Download Grammar Review - Spokane Public Schools

Grammar Review
Words
Phrases
Clauses
Sentences
Grammar Review: Words
(Parts of Speech)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
noun
pronoun
adjective
verb
adverb
conjunction
preposition
interjection
Nouns
A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea.
• Person: teacher, grandma, chef, dancer…
• Place: cabin, school, city, beach…
• Thing: bus, baseball, car, butterfly…
• Idea: justice, friendship, love, confusion…
Nouns
• The the test for common nouns. If a word can be used
with the article the, then that word is a common noun.
– the caveman
– the politician
– the country
– the cat
• DO NOT capitalize the first letter of common nouns
• DO capitalize proper nouns (Spokane, Mrs. Egly,
Manito Park)
• Only nouns can be pluralized
Nouns: Practice
• Label the nouns in the following sentences:
1. A good plumber can fix any sink.
2. The genie granted three wishes.
3. The students were from Spokane.
Pronouns
Pronouns take the place of nouns.
Examples:
I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Me, him, her, us, them
Pronouns: Practice
• Label the pronouns in the following sentences:
1. We hope that you will join us.
2. It is up to you.
3. I saw it last night.
Adjectives
• An adjective modifies or describes a noun or
a pronoun.
• Examples:
– the tall guy
– the angry customer
– a strong commitment
Adjectives
• The articles — a, an, the — are adjectives.
• Examples:
– a month's pay
– a six-year-old child
– the unhappiest, richest man
Adjectives: Practice
• Label the adjectives in the following sentences:
1. The wet cold snow was all over Sam’s jacket.
2. The big red truck is stuck in the muddy road.
3. Four people went to the small meeting.
Verbs
• Verbs show action, being, or link a subject to a
subject complement.
• Verbs change tense and person
Walk, walks, walked, walking, will walk…
• Two classes of verbs
– Action verbs (used to express action)
Run, write, walk, laugh, etc.
– Linking verbs (help to make a statement)
To be (am, is, are, was, were, etc.)
Verbs
• Two classes of verbs
– Action verbs (used to express action)
Run, write, walk, laugh, etc.
– Linking verbs (help to make a statement, links a
subject to a subject complement)
To be (am, is, are, was,), become
Verbs: Practice
• Label the verbs in the following sentences:
1. The kids watched cartoons all afternoon.
2. John drinks a cup of coffee every morning.
3. It was late, so I went home.
Adverbs
• Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other
adverbs.
• Adverbs are usually –ly words.
• They tell us how, when, and how often.
• They can usually be moved in a sentence.
Adverbs: Practice
• Label the adverbs in the following sentences:
1. Toto is usually a good little dog.
2. He reluctantly counted the cash and gave it to me.
3. She talks so softly.
Conjunctions
• A conjunction joins words or groups of
words.
Conjunctions
• Coordinating conjunctions may join:
single words or groups of words
• They always connect items of the same kind.
• Examples:
For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS)
Conjunctions
• Subordinating conjunctions:
• Are at the beginning of a dependent clause
• Establish the relationship between the dependent
clause and the rest of the sentence.
• Turn the clause into something that depends on the
rest of the sentence for its meaning.
• Examples:
Before, since, because, when, as, that, while, although
Conjunctions: Practice
• Label the conjunctions in the following sentences:
1. Because he loved acting, he refused to give up his
dream of being in the movies.
2. Unless we act now, we will miss out on a good deal.
3. Sarah and Olivia were best friends until Olivia started
to hang out with Amber.
Prepositions
Prepositions show the relationship between a
noun or pronoun and another word
in the sentence.
Prepositions
aboard
below
for
past
about
beneath
from
since
above
beside
in
through
across
besides
inside
to
after
between
into
toward
against
beyond
like
under
along
near
underneath
amid
but (meaning
except)
of
until
among
by
off
up
around
concerning
on
upon
at
down
onto
with
before
during
outside
within
behind
expect
over
without
Prepositions
• Prepositions show relationships of time.
