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AP European History
Unit 4 – The French Revolution & Napoleon Chapters 20 & 21 Pages 747-816.
The French Revolution
Liberty and Equality
 In the eighteenth century, liberty meant human rights and freedoms and
the sovereignty of the people.
 Liberals demanded that citizens' rights had no limits except those that
assure rights to others.
 Revolutionary liberals believed that the people were sovereign.
 Equality meant equal rights and equality of opportunity.
 But most liberals did not extend such rights to women.
 "Equality" pertained to equality of opportunity and legal equality, not
economic equality.
 The roots of classical liberalism:
 The Classical Greek and the Judeo-Christian traditions liberalism.
 Liberalism's modern roots are found in the Enlightenment's concern for
human dignity, human happiness on earth, faith in science, personal
freedom and legal equality.
 These were best expressed by Locke and Montesquieu.

The attraction of liberalism:

Liberalism was attractive to the prosperous, well-educated elites.

It lacked popular support because common people were more interested in
economic issues and the protection of traditional practices and institutions.
 Political revolutionaries were fueled by the ideas of liberty and equality.
 Liberty was a call for human rights.
 Liberals protested governmental controls:
 a) an end to censorship
 b) freedom of religion
 c) freedom of speech and expression

Equality meant all citizens were equal with the nobility having no extra
rights.

Declaration of the Rights of Man - liberty consists of being able to do
anything that does not harm another person.

This concept was extremely radical to monarchists and absolutist regimes.
 It was call for a new kind of government.
 People were sovereign!
 Liberals believed that men and women were not equal.
 Women should not have the same rights.
 People were not economically equal - everyone should legally have an
equal chance.
 Classic liberalism reflected the Enlightenment:
 a) human dignity
 b) human happiness
 c) faith in science, rationality, and progress

Attracted the well-educated and rich.

Representative government did not mean democracy - because those who
could vote would own property.
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John Locke Second Treatise on Government and Baron de Montesquieu
Spirit of Laws.
Liberalism lacked was popular support:
i) comfortable Liberals did not have to worry about food.
ii) traditional practices and institutions that the Liberals wanted to abolish
were important to the peasants.
French Revolution was a direct consequence of the American Revolution,
but it was more radical and more controversial.
It opened a new era of politics.
Locke "Life, liberty, and property"
Montesquieu "Power checks power"
The American Revolution (1775-1789)
Some argue that the American Revolution was not a revolution at all but
merely a war for independence.
The origins of the Revolution:
The British wanted the Americans to pay their share of imperial expenses.
Americans paid very low taxes.
Parliament passed the Stamp Act (1765) to raise revenue.
Vigorous protest from the colonies forced its repeal (1766).
Although no less represented than Englishmen themselves, many
Americans believed they had the right to make their own laws.
Americans have long exercised a great deal of independence.
Their greater political equality was matched by greater social and economic
equality--there was no hereditary noble or serf class.
The issue of taxation and representation ultimately led to the outbreak of
fighting.
The independence movement was encouraged by several factors.
The British refused to compromise, thus losing the support of many
colonists.
The radical ideas of Thomas Paine, expressed in the bestselling Common
Sense, greatly influenced public opinion in favor of independence.
The Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson and passed
by the Second Continental Congress (1776), further increased the desire of
the colonists for independence.
Although many Americans remained loyal to Britain, the independence
movement had wide based support from all sections of society.
European aid, especially from the French government and from French
volunteers, contributed greatly to the American victory in 1783.
Many French soldiers fought in the Revolutionary War.
Ideals were taken to France by soldiers who believed in them Marquis de
Lafayette returned home from America with love of liberty and firm
republican convictions.
Framing the Constitution and the Bill of Rights:
The federal, or central, government was given important powers--the right
to tax, the means to enforce its laws, and the regulation of trade--but the
states had important powers too.
The executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the government were
designed to balance one another.
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The Anti-Federalists feared that the central government had too much
power.
To placate them, the Federalists wrote the Bill of Rights, which spells out
the rights of the individual.
French intellectuals and publicists engaged in analysis of constitutions of
U.S. and other states.
Liberty did not, however, necessarily mean democracy.
Equality meant equality before the law, not equality of political
participation or economic wellbeing.
The American Revolution impact on Europe.
It reinforced the Enlightenment idea that a better world was possible.
Europeans watched the new country with fascination.
The French Revolution (1789-1791)
Louis XVI:
Old Regime (ancien regime)
Absolute monarch
Weak monarch
Weak economy
Lettres de cachet – imprison anyone without benefit of trial.
Most of the debt held by the nobles.
No central bank, paper currency, or means of credit.
Marie Antoinette:
Wife of Louis
Sister of Austrian King Leopold II
Older and vivacious - not interested in politics.
Give them cake (?) - did not understand the situation.
SOCIAL PROBLEMS
The Estates General:
25 million people divided into 3 Estates.
First Estate - Clergy - 300 seats
Divided into:
a) upper - bishops and abbots - sold offices - usually wealthy.
b) lower - priests - usually poor.
i) 10% of land.
ii) paid "voluntary tax once every five years."
iii) Could levy a 10% tithe on landowners.
Second Estate - Nobility- 300 seats.
Nobility of the Sword – lineage.
Nobility of the Robe - appointed offices.
i) 400,000 noblemen.
ii) owned 25% of land.
iii) labor dues (corvee).
iv) could tax peasants for privileges, i.e. wine press or mill.
v) supported the philosophes - but criticized by them.
vii) wanted a constitutional monarchy to limit the king.
Third Estate - The rest - 600 seats.
i) The peasants (taille), Middle Class,
Urban workers
ii) some commoners were educated and rich – bourgeoisie.
 iii) they wanted status which was not recognized through wealth.
 iv) felt frustration with the second estate.
 v) wanted positions in the church, government, and army open to the most
qualified.
 The Three Estates
 FINANCIAL PROBLEMS:
 Population.
 Debt.
 Food shortages.
 Inflation.
 Disease.
 Recession in textiles.
 Nobility demanded more power.
 The cause of the revolution was financial problems:
 50% interest.
 25% military.
 6% Versailles.
 AGRARIAN PROBLEMS:
 Four-fifths of the population were rural.
 Foreign trade had increased fivefold between 1713 and 1789.
 Consumer prices rose 65%; wages rose 22% between 1730-80
 But lord peasant relations were not master/man.
 Nobles had the right of "Eminent Property."
 Eminent property is the power nobles have to confiscate, or take, private
property as long as it is for a legitimate “public use” and property owners
receive “just compensation.”

