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Chapter 10 (Lesson 1,2,3) Test Study Guide-7th Grade Science *Complete this study guide using pencil. 1.A _____________________________is a “factor” that controls a trait. 2.An______________________________is a different form of a gene. 3.A ___________________________organism is an offspring that is the result of many generations that have the same form of a trait. An organism that has the same alleles passed through many generations. 4.A ____________________________organism has two different alleles for a trait. 5.A__________________________allele is one whose trait always shows up in the organism; “stronger” 6.A ___________________________allele is one that is hidden or masked; “weaker” 7._____________________________is the study of heredity. 8._______________________________is the passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring. 9.A chart that describes all the ways alleles can combine in a genetic cross is called a(n) __________________________________. 10.An organism’s ______________________________refers to its physical appearance or visible traits. 11.An organism’s ______________________________refers to its genetic make-up or the alleles it has. 12.What is an organism called for having two identical alleles for a trait? __________________________ 13.What is an organism called for having two different alleles for a trait?__________________________ 14.What is fertilization? _________________________________________________________________ 15.What is probability? _________________________________________________________________ Match the following inheritance patterns with their description. a.incomplete dominance b.codominance c.multiple alleles d. polygenic inheritance 16_______ three or more alleles determine the trait 17_______one allele is only partially dominant; the heterozygote (hybrid) will have a blended appearance 18.________more than one gene affects the trait 19.________both alleles of a gene are expressed equally; both alleles will be present in the heterozygote TRUE/FALSE 20_____________Environmental factors can influence the way genes are expressed. 21_____________Most traits are the result of simple dominance inheritance patterns. Use the key to identify whether the following traits are influenced by the inheritance, the environment, or both. I=inheritance E=environment B=both inheritance and environment 22________the ability to cough 23________dyed hair color 25________the ability to sing well 26________the ability to run 27________being able to play a sport well 24________natural skin color SHORT ANSWER 28.In all of Mendel’s genetic crosses with pea plants, what proportion did he find the “lost” form of the trait reappear in the F2 generation? Choices: (1/4, 1/2, 3/4, all) ________________________________ 29.What is the probability of producing a tall pea plant from a genetic cross between two hybrid tall pea plants? (perform the Punnett Square to solve)_______________________________ 30.A purebred chicken with white feathers is crossed with a purebred chicken that has black feathers. Each of their offspring has both black and white feathers. What inheritance pattern can explain the offspring’s traits?_________________________________ 31.If a homozygous dominant black guinea pig is crossed with a homozygous recessive white guinea pig, what is the probability that an offspring will have black fur? (perform the Punnett Square to solve) _________________________________ 32a).A blue frog is crossed with a yellow frog. All the offspring are green. What inheritance pattern can explain the blended appearance of the hybrid offspring?_______________________________________ 32b) If two green frogs are crossed, what is the probability their offspring will be blue? green? yellow? (perform a Punnett Square to solve) blue:_________green:_________yellow:___________ Use the Punnett Squares above to answer the questions below. 33.Which trait—white flowers or purple flowers—is controlled by a dominant allele? ________________ 34.In which generation (F1 or F2) are the parents hybrids? ______________________________ 35.In the F1 generation, what is the genotype of the offspring?_________________________ 36.In the F2 generation, what percent of the offspring have purple flowers? ______________________ Study Guide Answers 1.A gene is a “factor” that controls a trait. 2.An allele is a different form of a gene. 3.A purebred organism is an offspring that is the result of many generations that have the same form of a trait. An organism that has the same alleles passed through many generations. 4.A hybridorganism has two different alleles for a trait. 5.Adominant allele is one whose trait always shows up in the organism; “stronger” 6.A recessive allele is one that is hidden or masked; “weaker” 7.Genetics is the study of heredity. 8.Heredity is the passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring. 9.A chart that describes all the ways alleles can combine in a genetic cross is called a Punnett Square. 10.An organism’s phenotype refers to its physical appearance or visible traits. 11.An organism’s genotype refers to its genetic make-up or the alleles it has. 12.What is an organism called for having two identical alleles for a trait? Homozygous (HH or hh) 13.What is an organism called for having two different alleles for a trait?Heterozygous (Hh) 14.What is fertilization? The union of a sperm cell and an egg cell. 15.What is probability? The likelihood that an event will happen. Match the following inheritance patterns with their description. a.incomplete dominance b.codominance c.multiple alleles d. polygenic inheritance 16___C____ three or more alleles determine the trait 17___A___one allele is only partially dominant; the heterozygote (hybrid) will have a blended appearance 18.___D____more than one gene affects the trait 19.___B____both alleles of a gene are expressed equally; both alleles will be present in the heterozygote TRUE/FALSE 20__TRUE_____Environmental factors can influence the way genes are expressed. 21__FALSE____Most traits are the result of *simple dominance inheritance patterns. COMPLEX Use the key to identify whether the following traits are influenced by the inheritance, the environment, or both. I=inheritance E=environment B=both inheritance and environment 22___I____the ability to cough 23___E____dyed hair color 25___B____the ability to sing well 26___I____the ability to run 27___B____being able to play a sport well 24___I____natural skin color SHORT ANSWER 28.In all of Mendel’s genetic crosses with pea plants, what proportion did he find the “lost” form of the trait reappear in the F2 generation? Choices: (1/4, 1/2, 3/4, all) _________one-fourth_______________ 29.What is the probability of producing a tall pea plant from a genetic cross between two hybrid tall pea plants? (perform the Punnett Square to solve)____________75%______________ T T t t TT Tt Tt tt (TT and Tt will be tall; tt will be short) 30.A purebred chicken with white feathers is crossed with a purebred chicken that has black feathers. Each of their offspring has both black and white feathers. What inheritance pattern can explain the offspring’s traits?_____codominance___________ 31.If a homozygous dominant black guinea pig is crossed with a homozygous recessive white guinea pig, what is the probability that an offspring will have black fur? (perform the Punnett Square to solve) ____________100%________________ B B b Bb Bb b Bb Bb 32a).A blue frog is crossed with a yellow frog. All the offspring are green. What inheritance pattern can explain the blended appearance of the hybrid offspring?_________incomplete dominance_________ 32b) If two green frogs are crossed, what is the probability their offspring will be blue? green? yellow? (perform a Punnett Square to solve) blue:__25%___green:___50%____yellow:____25%___ Y B Y YY YB B YB BB (YY=yellow, YB=green, BB=blue) Use the Punnett Squares above to answer the questions below. 33.Which trait—white flowers or purple flowers—is controlled by a dominant allele? __white_____ 34.In which generation (F1 or F2) are the parents hybrids? ___________F2_______________ 35.In the F1 generation, what is the genotype of the offspring?______heterozygous (hybrid) Ww____ 36.In the F2 generation, what percent of the offspring have purple flowers? _______25%__________