by the development of the movable type printing press. Northern art differed from Italian art, in that religious themes were still strongly represented and a more sombre tone pervaded the work of artists such as Bruegel, Durer, van Eyck, and others. Scientific thought also underwent a transformation during this period. No longer was the Church the font of all knowledge. Investigation of ancient manuscripts convinced a new generation of thinkers to question some of the established dogma, presenting a challenge to the Church's pre-eminent position and a danger to those who put forward new and different interpretations. Copernicus and Galileo were but two of the many scientists who confronted established thinking on the universe and humanity's position within it. Source: Pathways TG/ Cranny