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Orig in alAlp habet ic al Transformation modification of a cell or bacterium by the uptake and incorporation of exogenous DNA Bacteriophage A kind of virus that infects bacteria Nucleotide A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. Base Pairing Principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine Messenger RNA RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell Ribosomal RNA Type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes. Transfer RNA type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis Transcription the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA RNA Polymerase An enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription, using a DNA strand as a template. Promoter A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing RNA. Intron Large pieces of RNA that are removed before they become functional. Intervening sequence. Exon Expressed sequences of RNA. Codon A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid Translation the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm Anticodon group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon Chromatin Consists of DNA that is tightly coiled around proteins called histones. Histone Globular protein that assist in DNA packaging in eukaryotes. Histones form octamers around which DNA is wound to form a nucleosome. Replication Copying process DNA Polymerase Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule Mutation any event that changes genetic structure Point Mutation Mutations that affect one nucleotide Frameshift Mutation Mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide Operon A group of genes that operate together Operator A specific DNA nucleotide sequence where transcriptional regulatory proteins can bind. Hox Gene series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo