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UNIT II: Renaissance & Exploration
Please define and highlight the following terms in your notes. “Why is this term important to this unit?”
Peter Parler
Emperor Charles IV (1347-1378)
Golden Bull
Hundred Years’ War
Edward III
Philip VI
Flemish cloth
Gascony
chivalry
longbow
Agincourt
pillage & plunder
Charles VII France (1422-1461)
Joan of Arc (1412-1431)
gunpowder
Wars of the Roses
Tudors
Great Famine
Black Death
flagellants
Jews
Dance of Death
Giovanni Boccaccio’s Decameron
Jacquerie (1358)
English Peasants’ Revolt (1381)
Ciompi (1378)
Hanseatic League
confraternities
hospitals
pesthouses
executioner
Pope Boniface VIII
Unam Sanctam
Avignon Papacy
Indulgences
Great Schism
conciliarism
Council of Pisa (1407)
Council of Constance (1415-17)
The Witch Hammer
Inquisition
John Wycliffe (ca. 1330-1384)
Lollards
Jan Hus (1373-1415)
William of Ockham (ca. 1300-1349)
nominalism
vernacular literature
Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)
Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)
Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375)
The Divine Comedy
Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400)
Christine de Pisan (1364-ca. 1430)
Renaissance
Florence
Masaccio (1401-28)
Botticelli (1445-1510)
Donatello (1386-1466)
Brunelleschi (1377-1446)
Leonardo (1452-1519)
Michelangelo (1475-1564)
Francesca (1420-96)
Raphael (1483-1520)
Alberti (1404-72)
Linear perspective
Humanism
Petrarch (1304-1374)
Leonardo Bruni (1370-1444)
Philology
Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457)
civic humanism
Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472)
Baldesar Castiglione (1478-1529)
The Courtier
Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527)
The Prince
city-states
The Five Powers
Medici’s
Peace of Lodi (1454)
Mehmed II (1451-1481)
The Wars of Italy (1494-1529)
caravels
Prince Henry the Navigator (13941460)
Bartolomeu Dias (ca. 1450-1500)
Vasco da Gama (ca. 1460-1524)
slave trade
Alfonso de Albuquerque (14531515)
Christopher Columbus (ca. 14461506)
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
Ferdinand Magellan (ca. 1480-1521)
The Columbian Exchange
Hernando Cortés (1485-1547)
conquistadores
Francisco Pizarro (ca. 1475-1541)
Lusiads
Bartolomé de Las Casas (1474-1566)
UNIT II: Renaissance & Exploration
MAKING CONNECTIONS & PUTTING LARGER CONCEPTS TOGETHER
The following questions are intended to emphasize important ideas within the Unit.
1. What were the causes of the Hundred Years’ War? Who won? What was the impact on the two nations
involved?
2. How did eastern Europe develop politically and economically? What was the impact of the Golden Bull
on the Holy Roman Empire?
3. What was the Black Death? How did it affect Europe socially and politically?
4. What towns benefited from the decline of the urban centers of Italy?
5. How did the residence of the papacy at Avignon and the Great Schism affect the Church? What was
conciliarism?
6. What was the nature of popular religious belief in the later Middle Ages? How did William of Ockham
affect the development of medieval speculative theology?
7. How did the development of literature in the vernacular reflect political trends in Europe?
8. What was the political culture of Renaissance Italy? What defined the economy of the Renaissance
cities? Define the social structure.
9. Discuss the artistic achievement of the Renaissance in the areas of architecture, sculpture, and painting.
10. Define humanism. What were the humanists’ most important achievements?
11. What were the five major political units of the Italian peninsula? What was the political structure of
each of them?
12. How did the recovery of ancient knowledge influence the biological sciences?
13. How did the Wars of Italy destroy Italian hegemony?
14. What factors led to European exploration and discovery? What nation led the process? What made the
Europeans virtually invincible against the defenses of indigenous peoples? What was the impact of
the discoveries on the European concept of self?