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Download Biology Hawk Time STAAR Review #6
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Biology Hawk Time STAAR Review #6 11B & 12D Populations & Communities Population = all the same ____species_______ Individual → Population → Community 1 deer herd of deer Name_________________ → deer, wolves, grass Population size is limited by competition for resources Ecosystem (Biome) → living (biotic) + nonliving (abiotic) Earth (Biosphere) all biomes Limiting factors (resources): Abiotics Biotic space other species nutrients population size water food sunlight microbes temp establishes Carrying Capacity (how many can live there) Can increase/decrease based on changes in resources 11C & 12E Microorganisms or microbes Exist all around us: soil, air, water. Include: __bacteria_______, fungus, virus, protists Positive Effects Decomposers: Bacteria & Fungi. Use waste and remains as __food____ source Breaks down - ____decomposes___________- dead / decaying material Recycles the nutrients back into the environment, so plants can use them to grow (C, H, O, N, P) Essential to the ___function__________ of all ecosystems Nitrogen Cycle All living things need nitrogen, Nitrogen mainly exists in atmosphere as gas, N2 Nitrogen fixation – Bacteria living on roots of some plants, called ___legumes___________ convert Nitrogen gas to NH3 (ammonia) so plants can use Helps digestion Live in our __intestines / gut____ Breaks down food so we can ___absorb____ nutrients Make some foods Bread, cheese, yogurt, alcohol - are all made with the help of microbes Negative Effects Cause some illness & disease Bacteria - ___infection_____, Virus – flu, Fungus - athlete’s foot, Protists - Malaria Spoil food Release ______toxins___________ Damage cell, Can cause death Can disrupt some ecosystems - If grow out of control, Algae blooms – uses up oxygen, causing fish kills Thrush - overgrow on human tongue, horse’s hooves, Elm disease - kills all elm trees in forest 11D Ecological Succession Gradual change in types and numbers of ___species________ living in area over time Primary succession Secondary succession _soil_____ destroyed soil still there Only bare __rock_____ from fire / flood ___Pioneer____ species grow plants return quickly Soil forms Climax Community = Becomes stable and balanced Equilibrium, mature, well adapted species Increased number & types of __species____Increased __Biodiversity_ Pioneer Species 12A Relationships: Organisms interact for limited resources: food, shelter, water, sunlight, mates Organism 1 Organism 2 Competition hurt hurt fight for same resources Predation predator prey one eats the other Symbiosis interact over long time 1. Mutualism helped helped ex. Bee pollinating flower while collecting nectar 2. Commensalism helped neither ex. Bird nesting in tree 3. Parasitism parasite helped host hurt ex. Mosquito biting (feeding on) person 12B Adaptations Characteristics that help organism to ___survive____ – caused by changes in ___genes________ Mutation → variation → new inherited trait Examples: dark fur to absorb heat Wide leaves to collect sunlight Tolerant to cold weather Waxy leaves to retain moisture → best “fit” to survive in environment Natural Selection 12C Flow of Energy & Matter through trophic levels Food chain – Arrow shows energy transfer: “goes into” or “is eaten by” Sun → plants Producers → deer 1st consumer _Auto__troph → wolves 2nd consumer ___Hetero_ trophs Decomposers: Bacteria, fungi, insects Recycle nutrients “eat” dead/decay Critical to ecosystem Operate at any level Food Web – shows multiple food chains More complicated, more food chains, the more resilient (better able to handle change) 4th Trophic Level __1__ Calories 3rd Trophic Level __10_ Calories Pyramids Small numbers at top - Supported by __large__ numbers at bottom 10% Rule: lose 90% moving up each trophic level 2nd Trophic Level __100_ Calories 1st Trophic Level _1000__ Calories