NATIONAL ASSEMBLY:
 Louis’ minister of finance proposed a general tax on all landed people, he
persuaded the king to call an Assembly of Notables.
 Discuss tax reform.
 Louis attempted to rule by decree, but Parlement of Paris interfered.
 Louis attempted to exile the Parlement but there was a huge outcry.
 The Assembly promised support if the provincial assemblies could control
spending.
 The king dismissed the Assembly of Notables and tried to reassert his
authority.
 Parlement declared the king’s power null.
 In July 1788 Louis was forced to call the Estates General first time since
1614- absolutism was collapsing.
 People started to elect representatives and organize their demands.
 Two-thirds of the clergy delegates were commoners by birth.
 one-third of the nobility were committed to liberalism.
 but no delegates were actually poor.
 The Cahiers de Doléances were the lists of grievances drawn up by each of
the three Estates in France, between March and April 1789.
 They were explicitly discussed at a special meeting of the Estates-General
held on 5 May 1789.
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Many of these lists have survived and provide considerable information
about the state of the country on the eve of the revolution.
The documents recorded criticisms of government waste, indirect taxes,
church taxes and corruption, and the hunting rights of the aristocracy.
The Estates wanted:
a) absolutism to give way to constitutional monarchy.
b) liberties would have to be guaranteed.
But how would they vote?
The old system virtually guaranteed control by the first and second estates.
The government "doubled" the Third Estate but still useless as long as they
voted as estates.
Abbe Sieyes wrote, "What is the Third estate?" - the neglected Third Estate
was the strength of France.
May 1789 the Estates General met at Versailles.
June 13, delegates from the Third Estates refused to transact business, a
few clergy moved into the Third Estate.
June 17 Third Estate became the National Assembly.
Tennis Court Oath:
Moved to an indoor tennis court and pledged not to disband until they had
written a new constitution.
Defied royal authority.
Louis XVI responded to the Tennis Court Oath by declaring the actions of
the Third Estate illegal.
Louis allied with the nobility - attempted to assert divine right to rule.
The king moved the army to Versailles and dismissed the Liberals.
The Bastille:
August Assembly ends feudalism.
Rising bread prices in 1788-1789 stirred the people to action.
By 1789 almost half the people needed relief.
“liberty, equality, fraternity.”
July 14 1789.
Symbol of power.
7 prisoners.
Turned a political event into revolution.
Great Fear:
All across France peasants began to rise up against their lords.
The Great Fear seized the countryside.
Lafayette proclaimed commander of the city's armed forces.
The National Assembly's Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen:
August 1789.
"All men are born free and equal."
Natural rights
- liberty, property, security
freedom from oppression
innocent until proved.
Didn’t guarantee economic equality.

