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CHAPTER 12 REVIEW
Biology
Reviewing Concepts
Multiple Choice
Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. The work of several scientists helped to show that the hereditary material is
a. DNA.
b. proteins.
c. ribosomes.
d. codons.
2. The backbone of nucleic acid polymers is composed of
a. nitrogenous bases and phosphates.
b. polypeptides.
c. sugars and phosphates.
d. nucleotides.
3. Excluding the stop sequence, how many nucleotides are necessary to code for a
polypeptide that is 100 amino acids long?
a. 33
b. 66
c. 100
d. 300
4. Which of the following occurs first during the process of transcription?
a. Introns are removed and exons are joined together.
b. Two DNA strands start to separate.
c. DNA polymerases join together complementary base pairs.
d. tRNA translates codons.
5. Stretches of noncoding nucleotides found in RNA transcripts that interrupt coding
sequences are called
a. exons.
b. codons.
c. anticodons.
d. introns.
6. Which of the following does not directly participate in translation?
a. ribosomes
b. tRNA
c. mRNA
d. DNA
7. A geneticist found that a certain mutagen had no effect on the polypeptide coded by a
particular gene. This mutagen most likely caused
a. a silent mutation.
b. loss of one nucleotide.
c. addition of one nucleotide.
d. deletion of a gene.
Short Answer
8. What did Hershey and Chase conclude from their experiments with viruses and
bacteria?
9. Explain why DNA's structure is called "the double helix."
10. Describe the rule of complementary base-pairing.
11. What is the function of DNA polymerases in DNA replication?
12. Explain the "one gene–one polypeptide" hypothesis.
13. Identify three differences between the structures of DNA and RNA.
14. Explain why the triplet code is so named.
15. Explain why the RNA transcripts in eukaryotic cells must be edited.
16. Describe the roles of mRNA, tRNA, and the ribosomes during translation.
17. List and describe three types of mutations that can occur within a gene.
Visualizing Concepts
18. The table below compares the structure and function of DNA and mRNA. Fill in the
missing information.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Applying Concepts
Analyzing Information
19. Analyzing Diagrams Examine the diagram to answer the questions below.
a. Describe what is happening in Step A of the diagram.
b. Describe what is happening in Step B of the diagram.
c. Where in the cell does this process take place?
d. What happens to the mRNA next? Where?
20. Analyzing Diagrams Fill in the missing information in the diagram by answering the
questions below.
a. What is the name of the process shown?
b. What is the first amino acid in the polypeptide chain?
(use the chart from the book)
c. What are the nitrogenous bases in the codon indicated (Codon X)?
d. What type of codon must be reached for the polypeptide to be released?
Critical Thinking
21. Evaluating the Impact of Research Explain why scientists communicate the results
of their experiments. Use an example from this chapter.
22. Comparing and Contrasting How are DNA transcription and replication similar and
different?
24. Problem Solving For the DNA sequence TACCAAGTGAAAATT, write the
sequence of its mRNA transcript and the sequence of the polypeptide it codes.
(Assume the entire RNA transcript is an exon region.) Refer to Figure 11-13.
25. Making Generalizations Summarize how the insertion of a nucleotide in a DNA
sequence can change the effectiveness of a protein.
26. What's Wrong With These Statements?
Briefly explain why each statement is inaccurate or misleading.
a. Viruses inject bacteria with proteins.
b. Some codons can code for more than one amino acid.
c. All mutations have harmful effects on organisms.
Be sure to know the following information for tomorrow’s test:
DNA structure
RNA structure
DNA replication
Translation and transcription (Protein synthesis)
Know how to translate and transcribe. I will provide the amino acid chart.
Important scientists and their discoveries.
Types of mutations and their overall effect on protein synthesis.
Diagrams/structures:
Nucleotide
DNA
RNA
Take the practice quiz/assessment on the website! It is a great sample for the test!