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South Tuen Mun Government Secondary School Biology Revision Note 14 3 domain 6 kingdom system: The level of classification Species – Individual in the same species can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. Binomial naming system : Scientific name: genus name + species name (the first letter of the genus name must be written in capital letter, the first letter of the species name must be small letter; the scientific name is written in italic and / or underlined. Prokaryotes – unicellular living organism without nucleus and without membrane-bounded organelles e.g. bacteria, blue green algae, archaebacteria (live in extreme environments) Kingdom Protists – unicellular or multicellular with cells that can live independently, with true nucleus, some photosynthetic while some takes in organic food e.g. amoeba Kingdom Fungi – unicellular or multicellular, cells with cell wall (not cellulose), no chlorophyll, no roots, no stems, no leaves, saprophytic – acts as decomposer in an ecosystem e.g. yeast, bread mould, mushroom Kingdom Plant – unicellular or multicellular, cells with cellulose cell wall, have chlorophyll – photosynthetic Vascular (管道) system (系統) Spores (苞 Seeds (種 Fruit (果) Plant Group Flowers 子) 子) (true root, stem, leaves) Moss (苔蘚) X X X X Fern (蕨) X X X Gymnosperm (棵子植 物) X X X Flowering plant X Kingdom Animal – unicellular or multicellular, cells without cellulose cell wall, no chlorophyll – must take in food Invertebrates – animal without backbone; Vertebrates – animal with backbone Vertebrate Group Body surface Breathing with Body temperature Reproduction Fish Wet scale Gills Poikilotherms External fertilization, eggs without shell Amphibians Wet, smooth skin Gills at young, without scale lung and skin at adult Poikilotherms External fertilization, eggs without shell Reptile Hard, dry scale Lung Poikilotherms Internal fertilization, egg with hard shell Bird Feather, with scale at feet Lung Homoiotherms Internal fertilization, egg with hard shell Mammal Hair / fur Lung Homoiotherms Internal fertilization, egg without shell, embryo develops inside female body, mammary gland to produce milk to feed baby Ecosystem – the interaction between living organisms and between living organisms and their environment in a habitat; Habitat – a place where an organism lives In an ecosystem, energy flows from the sun (light energy) to producer (by photosynthesis) to consumers (by eating). When living organisms die, the energy flows to the decomposers by decomposition which feed on the dead body. All living organisms produce heat by respiration and lose energy as heat to the environment. Some energy is lost in the excretory products which are broken down by decomposers. Some energy is lost in the uneaten / undigested part of the prey and in the organisms that are not caught and eaten by predator. (uneaten / undigested part / dead living organisms are broken down by decomposers) As energy is lost at each trophic level, the pyramid of number and biomass is upright. A pyramid of number can be inverted if one organism of the lower trophic level has a much larger size than the one of a higher level. An example of upright pyramid of number An example of inverted pyramid of number Biotic relationship Predation – a predator eats its prey Competition – living organisms compete for resources, two types : interspecific competiton i.e. between different species and intraspecific competition i.e. within the same species; intraspecific competition is more severe than interspecific competition. Symbiosis – the living together of two species : three types – commensalisms: one organism benefits while the other is not harmed e.g. barnacles and crabs; mutualism – both organisms benefits e.g. sea anemones and crab, lichens; parasitism – one organism (parasite) benefits while the other (host) is harmed e.g. tapeworm, bacteria. Ecological succession – a change in the composition of a community over a period of time due to change in the environmental conditions. Bare rock has little soil for plants to grow. Only spores of lichens, mosses fall on the rock and grow. They break down the rock into soil. Lichens and mosses are pioneer community. The soil layer is thin, it becomes suitable for grass, fern and herbs to grow. They replace lichens and mosses. They become food for small animals and form a new community. Grass, fern and herbs die and form a thicker layer of more fertile soil. Shrub starts to grow and becomes dominant in the habitat. Larger animals can seek shelter and food in the habitat. A new community is formed. The shrub further enriches the soil and a thicker layer of soil is formed. Trees can grow, with some grass and shrub survival. It forms a woodland with various plants that can support a large variety of animals. Eventually this community becomes stable in the habitat and not replaced by another community. This is the climax community. Carbon cycle Nitrogen cycle