Declaration of the Rights of Man proclaimed the rights of all citizens,
guaranteed security of property, equality before the law and a
representative government.
 Women’s March:
 Poor women of Paris marched on Versailles and forced the royal family and
the government to move to Paris.
 King bowed to pressure from the crowd.
 The National Assembly established a constitutional monarchy and passed
major reforms.
 The nobility was abolished as a separate legal order.
 All lawmaking power was placed in the hands of the National Assembly.
 The jumble of provinces was replaced by 83 departments.
 The metric system was introduced.
 Economic freedom was promoted.
 Peasants – more land ownership.
 The National Assembly granted religious freedom to Jews and Protestants,
nationalized the property of the church, and abolished the monasteries.
 This attack on the church turned many people against the Revolution.
 July 1790, Louis agreed to a constitutional monarchy.
 New laws increased opportunities for women, but still no vote.
 Abolition of special privileges for the nobility.
 Wrote a constitution which limited the monarchy.
 Torture was abolished, citizen juries introduced, sale of offices was
abolished.
 Customs tax on internally transported goods was lifted.
 The government used assignats as paper currency.
 Paper money issued by the National Assembly in France during the French
Revolution.
 The assignats were issued after the confiscation of church properties in
1790 because the government was bankrupt.
 The government thought that the financial problems could be solved by
printing certificates representing the value of church properties.
 These church lands became known as biens nationaux.
 Assignats were used to successfully retire a significant portion of the
national debt as they were accepted as legitimate payment by domestic
and international creditors.
 Certain precautions not taken concerning their excessive reissue and comingling with general currency in circulation caused hyperinflation.
 Subordinated the church to the state.
 The clergy was required to take an oath of loyalty to the state.
 Only half did - first failure and caused deep divisions.
 By September 1791 the National Assembly announced its work completed,
Louis accepted the constitution.
 Most lasting reforms in place, little gained in following years.
 Robespierre declared the Revolution over!
 By 1792 the Revolution had turned radical because of:
 a) a counter revolution led by the king, church, and Catholic peasants.
b) economic, social, and political discontent among the peasants, artisans,
and wage earners (sans-culottes).
 Louis made several concessions to the Assembly but he never intended to
keep them.
 The people still loved the king and blamed his ministers for the problems.
 But in June 1791 Louis and his family had tried to escape to Austria, "flight
to Varennes" (Leopold was Marie’s brother).
 Louis was captured at Varennes and returned to Paris.
 August 1791, Declaration of Pillnitz - Austria and Prussia to show support
for the king.
 Calling on European powers to intervene if Louis XVI of France was
threatened, this declaration was intended to serve as a warning to the
French revolutionaries not to infringe further on the rights of Louis XVI and
to allow his restoration to power.
 The declaration stated that Austria would go to war if and only if all the
other major European powers also went to war with France.
 Leopold chose this wording so that he would not be forced to go to war; he
knew William Pitt, prime minister of Great Britain, did not support war with
France.
 Leopold merely issued the declaration to satisfy the French emigres taking
refuge in his nation who called for foreign interference in their homeland.
 The National Assembly of France interpreted it to mean that Leopold was
going to declare war.
 Radical Frenchmen who called for war, such as Jacques Pierre Brissot, used
it as a pretext to gain influence, and declare war on 20 April 1792, leading
to the French Revolutionary Wars.
 In April 1792 France declared war on Austria.
 July 25, Brunswick Manifesto: Austria and Prussia promise revenge if the
monarch is hurt.
 Prussia joined Austria to create the First Coalition.
 The French were easily defeated, but the leaders of the Coalition argued
amongst themselves.
 Gradually the French the gained the upper-hand and a wave of patriotism
swept the country.
World War and Republican France (1791-1799)
 Foreign reactions and the beginning of war:

