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OUTDOOR SCIENCE SCHOOL VOC (#5 – Test) [Terms in BLUE were previously defined] 1. (1-5 Pg 6) ORGANISM – any living thing, plant or animal (unicellular or multicellular) (a) also an agent of mechanical and chemical weathering (b) (e.g.) mechanical weathering: plant roots, burrowing animals (e.g.) chemical weathering: lichen, moss 2. (1/5 Pg 6) INTERACTION – a mutual or reciprocal (opposite) action or influence (a) (e.g.) mutual influence: any “mutualism” relationship (b) (e.g.) reciprocal influence: “parasitism” relationship where the host is harmed, predation (predator/prey relationship) (c) “3” types of interaction: competition, predation and symbiosis 3. (1-3/5 Pg 6) ENVIRONMENT – ALL the various living organisms (biotic) and the nonliving conditions (abiotic factors) that affect the lives of those organisms at any point during their life cycle 4. (5 Pg 6) ECOLOGY – the scientific study of the relationship between organisms and their environment 5. (1-5 Pg 6) BIOTIC – pertaining to life and living things (a) synonym = organism; organic (b) antonym = abiotic (c) (e.g.) in soil the decayed plant and animal remains 6. (5 Pg 6) COMPETITION – the interaction resulting from several organisms sharing an environmental resource usually in short supply (a) (e.g.) water, space, a mate, and food 7. (1-5 Pg 7) ROCK – a non-living (abiotic) material composed of one or more minerals (a) “3” types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic 8. (1/2/4-5 Pg 7) ABIOTIC – the non-living factors in the environment (a) synonym = inorganic (b) antonym = biotic (c) (e.g.) in soil the finely divided rock materials and minerals (e.g.) water, sunlight, temperature, nutrients, wind 9. (2/5 Pg 7) NUTRIENTS – are the minerals and vitamins needed by living things (a) positive “leaching” is the process that carries nutrients from upper horizon layers to the lower ones (b) negative “leaching” removes vital nutrients from the soil due to same crop planting or lack of fertilizing 10. (1/2/5 Pg 7) SOIL – finely divided rock material (abiotic) mixed with decayed plant and animal material (biotic) (a) soil is the medium in which plants grow 11. (1/4-5 Pg 7) SUN – the yellow star which is the center of our solar system (a) 4.6 billion years old (middle aged) [5.5 billion years left] (b) scientific name = “sol” (c) composition: H = 92%; He = 7.8%; O = 0.06%; C = 0.03% (d) nuclear fusion is its form of energy [created by the bombardment of hydrogen [H] atoms with each other creating helium [He] atoms 12. (1-5 Pg 7) PRECIPITATION – a water cycle term referring to water being “deposited” on Earth in various forms (a) (e.g.) rain, snow, sleet, hail or mist 13. (5 Pg 7) SUGAR – a colorless, sweet substance forming compounds of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) (a) synonym = glucose [C6H12O6] (b) complex sugar = table sugar [C12H22O11] (c) manufactured by producers (green plants/autotrophs) during photosynthesis 14. (5 Pg 7) TERRESTRIAL INSECT – an insect that lives only on the land (a) (e.g.) fireflies, bees, cicadas and fleas 15. (3/4-5 Pg 7) AQUATIC – living or growing in or on water (a) “substrate” is H2O 16. (1-4-5 Pg 7) OXYGEN [O] – is a colorless, odorless, gaseous element found in our atmosphere (a) 21% of the gas making up our air is oxygen [O] (b) O2 allows aerobic (oxygenated environment) organisms to efficiently convert food into energy (through cellular respiration) (c) O2 is a chemical agent of weathering 17. (5 Pg 9) COMMUNITY – the collection of organisms that live together, interact with one another, and depend on one another in an area (a) communities are defined by the vegetation they support (b) organism population (a group of the same species of organism) community ecosystem (collection of organisms and abiotic factors) biome (a collection of ecosystem with similar climate ) 18. (2/4-5 Pg 9) NATURAL RESOURCE – materials found in nature that are used by humans (a) (e.g.) sunlight, air, water, soil, minerals, rocks, forest, wildlife 19. (5 Pg 9) RENEWABLE RESOURCE – living resources which have the capacity to reproduce themselves or resources that can regenerate themselves quickly (a) (biotic – e.g.) plants and animals (b) (abiotic – e.g.) rocks, soil, water (cycles) (c) (e.g. - energy) solar, geothermal, wind, biomass and hydropower 20. (5 Pg 9) NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCE – resources which do not regenerate themselves or cannot reproduce quickly enough (a) when once used up they cannot be replaced in this geological age (b) (e.g.) oil, gas, fossil fuels, some minerals 21. (5 Pg 9) ECOSYSTEM – an environment of any size with interaction and interdependence of all organisms and abiotic factors (a) organism population (a group of the same species of organism) community ecosystem biome (a collection of ecosystem with similar climate ) 22. (5 Pg 9) FOREST – a complex community of interacting plants and animals in which trees (deciduous and conifers) are the most conspicuous and dominant members 23. (1-5 Pg 10) CLIMATE – the average weather conditions of an area over a long period of time (a) California’s climate = “mediterranean” 24. (5 Pg 10) DECIDUOUS – term used to describe plants which shed all their leaves seasonally (a) (e.g.) maple, ash, hickory, etc… (b) antonym = evergreen 25. (3/5 Pg 11) ADAPTATION – a change in structure or habit of an organism that produces better adjustment to the environment 26. (1/5 Pg 11) HUMIDITY – the content of moisture in the atmosphere at a given time 27. (3/4-5 Pg 11) MAMMAL – a warm-blooded vertebrate, vertebrate with lungs and hair/fur where the female nurses the young (a) (e.g.) humans, bears, wolves, whales, etc… 28. (1/5 Pg 11) PREDATOR – an animal that hunts and kills other animals for food (a) antonym = prey (b) the interaction or relationship between predator and prey = predation 29. (3/5 Pg 12) HABITAT – a region where a plant or animal naturally lives, which includes food, water, shelter and space suitable to the organism’s needs 30. (1/5 Pg 12) PREY – an animal hunted by another animal (a) antonym = predator (b) the interaction or relationship between predator and prey = predation 31. (1/3/5 Pg 20) PRODUCER – an organism, usually a green plant, which produces its own organic compound (glucose) through the process of photosynthesis (a) synonym = autotroph (b) antonym = consumer (heterotroph) (c) (e.g.) grass, trees, algae 32. (4/5 Pg 20) PHOTOSYNTHESIS – the process producers (green plants/autotrophs) use to manufacture their own food of carbohydrates and simple sugar (glucose) from carbon dioxide [CO2], water [H2O], and sunlight (a) PHOTOSYNTHESIS Chemical Equation: 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + energy from sun C6H12O6 + 6 O2 (b) cellular respiration : the process consumers (heterotrophs) use to convert food and oxygen into caron cioxide [CO2], water [H2O] and energy for plants and animals (c) CELLULAR RESPIRATION Chemical Equation: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + energy 33. (1/4-5 Pg 20) ALGAE (singular: alga) – a simple plant living in water and contains chlorophyll (a) alga (singular) lacks true: roots, stems, and leaves (b) algae is a member of the protist kingdom 34. (1/2/5 Pg 20) BACTERIA – (singular bacterium) – are single-celled (unicellular), microscopic organisms that lack chlorophyll and belong to the moneran kingdom (a) bacteria are helpful (decomposers) & harmful (cause disease/pollution) (b) bacteria form and live in colonies (c) one of the “major” groups of decomposers 35. (2/3/5 Pg 20) DECOMPOSER – a plant or animal which feeds on dead material causing its breakdown into a simpler form (a) F B I: (mnemonic device) for the 3 largest groups of decomposers: F = fungus; B = bacteria; I = invertebrate/insects 36. (2/5 Pg 20) FUNGUS (plural fungi) – an organism that looks like a plant, but cannot do photosynthesis and therefore is parasitic; has an excellent root structure; and is one of the partners in the symbiotic relationship forming “lichen” (a) fungi are one of the largest groups of decomposers (b) fungi reproduce using spores (type