(before, during, after)
Our cafeteria serves breakfast before school.
• Prepositions show relationships of space.
(in, on, beside, around)
Jaime cannot sit beside her friend.
• Prepositions show relationships of direction.
(to, from, toward)
James walked slowly to the library.
Prepositions: Practice
• Label the prepositions in the following sentences:
1. A group of Peacekeepers marches us through the
front door of the Justice Building.
2. Over a period of several weeks, the competitors
must fight to the death.
3. The baker sits awkwardly on the edge of one of the
plush chairs.
Interjections
An interjection shows emotion but has no
grammar function.
Interjections may be mild or strong and are
punctuated differently.
Examples: oh, wow, well, ugh, ew
Grammar Review: Phrases
(Groups of Words)
1. noun phrases
2. prepositional phrases
Later…
3. appositive phrases
4. verbal phrases
 gerund
 participle
 infinitive
Phrases
• A phrase is a group of words used as a single
part of speech.
• Phrases are larger than single words, but
smaller than sentences.
Noun Phrases
• A noun phrase is a noun together with its
modifiers.
• Noun phrases can be replaced by pronouns.
• Examples:
the large pepperoni pizza
the boring teacher
the lush green grass
Noun Phrases: Practice
• Underline the noun phrases in the following
sentences:
1. If I had a million dollars, I would go on
a tropical vacation with my best friends.
2. I would like to order five large pepperoni pizzas
for the party.
Prepositional Phrases
• The first word in a prepositional phrase is the
preposition. The last word is the object. It is
usually a noun or pronoun.
• Examples:
• Jack went to Homecoming with Jill.
• Jack went to Homecoming with her.
Prepositional Phrases:
Practice
• Underline the prepositional phrases in the
following sentences:
1. Our cafeteria serves breakfast before school.
2. Jaime cannot sit beside her friend.
3. James walked slowly to the library.
Grammar Review: Clauses
(Groups of words which
have a subject and a
predicate)
1. independent
2. dependent
Independent Clauses
• An independent clause has a subject and
verb and expresses a complete thought.
• An independent clause can stand alone. It can
be a complete sentence.
Independent Clauses:
Examples
•
He sat in the cafeteria for first period.
•
Today is a great day.
•
Jill has turned in all of her homework.
Dependent Clauses
• A dependent clause may have a subject and
verb but does not contain a complete
thought.
• It is a sentence fragment (not a complete
sentence).
Dependent Clauses:
Examples
•
Because Joe was tardy
•
If lunch is over
•
Since the beginning of school
Dependent Clauses
• Dependent clauses begin with subordinating
conjunctions:
after
although
as
because
before
if
since
so that
than
unless
until
when
whenever
where
wherever
while
Ind. And Dep. Clauses:
Practice
Identify the following as dependent or independent
clauses:
_______1. When my family went to Seattle
_______2. It is in the basement.
_______3. After school today
_______4. When I get home
Grammar Review: Sentences
(Structures)
1. simple
2. compound
3. complex
4. compound-complex
Sentences Structures:
Simple
• A simple sentence has a subject and verb and
is an independent clause.
• Examples:
I watched T.V. last night.
She was angry.
Aaron ate ants.
Sentences Structures:
Compound
• A compound sentence is a sentence with two
or more independent clauses.
• These two independent clauses are joined by
a comma and a coordinating conjunction or by
a semicolon.
• Examples:
Last night I watched T.V., and I ate popcorn.
She was angry; she couldn’t contain her rage any
longer.
Aaron ate ants, but he wouldn’t eat worms.
Sentences Structures:
Complex
• A complex sentence is a sentence containing
one independent clause and at least one
dependent clause.
• Remember, dependent clauses begin with
subordinating conjunctions.
• Examples:
As I watched T.V., I ate popcorn.
She grew more and more angry until she
couldn’t contain her rage any longer.
Aaron ate ants because he was hungry.