Outside France, liberals and radicals hoped that the revolution would lead
to a reordering of society everywhere, but conservatives such as Burke (in
Reflections on the Revolution in France) predicted it would lead to chaos
and tyranny.
 Mary Wollstonecraft challenged Burke (in A Vindication of the Rights of
Woman), arguing that it was time for women to demand equal rights.
 The Second Revolution:
 The sans-culottes insisted it was the duty of the government to protect
them.
 Wanted the government to increase wages, fix prices, and end shortages.
 They wanted to prevent extremes of wealth.
 Wanted a democratic republic liked the ideas of Thomas Paine.
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In August 1792 they attacked the palace and killed several hundred
guards.
Storming the Tuileries Palace:
The second phase was much more radical.
By September Paris was in turmoil.
"September Massacres" slaughtered prison inmates.
On September 1st, 1792 France was declared a Republic.
The king was imprisoned and tried in December - executed by one vote.
After the execution the Assembly became the National Convention.
British Prime Minister Pitt said France had to leave Belgium.
Problems stopped them from being successful.
February 1, 1793 France declares war on Britain, Holland, Austria, and
Prussia (later Spain).
Members of the National Convention were republican and Jacobins.
But divided into two groups:
Girondists from western France, and the Mountain led by Robespierre and
Danton.
Both advocated war.
In the spring France was pushed from Belgium.
National Constitutional Convention:
Republican armies captured Nice, invaded the Rhineland and occupied
Austrian Netherlands.
Girondists and Mountainist became very suspicious of each other.
May 31 1793, the Commune, under sans-culottes pressure, has the
Girondists arrested.
Sans-culotte emerge as the most powerful group in Paris.
Robespierre (disciple of Rousseau) formed the Committee of Public Safety
to ensure success of the revolution.
Mandated economic controls, but too weak to enforce, except the price of
bread.
Nationalized the war effort.
Arrested thousands of suspected counter-revolutionaries.
Robespierre wanted to create a Republic of Virtue.
To ensure his ideals he implemented the Reign of Terror (1793-4).
Reign of Terror:
Leaders of the Girondins were executed including Danton.
Revolutionary courts tried enemies of the state.
Dictatorship.
40,000 executed.
300,000 imprisoned.
Greatest number of victims were peasants.
Levée en masse:
Mass conscription.
Succeeded in training an army of about 800,000 soldiers in less than a
year.
Robespierre tried to de-Christianize the country.
New calendar with no Christian holidays or Sundays - Sept. 1, 1792 was
day one, year one.
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Each month had 30 days, with 10 day weeks.
June 1794 Robespierre introduced the cult of the Supreme Being in which
the Republic acknowledged the existence of God.
Alienated Catholics.
Marie Antoinette:
Beheaded Oct. 16.
"Terror is the order of the day."
1794 French armies successful on all fronts.
Thermidorean Reaction:
was a revolt in the French Revolution against the excesses of the Reign of
Terror.
It was triggered by a vote of the Committee of Public Safety to execute
Robespierre, Saint-Just and several other leading members of the Terror.
This ended the most radical phase of the French Revolution.
The name Thermidorean refers to 9 Thermidor Year II (27 July 1794), the
date according to the French Revolutionary Calendar when Robespierre
and other radical revolutionaries came under concerted attack in the
National Convention.
Thermidorean Reaction also refers to the remaining period until the
National Convention was superseded by the Directory; this is also
sometimes called the era of the Thermidorean Convention.
Prominent figures of Thermidor include Paul Barras, Jean Lambert Tallien
and Joseph Fouché.
Robespierre wanted an ideal democratic republic without rich or poor.
Through despotism and the guillotine he eliminated all opposition.
Robespierre was arrested by the Convention and executed (July 28, 1794)
by fearful middle class.
Inflation increased, self-indulgence increased, people turned to religion.
National Convention abolished economic controls and wrote a new
constitution.
The Directory:
1795 leadership passed to five Directors, but same old leaders - people
who had survived.
Lowered prices.
Alleviated hunger.
Reorganized the tax system.
Won military victories.
Wrote a constitution which incorporated Belgium.
Faced revolts from the left - "Gracchus" Babeuf and the "conspiracy of
equals"
from the monarchists - Barthelemy and Carnot.
1795 Louis "XVII" died, the Count de Provance claimed to be Louis "XVIII"
Declaration of Verona:
a) restore the Old Regime.
b) return all confiscated land.
c) restore old privileges, taxes, and dues.
World War and Republican France (1791-1799)
18 Fructidor (Sept 4, 1797) three Directors occupy Paris and stage a coup.
They annulled the elections, imposed censorship, and exiled
troublemakers.
 Napoleon sent deputy to Paris to ensure the success of the coup d’etat.
II. Napoleon – Chapter 21 – Pages 787-816.
The Napoleonic Era (1799-1815)
 Born 1769, a child of the Enlightenment
 1795 married Josephine de Beauharnais (former mistress of Barras)
 March 1795 France signed a treaty with Prussia
 June Spain dropped out of the coalition
 Napoleon had sweeping success in Italy
 April 1796 defeated the Austrians at Millesimo