of “asexual” reproduction) 37. (5 Pg 20) TRANSPIRATION – the process by which water evaporates from plant tissue from openings on the underside of the leaf called stomata (singular = stoma) (a) (mnemonic device) TRee / TRanspiration 38. (1/3/5 Pg 21) CONSUMER – an organism, that preys on and ingests (eats) other organisms (a) synonym = heterotroph (b) antonym = producer; autotroph (c) “4” types: herbivores, carnivores, omnivores and insectivores (d) (e.g.) rabbit, hawk, humans, spiders (e) 1st level consumer = producers [(e.g.) grasses] 2nd level consumer = eats a 1st level consumer [(e.g.) herbivore] tertiary consumer = eats a 2nd level consumer [(e.g.) carnivore] 39. (1/4/5 Pg 21) HERBIVORE – a type of consumer (heterotroph) that primarily ingest plants (autotrophs) (a) antonym = carnivore (heterotroph) (b) (e.g.) deer, rabbit, cattle, caterpillar 40. (5 Pg 21) CARNIVORE – any chiefly “flesh-eating” organism, including some types of plants (a) antonym = herbivore (b) (e.g. - consumer) wolf, coyote, lion (c) (e.g. - producer) Venus flytrap, pitcher plants, sundew 41. (5 Pg 21) OMNIVORE – an organism feeding on plants AND animals (a) (e.g.) bears, humans 42. (3/5 Pg 21) SCAVENGER – an organism which ingests (eats) dead (carrion / carcass) animals (a) (e.g.) vulture, buzzard, condor, jackal, hyenas, catfish 44. (4/5 Pg 23) FOOD CHAIN – is the transfer of food energy from one source to the next through a series of eating (ingesting) and being eaten (digestion) (a) (e.g.) SUN GRASSES CATERPILLAR BIRD SNAKE RAPTOR (hawk) DECOMPOSER 44. (5 Pg 23) RECYCLE – is the reprocessing and salvage of used materials into useful, new products (a) (e.g.) plastic, paper, metals, glass, cloth, water 45. (5 Pg 23) RAPTOR – a bird of prey (a) (e.g.) owl, hawk, eagle, falcon (b) carnivore species of birds 46. (3/5 Pg 23) REPTILE – a cold-blooded (ectothermic), air breathing (has lungs) vertebrate (with a backbone) covered with scales or boney plates (reduces water loss) (a) (e.g.) snakes, alligators, lizards, turtles, chameleons 47. (5 Pg 23) INSECTIVORE – a special type of consumer (carnivore) in the food web responsible for ingesting insects as its primary food source (a) (e.g.) spiders, birds, frogs, lizards, preying mantis and other insects 48. (4/5 Pg 24) FOOD WEB – a totality of interacting food chains in an ecological community 49. (5 Pg 24) SUBSTRATE – the “medium” on or in which an organism lives (a) (e.g.) water [H2O], host (organism), land (terrestrial) (b) an area were an organism establishes its niche (its specific role/job) 50. (3/5 Pg 26) INSECT – an invertebrate (no backbone) with 3 body segments (head, thorax, and abdomen), 3 pairs of legs and usually wings once it reaches adulthood (a) the kind of organism whose life cycle consists of an egg, larva, pupa and adult stages in complete metamorphosis OR egg, nymph and adult stages in incomplete/simple metamorphosis (b) insects are the most numerous animal on Earth (c) insects/invertebrates are one of the largest groups of decomposers 51. (2/5 Pg 26) LARVA (plural larvae) – the feeding stage in the insect life cycle of complete metamorphosis (a) (synonyms) “caterpillar” = butterflies / moths “maggots” = flies “mealworm” = beetles 52. (5 Pg 26) EGG – the reproductive body (round or oval) from which the young hatches (a) it is the 1st stage of development in the metamorphosis process for both complete and simple/incomplete metamorphosis 53. (5 Pg 32) FRUIT – the edible, pulpy mass covering of the seeds of various plants (a) fruit forms when pollen fertilizes the egg; from the fertilized egg a seed forms and the ovary around the seed swells and ripens (b) “2” types of fruit: “fleshy” (e.g. apple); “dry” (e.g. nuts) (c) the purpose of fruit is for the protection and dispersal of the seeds 54. (5 Pg 34) CARRYING CAPACITY – the largest population of a species an area can support at any given time without depleting the resources available (a) natural limiting factors restricting population growth: amount of available food; space availability; weather conditions (drought, fire, earthquakes, flood); seasons (winter vs summer) and predation (b) necessary to maintain “balance of nature” 55. (5 Pg 36) LIMITING FACTOR – the physical factor(s) that is most responsible for restricting animals or plants in that environment (a) aquatic organisms: limiting factor = water (b) plant growth: limiting factors = type of soil; amt of rainfall; climate (c) an environmental factor which controls the overpopulation of organisms by reaching the “carrying capacity” for food/space or by severe weather 56. (3/5 Pg 37) AMPHIBIAN – a cold-blooded, vertebrate without scales, feathers, fur or hair which has gills in the early stages of development; living partly in aquatic habitats and partly on dry land (a) (e.g.) frog, salamander 57. (5 Pg 46) SYMBIOSIS – is a special relationship between 2 organisms which are unrelated to each other (a) 3 types of symbiosis: mutualism, parasitism, commensalism 58. (5 Pg 46) MUTUALISM – is a type of symbiosis where each organism derives benefit from the other (a) (e.g.) BACTERIA get the nutrients they need from the tubeworms TUBEWORMS get the necessary sulfides they need from the bacteria (b) (e.g.) BEES get the nutrients from the nectar of the flowers FLOWERING PLANTS distribute pollen to other plants 59. (5 Pg 46) FLOWER – part of a seed plant comprising the reproductive organs (stamen [male reproductive organ containing the pollen], pollen [the male reproductive dust], and pistil [the female reproductive organ]) and their coverings (a) Comprised of: sepal (protects the unopened flower and supports it when opened) petals (colorful, most visible part of the flower attracting insects and birds for pollination) corolla (all the petals together) 60. (5 Pg 46) POLLEN – the male reproductive dust from the stamen of a flowering plant 61. (5 Pg 46) POLLINATION – the transfer of pollen from the stamen to the pistil (a) this “fertilization” of plants allow it to produce seeds (b) methods of transferring pollen: wind, insects and birds 62. (5 Pg 46) REPRODUCTION – the process by which living things produce more of their own kind to keep their species alive (a) 2 types: Asexual Reproduction: “1” parent cell produce genetically “identical” offspring types: binary fission, budding, regeneration, conjugation and spores (e.g.) protozoa, yeast, starfish, algae, fungus Sexual Reproduction: “2” parent cells produce genetically “similar” offspring (e.g.) multi-cellular organisms, flowers 63. (5 Pg 46) COMMENSALISM – is a type of symbiosis where one organism benefits, but the other is neither helped nor harmed (a) (e.g.) RED TAIL HAWK a place to build its nest SAGUARO CACTUS not affected by hawk’s interaction with it 64. (5 Pg 46) BARK – the outside layer of a tree which protects the cambium (living part of the tree) from injury, insects, and disease (a) Comes in a variety of colors, textures, scents (sometimes vanilla) and shapes (e.g. = puzzle bark) 65. (5 Pg 46) CAMBIUM – the growth layer between the bark and wood on a tree (a) the “living” portion of the wood (b) the cambium closest to the bark becomes new bark and the cambium closest to the wood becomes new wood 66. (2/5 Pg 46) LICHEN – a plant that combines fungi with algae in a mutualism, symbiotic relationship (a) lichens get their “structure” from the fungi and their ability to do “photosynthesis” from the algae (b) (e.g.) organism agent for “chemical” weathering 67. (5 Pg 46) PARASITISM – a type of symbiosis where one species benefits usually at the expense of another (a) organism that benefits = parasite (e.g. wasp larva – feeds on caterpillar or flea takes nutrients from blood of the dog) (b) organism usually harmed = host (e.g. caterpillar or dog is the host) 68. (5 Pg 46) PARASITE – a plant or animal which takes its food from another living thing (the host); usually being harmful to the host (a) (e.g.) mistletoe, bacteria, fungus, protozoans, tapeworm, etc... 69. (5 Pg 46) HOST – the organism in or on which a parasite lives 70. (3/5 Pg 49) SCAT – animal droppings or feces (a) Scatology is the study of animal diet through the examination of scat