Download Anatomy and Physiology Name: Chapter 6 DRO Period: The Human

Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 6 DRO
The Human Vertebral Column
Name:
Period:
General Vertebrae Characteristics:
*each vertebrae has two essential parts: the body and the arch
1. Two Essential
parts of each
vertebra:
a. The Centrum
b. The Arch:
i. The arch is
composed of:
Processes of the
pedicle and laminae:
*the body – largest part of vertebrae
*the arch is composed of the pedicle(2) and the lamina(2)
*pedicle: two short pieces of thick bone
*lamina: two broad plates of bone that enclose the spinal foramen
1. spinous process(1)
*projects back from laminae
*site for muscle attachement
*acts as a lever to move structures
2. articular process (4)
*2 superior and 2 inferior
*forms a joint with the inferior or
Superior process of adjacent vertbrae
*arise where the pedicle and lamina
meet
3. transverse process (2)
*where the pedicle joins the body
*attachment site for muscles
*acts as a lever to move a structure
Other structures:
*vertebral foramen – where spinal cord passes
* costal facets- where ribs articulate with vertebrae (thoracic
Anatomy of a Typical Vertebrae:
Label the following
structures:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Body
Arch
Lamina
Pedicle
Spinous
process
Transverse
process
Sup. Articular
process
Vertebral
foramen
Costal facets
Organization of the Human Vertebral Column:
1. Cervical
2. Thoracic
3. Lumbar
4. Sacral
5. Coccygeal
Typical Vertebrae of the Human Vertebral Column:
Label all structures
on the following
vertebra
1. Atlas
*First cervical vertebrae
*articulates with the occipital condyle of the skull
*allows for up and down nodding motions
2. Axis
*Second cervical vertebrae
*allows for left to right motion of the skull
3. Typical
Cervical
Vertebrae:
*top of the spinal column
*forms flexible framework of the neck
*supports head
*7
4. Typical
Thoracic
Vertebrae:
*larger than cervical vertebrae
*articulates with the ribs (costal facets)
*increases in size from top to bottom
*supports upper body weight
*large spinous process projecting downward and back
*12
5. Typical
Lumbar
Vertebrae:
*has a very large body, to support most of the weight of the upper
body
*least mobile- limited mobility
*subjected to pressure and stress- easily herniated
*has lateral processes which are rudimentary ribs- called costal
processes
*massive spinous process for attachment of large back muscles
*cauda equine- at the L4 location, the spinal chord flares out into a
bundle of nerves that resembles a horse tail
*5
6. Sacrum:
*5 bones fused into a single bony plate
*forms sacroiliac joint with the ileum of the hip- transmits weight
from the upper body to the pelvic girdle and lower extremities
*ventral surface is concave
*dorsal surface is convex
*tail bone- fusion of 3-5 bones in humans
7. Coccyx
8. Thoracic
Cage:
a. true ribs
* first 7 pair of ribs- connects directly to sternum via costal
cartilage
a.
false ribs
*last five pairs of ribs- does not connect directly to sternum
*connects to cartilage that fuses with cartilage of 7 rib
b.
floating ribs
*no connection with sternum
9. Sternum
*breast bone- has three parts
*oscification of sternum is not complete until the age of 25
a.
Manubrium
*articulates with clavicle and costal cartilage of first rib pair
b.
body
*gladiolus- sward in latin
c.
xiphoid
process
*sward shaped process- may break during CPR