The British had problems: social unrest, rebellion in Ireland, cost of the
war, naval mutinies and started talks with the French

The French demanded more concessions and talk stopped

October 1797 the Hapsburgs signed the Treaty of Campo Formio, which left
only Britain at war
 November 1797 Napoleon returned to Paris a hero, and planned to invade
Britain
 He persuaded the Directory to let him invade Egypt to cut Britain off from
India
 August 1, 1798 Admiral Nelson annihilated the French fleet at Abukir
 In Egypt he lost to the British but kept his reputation
 Dec. 1798, Tsar Paul I signed with Britain to create the Second Coalition,
later Austria and the Ottomans joined
 May 1799 Sieyes was elected a Director and started to plot against the
government
 "confidence from below, power from above"
 In October Napoleon appeared on French soil
 18 Brumaire Napoleon led a coup and almost messed up the coup saved
only by his brother Lucien
 By December the Consulate ran the country and Napoleon was in charge
 The Consulate:
 Napoleon offered King George III peace but Britain refused to negotiate.
 June 1800 at Marengo he crushed the Austrians.
 1801 Treaty of Luneville expanded French control over Italy and western
Germany.
 1802 Peace Amiens with Britain restored peace to Europe.
 Napoleon could now focus on France.
 Created a new administrative system run by prefects.
 Wanted peace with the Catholic Church.

The Continental System was the foreign policy of Napoleon in his struggle
against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland during the
Napoleonic Wars.

