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Framework for Respiration
and Lungs
How does airflow relate to communication?
Air generates waves upon which sound travels.
Air flows from lungs through larynx, between the vocal folds, through
resonating cavities and out of mouth and nose.
Airflow is essential to speech.
Framework for Respiration and Lungs and
Muscles and other soft tissues responsible for respiratory functions
attach to bony framework consisting of:
 vertebral column
 rib cage
 pelvic girdle.
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Vertebral column
 Allows movement of neck, thoracic and lumbar regions.
 Makeup: extends from base of skull to the coccyx.
 Serves as axial support for the body and provides protection
for spinal cord.
Vertebral column
 33 bones called vertebrae.
 divided into 5 segments:
 7 cervical,
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 12 thoracic,
 5 lumbar,
 5 sacral,
 4 coccyx.
 Total number may vary in some people.
 CATTAILS
Vertebral column
 First 3 sections remain distinct through life.
 Sacrum and coccyx fuse.
 Thus, adult usually has 26 distinct bones in vertebrae.
Vertebral column
 intervertebral disks:
 Pads between vertebrae that separate vertebrae above
sacrum. 24 intervertebral disks.
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
Anatomy of the Vertebrae
 Most have
 body (or corpus) - anterior large plate-like portion
 Pedicles - on lateral sides of body, project posteriorly,
then join at midline.
 Neural Arch is created where they join at midline.
 Vertebral Foreman: Canal created when vertebrae are
stacked. This foreman provides passage of spinal cord.
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 Spinous Process: extends dorsally and inferiorly from
neural arch.
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Anatomy of the Vertebrae
 Muscles and ligaments attach to spines.
 Spines protect vertebral column.
Anatomy of the Vertebrae
 Transverse processes project laterally on both sides.
 Muscles and ligaments attach to these processes as well.
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Anatomy of the Vertebrae
Ribs articulate with transverse processes in thoracic vertebrae.
Superior articular processes (paired) articulate with adjacent superior
vertebrae.
Inferior articular processes (paired) articulate with adjacent inferior
vertebrae.
Cervical Vertebrae
Compose neck bones.
 First two:
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atlas, axis
Cervical Vertebrae
Atlas supports skull.
Atlas has no body or spinous processes.
Cervical Vertebrae
relationship to trachea and esophagus
Thoracic Vertebrae
All the same.
 They have 3 costal facets to articulate with the ribs.
 Two facets on body and one on transverse process.
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Lumbar Vertebrae
5 largest and strongest. Powerful back muscles attach.
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Considered to be weight-bearing vertebrae.
Sacrum situated between two hip bones.
Variable # of vertebrae, usually 3 or 4. They form a slightly movable
joint.
Attach to the sacrum via a small intervertebral disc.
Normal and abnormal
Normal
 Straight from anterior to posterior with very slight curve to
right.
 Straight or slightly curved forward in cervical area, convex in
thoracic region, concave in lumbar and convex in the sacral
area.
Normal and abnormal
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Abnormal: lateral curve-Scoliosis
Kyphosis “hunchback” abnormal convexity in thoracic region
Lordosis “swayback” abnormal concavity in lumbar region
Rib Cage
Principle movement of bony framework is done by ribs.
Rib Cage
Thoracic cage formed by sternum, ribs, costal cartilages and thoracic
vertebrae.
Shape is conical: narrow from top and broadening at bottom.
Rib Cage
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Floor of cage is diaphragm.
Lateral & posterior walls are ribs.
Anterior wall is costal cartilages and sternum.
Rib Cage
Cage encloses and protects vital organs.
Provides support for bones of shoulder girdle.
Movement is important for respiration.
Ribs
12 pairs of ribs: originate posteriorally on thoracic vertebrae.
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First 7 pairs are true ribs-vertebrosternal-they attach directly to
sternum through strands of costal cartilage.
Ribs
Next 5 pairs are false ribs-vertebrochondral-they don’t attach to the
sternum directly or do so indirectly through costal cartilage that
attaches to other costal cartilage.
