Download Chapter 12 RNA and Protein Synthesis Guided Reading

Chapter 12: RNA and Protein Synthesis: The Expression of Genetic Information
1. What are the 2 major steps to gene expression and what types of nucleic acids are involved?
2. Describe the specifics of RNA. Also, list the 3 types and describe how they are made.
3. Discuss upstream vs. downstream.
4. List and describe the steps of transcription.
5. Define:
a. Leader sequence
b. Coding sequence
c. Termination or stop codon
6. Describe the following in regards to translation:
a. Codon
b. Transfer RNA
c. Anticodon
d. Ribosome
e. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
f. Aminoacyl-tRNA
7. List the properties of tRNA and describe its orientation.
8. Discuss the specifics of ribosomes concerning translation.
9. List and describe in detail the 3 stages of translation.
10. Describe how protein synthesis is different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
11. Describe posttranscriptional modification and processing of mRNA making sure to include premRNA, poly-A tail, introns, exons and snRNPs.
12. Describe how Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich Matthaei determined how specific mRNA codons
code for specific amino acids.
13. Explain what it means that the genetic code is universal.
14. Explain the wobble hypothesis.
15. Define gene:
16. Explain the work of Howard Temin concerning Reverse transcriptase.
17. Discuss/define the following:
a. Mutation
b. Base substitution mutation
c. Missense mutation
d. Nonsense mutation
e. Frameshift mutation
f. Jumping genes (transposons)
g. Mutagens
h. Carcinogens