It was a large-scale embargo against British trade, inaugurated on
November 21, 1806 and ending in 1814, after Napoleon's first abdication.
 The Concordat of 1801
 Pope recognized the sale of church land and the governments. right to
appoint bishops
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Pope gained an acknowledgment of Catholicism as the main religion of
France - but not state religion
Church was allowed to hold services
State pays salaries
1802 Organic Acts stated the state was supreme over the church
May have been the height of Napoleon’s career
1800 Bank of France created
1801 government discusses Civil Codes
1802 educational reform
1802 issues amnesty to émigrés
a) swear an oath of loyalty
b) had no claim on lost property
Old Regime was dead and most very happy
Consulate suggested Napoleon be made consul for life - 3,568,885 to 8,374
Napoleon created the Legion of Honor headed by himself - with pay and
privileges for a selected few - despite Constituent Assembly
Napoleon becomes involved with Switzerland
May 1803 Britain declares war on France
French troops prepare to invade Britain, sold Louisiana to gain money (15c
an acre)
Napoleon makes himself Emperor
Made himself consul with a lie, emperor with a murder
December 1800 assassination attempt
Duke d’Enghien the chief suspect
Fouché rounds up all suspects
May 1804 Senate declare him "First Consul of the Republic" became
Napoleon I
Dec. 1804 Pope Pius VII at Notre Dame Cathedral, attempts to crown
Napoleon
Napoleon crowns himself
Civil Code of 1804 reasserted two principles of the Revolution:
a) equality for all male citizens
b) absolute security for wealth and property
Very rationalistic:
strengthened laws on property, religious toleration, equality before the law
for all- except women, strengthened the rights of employers
1807 the Civil Codes became the Napoleonic Codes
Napoleonic Empire
Absolute control
Eliminated corruption
Women lost nearly all their rights
Freedom of religion
State over individual, freedom of speech and press were continually
violated
Joseph Fouché’s Secret police arrested potential troublemakers
Alexander I of Russia sees himself as Napoleon’s eastern counterpart
August 1805 Russia, Austria, Britain form the Third Coalition
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At Ulm Napoleon defeats the Austrians but lost French-Spanish fleet at
Trafalgar
Defeated Austria at Austerlitz (favorite victory)
Treaty of Pressburg with Austria gave him full sovereignty over Italy
1806 forms the Confederation of the Rhine and dissolves the Holy Roman
Empire
1806 Prussia joins the war against France
"nation of shopkeepers"
1806 Berlin Decree closed continental ports to British ships
1807 Milan Decree - ships not complying would be treated as hostile
President Jefferson passes the Embargo Acts
French soldiers wore English cloth
Peninsular War
1808 Napoleon forced the king of Spain to abdicate - Joseph becomes king
Civil uprising forces Joseph to flee and Nap. has to send and army to help
Joseph
Nap. found himself in a guerrilla war against Spain (supported by Britain)
Wellesley (Wellington) drove the French from Portugal
1813 Napoleon forced from Spain
"It was the Spanish ulcer that ruined me"
Friedland French defeated the Russians
Tsar signs the Treaty of Tilsit, Prussia lost half her population and Russia
accepted Napoleon’s control of Europe and promised to help blockade
Britain
Napoleon’s empire had three parts:
i) The core - France
ii) dependent satellite kingdoms
iii) independent, but allied states
1809 Austria rose against France but crushed at Battle of Wagram - Treaty
of Schonbrunn
The Treaty of Schönbrunn (French: Traité de Schönbrunn; German: Friede
von Schönbrunn), sometimes known as the Treaty of Vienna, was signed
between France and Austria at the Schönbrunn Palace of Vienna on 14
October 1809. This treaty ended the Fifth Coalition during the Napoleonic
Wars. Austria had been defeated, and France imposed harsh peace terms.
Europe 1810
Metternich arranges for Napoleon to marry Princess Marie Louise
1811 Marie Louise has a son "king of Rome"
But neither Russia nor France trusted the other
France had occupied Holland and not helped Russia fight the Ottomans
Napoleon blamed Russia for the failure of the Continental System
June 24 1812 the Grande Armee invades Russia
Battle of Borodino, France win costly victory
September 14 he occupies Moscow
Five weeks later he retreats to France, only about 30,000 men escaped
“scorched earth policy.”
Prussia deserts France to join the Russians
Austria joins the Grand Alliance - subsidized with British money
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Battle of the Nations France is defeated
Talks start about abdication
Allies could not all agree on terms
Problem was:
a) future of Napoleon
b) borders of France
Nov. 1813 Frankfort Proposals were drawn up by Prussia, Russia, Austria,
and agreed to by Britain: a)France would return to her natural borders; b)
Napoleon would still be emperor; c) Prussia would be compensated
Napoleon wanted better terms - so allies refused
March 9, 1814 Treaty of Chaumont created the Quadruple Alliance to last
for 20 years
Napoleon offered the Island of Elba
Napoleon was allowed to keep his title and a pension of 2m. francs a year
The allies wanted to restore the Bourbon monarchy
May 3 Napoleon abdicated, Louis XVIII became king of a constitutional
monarchy
May 30 "first’ Peace of Paris signed with plans for Congress in Vienna in
September
The Congress of Vienna
Congress of Vienna
a) Not punish France - make sure she could not wage war again
b) Restore the balance of power - no one dominates
c) Compensation -States should be compensated for the loss of land or
people
d) Legitimacy - restore the monarchs that ruled prior to Napoleon, if
possible
e) Victors should be rewarded
Prince Karl von Metternich of Austria was in charge
he believed in conservatism not liberalism
“Concert of Europe” – alliance system.
Quadruple Alliance - Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia agreed to meet to
review the situation
March 1, 1815 Napoleon re-enters France
But not overwhelming support
Napoleon invaded Belgium
At Waterloo he met the Duke of Wellington and was defeated
Waterloo
"Second" Treaty of Paris - much harsher
a) borders would the same as 1790
b) indemnity of 700 million francs
c) 150,000 troops occupy France for 3 to 5 years
d) renewed the Quadruple Alliance
Napoleon exiled to St. Helena
Russia persuaded Austria and Prussia to form the Holy Alliance to rule
under Christian principles
Quadruple Alliance later admitted France