Sentences Structures:
Compound-Complex
• A compound-complex sentence contains two
or more independent clauses and at least one
dependent clause.
• Examples:
As I watched T.V., I ate popcorn, and I drank a Dr.
Pepper.
She normally kept her cool, but this time she
grew more and more angry until she couldn’t
contain her rage any longer.
Sentences Structures:
Practice
• Identify the structure of each sentence. Label
the clauses as ind. or dep.
1. When I set out my gear, I put my sunglasses
on the blanket, and Rue gasps a little.
2. I wade into the mild current.
Sentences Structures:
Practice
• Label the clauses as ind. or dep. Identify the
structure of each sentence.
3. Rue stuffs another handful of leaves in her
mouth, and soon I am laughing.
4. While I wait for my water to purify, I strip
down to my underclothes.
Grammar Review: Sentences
(Parts)
1. Subject
2. Verb (predicate)
3. Linking verbs and their complements
– Predicate adjective (P.A.)
– Predicate nominative (P.N.)
4. Action verbs and their complements
– Direct object (D.O.)
– Indirect object (I.O.)
Sentence Parts: Subjects
•
•
•
•
The person or thing the sentence is 'about'.
Usually it will be the first part of the
sentence.
The subject will usually be a noun phrase (a
noun and the words, such as adjectives, that
modify it)
The I-Pod provided music.
Sentence Parts: Verbs
• Review verbs under “Parts of Speech.”
• The I-Pod provided music.
Linking Verbs
• Linking verbs link the subject to a subject
complement which describes or renames the
subject.
• Most common linking verbs: to be (am, is, are,
was,), become, seemed, sounded, smelled,
tasted.
• A subject complement is a noun, pronoun, or
adjective that follows a linking verb. It
identifies, describes, or explains the subject.
Linking Verbs
• A subject complement is a noun, pronoun, or
adjective that follows a linking verb. It identifies,
describes, or explains the subject.
Examples:
• Michael
is
strong.
subject
noun
verb
predicate
adjective
• Michael is a quarterback.
subject
noun
verb
predicate
nominative
Linking Verbs
• There are two kinds of subject complements.
• If the subject complement is a noun or a pronoun, it is
a predicate nominative.
• If it is an adjective, it is a predicate adjective.
• Predicate nominatives (nouns and pronouns) explain
the subject or give another name for the subject.
• Predicate adjectives describe the subject.
Linking Verbs: Practice
• Label the subject (S.), verb (V.), and predicate
nominative (P.N.) or predicate adjective (P.A.) in
the following sentences:
1. The last scene of the play is tense.
2. The boy became a man.
3. Poetry is beautiful.
4. His car is a Honda.
Action Verbs
• Action verbs are used to express an action (run,
write, walk, laugh, etc.).
• Direct Objects are another kind of complement that do
not refer to the subject. Instead, it receives the action of
the verb or shows the results of the action. They are used
with action verbs and answer the questions “What?” or
“Whom?”
• Example:
John typed his essay.
subj.
verb
direct object
What was typed? His essay.
Action Verbs (D.O.): Practice
• For the following sentences, label the subject (S.),
verb (V.), and direct object (D.O.):
1. The scientists discovered the planet.
2. The teacher brought donuts.
3. The kids ate dinner.
4. Jessica did her homework.
Action Verbs
• An indirect object is a noun or pronoun in the
predicate that precedes (comes before) the direct
object. It tells “to whom” or “for whom” the
action of the verb is done.
• It can usually be left out of the sentence and the
sentence would still make sense.
Example:
• The instructor gave lessons.
S.
V.
D.O.
• The instructor gave me lessons.
S.
V.
I.O.
D.O.
Action Verbs (I.O.): Practice
• For the following sentences, label the subject
(S.), verb (V.), indirect object (I.O.), and direct
object (D.O.):
1. The teacher brought us donuts.
2. The girl gave the class cupcakes.
3. Matt wrote his girlfriend a song.