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CHAPTER 5 STUDY GUIDE ENERGY FLOWS AND MATTER CYCLES IN ECOSYSTEMS Define the following terms: trophic level producer consumer (primary, secondary, tertiary) decomposer herbivore omnivore carnivore autotroph heterotroph biogeochemical cycle biomass photosynthesis respiration fossil fuel reservoir source sink flux nitrogen fixation ecological succession What is the source of energy for life on Earth? Describe how energy moves through an ecosystem What happens to energy at each transfer between trophic levels (i.e., when a wolf pack eats an elk, what happens to the energy content of the elk)? o Describe the rule-of-thumb known as the ``10 % rule’’ o Use the 10 % rule to calculate the energy content or biomass of a trophic level given other trophic levels Compare and contrast the processes of photosynthesis and respiration o How are they alike? o How are they different? o What do they accomplish? Why are big, fierce animals rare? Trace the path of a carbon atom through the carbon cycle o What are the major reservoirs of the carbon cycle? o Which are sources and which are sinks? o Why is the carbon cycle important to plants and animals? o How are humans influencing the carbon cycle? Trace the path of a nitrogen atom through the nitrogen cycle o What are the major reservoirs of the nitrogen cycle? o Which are sources and which are sinks? o Why is the nitrogen cycle important to plants and animals? o How are humans influencing the nitrogen cycle? o What is the role of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle o Describe the make-up of the atmosphere Describe the process of ecological succession o review examples, such as succession after fires at Yellowstone or after the volcanic eruption of Mount St. Helens