Last 2 or 3 of these don’t attach to bony structure at all. They are
floating ribs.
Ribs
Clavicles aren’t part of the thoracic cage but articulate medially with
the manubrium.
Lateral ends articulate with scapulae forming shoulder girdle.
Sternum
 3 parts: Manubrium, Body, Xiphoid process.
 Manubrium: superior border the jugular notch, Clavicle
and first rib articulate with the manubrium.
 Joins with sternal body with hinge joint that allows
movement during respiration.
Sternum
 Sternal body connected to 6 ribs.
 Xiphoid process may have a bunch of forms. It gives
attachment to the linea alba, the midline of the abdomen.
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Clavicle (collar bone) and Scapula (shoulder blade)
Scapula (shoulder blade): triangular plate rests posterior to upper
ribs.
Attaches to upper skeleton via clavicle
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Base of vertebral column is pelvic girdle.
Single bone in adults but formed from 3 bones:
ilium (hip)
ischium
pubis.
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Trachea
 Provides transition of air in and out of thoracic cavity.
 Composed of 16-20 C-shaped cartilaginous rings. The rings
hold the trachea open.
 Posterior wall has trachealis muscle to fill the gap between the
C-rings.
The trachea extends superiorly to cricoid cartilage of the larynx.
Trachea lined inside with ciliated epithelial mucous membrane.
Mucous glands secrete mucous to moisten incoming air and move
particles out of the trachea with its sweeping cilia.
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Trachea
Tracheotomy: The operation of making an incision in the trachea.
Tracheostoma: The opening for alternate breathing.
Respiratory Passage
Respiration is exchange of gasses:
oxygen passes into the blood vessels within the lungs,
carbon dioxide leaves the blood vessels to be expelled from the
lungs.
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Respiratory Passage
Breathing refers to the mechanical process of moving air into and out
of the lungs.
It is also the mechanical process for generating sound into the upper
aspect of the respiratory tract.
Passage includes: nasal and oral cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, lungs.
Lungs
Lungs - pulmones composed of tissue having a light, porous and
spongy texture. They are highly elastic.
Pleurae: coverings for lungs
Lungs are passive, complete dependence on surrounding
musculature and air pressure to “pump” the air in and out.
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Lungs
 Color at birth is white to pinkish-white. With age they darken
because of contamination from the atmosphere.
 Apex of each lung points upward and fits into a space bounded
by upper ribs, sternum, and vertebrae.
 Base of lungs are concave and ride on the diaphragm.
 Lungs
 Mediastinum is space that separates the lungs. Lying in it are
heart, large vessels, esophagus, some nerves, and part of the
network of branching tubes that carry air in and out of the
lungs.
Lungs
 Lungs are not identical in shape.
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 Right lung is larger than left. Also somewhat shorter and
broader. This is because of the liver which occupies the upper
right abdominal cavity, restricting the room for the right lung.
The Bronchial Tree
 Primary (main stem) bronchi: 2 primary divisions arise from
lower end of trachea. They have walls made up of a series of
16-20 incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage.
The Bronchial Tree
 Right bronchus is larger in diameter and straighter because it
supplies the larger lung.
 Left bronchus is about twice as long.
The Bronchial Tree
Terminal bronchioles: termination of bronchial tree proper.
Respiratory bronchioles: contain no cartilage—increase in bronchial
muscle tissue
Alveoli: pits or depressions in alveolar sacs and respiratory
brochioles. Here oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide in a
network of capillaries making up about 1000 miles of 70-90 square
meters—the size of a tennis court.
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Vocalization is secondary use of the respiratory tract. Much
coordination between musculature is necessary for both respiration
and breathing.
Breathing
Muscles in thorax contract, increasing size of thoracic cavity.
As cage expands, lungs expand too.
Air rushes into the lungs through upper respiratory tract until
pressure within lungs is same as atmospheric pressure.
Then, expanded lungs contract, expelling the air from the lungs.
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