Download Compare the bone markings of the vertebrae and distinguish the

Compare the bone markings of the vertebrae and distinguish the differences between the
cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae.
The vertebral column is divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, cynical, and cuts a deal
regions. Seven cervical vertebrae constitute the neck and extend inferior lead to the trunk. 12
thoracic vertebrae form the superior portion of the back; each articulates with one or more
parts of the ribs. Five lumbar vertebrae on the inferior portion of the back; the fifth articulates
with the sacrum, which in turn articulates with the coccyx. The cervical, thoracic, and lumbar
regions consist of individual vertebrae during development, the sacrum originates as a group of
five vertebrae, and the coccyx begins with three or five very small vertebrae.
In a typical cervical vertebra, the superior surface of the body is concave from side to
side, and it slopes, with the interior edge inferior to the posterior edge. Vertebra C-1 has no
spinous process. The spinous processes of the other cervical vertebrae are relatively stumpy,
generally shorter than the diameter of the vertebral foramen. In the case of vertebrae C2 -- C6,
the tip of each spinous process bears a prominent notch. A notched spinous process is said to
be bifid.
Each thoracic vertebra articulates with ribs along the dorsal lateral surfaces of the body.
The costal facets on the vertebral bodies articulate with the heads of the ribs. The location and
structure of the articulation varies somewhat along the rest of vertebrae. Vertebrate T1 – T8
each articulate with two pairs of ribs, to the vertebral bodies have two costal facets on each
side. Vertebra T9 -- T. 11 have a single costal facet on each side, and each vertebra articulates
with a single pair of ribs.
The five lumbar vertebrae are the largest vertebrae. The body of a typical lumbar
vertebra thicker than that of a thoracic vertebra, and the superior and inferior surfaces are oval
rather than heart-shaped. Other noteworthy features are that 1. Lumbar vertebrae do not
have costal factor; 2. The slender transverse processes, which lack transverse costal facets,
project dorsolaterally; 3. The vertebral foramen is triangular; 4. the stumpy spinous processes
project dorsally; 5. Superior articular processes face medially and 6. The inferior articular
processes face laterally.
Compare synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, and diarthrotic joints detailing the type of movement
and location of each.
An immovable joint is a synarthrosis. A synarthrosis may be our fibrous or cartilaginous,
depending on the nature of the connection. Over time, the two bones may fuse. Please join me
be found in the skull, teeth, ribs, and long bones.
A slightly movable joint is an amphiarthrosis. An amphiarthrosis is either fibrous or
cartilaginous, depending on the nature of the connection between the opposing bone. These
type of joint may be found between the tibia and the fibula, for example.
A freely movable joint is a synovial joint. These joints are typically located at the ends of
long bone, such as those of the upper and lower limbs.