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Jim's Scientific Method, Themes of Biology, and Basic Chemistry Review
True/False
Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.
____
1. Refer to the illustration above. Only the paramecium and U.S. Senate Majority Leader are capable of
maintaining a stable internal environment.
____
2. Refer to the illustration above. Both species are multicellular.
____
3. All living things are able to reproduce.
____
4. In 1999, the world’s human population passed 6 billion people.
____
5. Genetic engineers are trying to create crops that are less resistant to insects and microorganisms.
____
6. Genetic engineers are trying to create plants that are more resistant to frost damage.
____
7. Cystic fibrosis is a growth disorder of cells that occurs when cells divide uncontrollably within the body.
____
8. Scientific investigations always follow a series of rigidly defined steps.
____
9. A theory is a hypothesis that has been proven true.
____ 10. A theory is an assumption made by scientists and implies a lack of certainty.
____ 11. A molecule is an atom that has gained or lost an electron.
____ 12. An atom with more electrons than protons has a positive charge.
____ 13. Ionic bonds form between two negatively charged particles.
____ 14. Nonpolar molecules dissolve well in water.
____ 15. Your body cannot adjust the pH of body fluids.
____ 16. Organic compounds contain carbon atoms that are covalently bonded to other elements—typically
hydrogen, oxygen, and other carbon atoms.
____ 17. A nucleotide has four parts.
____ 18. RNA is made up of a double strand of nucleotides.
____ 19. When a person uses food as a source of energy to run a race, energy is converted from chemical energy to
mechanical energy.
____ 20. When an enzyme binds with its substrate, the activation energy needed for the chemical reaction to occur
is increased.
Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 21. chemical reactions : metabolism ::
a. cell membrane : cells
c. reproduction : living
b. heredity : homeostasis
d. experimentation: verifying a prediction
____ 22. A group of genetically similar organisms that can produce fertile offspring is called a
a. species.
c. mutation.
b. gene.
d. paramecium.
____ 23. All living organisms are composed of
a. diatoms.
c. cells.
b. cellulose.
d. None of the above
____ 24. As a characteristic of all living things, homeostasis relates most directly to which of the following
biological themes?
a. interacting systems
c. evolution
b. stability
d. scale and structure
____ 25. In what direction does energy flow?
a. sunplantsplant eatermeat eater
c. plant eaterplantssunmeat eater
b. plantssunplant eatermeat eater
d. sunplantsmeat eaterplant eater
____ 26. Acid rain
a. has a low pH.
c. may contain sulfuric acid.
b. may fall in the form of snow.
d. All of the above
____ 27. frogs : acid rain ::
a. wind : smoke
c. theories : predictions
b. salamanders : hot weather
d. rain forests : fire
____ 28. A hypothesis is a
a. definite answer to a given problem.
b. testable possible explanation of an observation.
c. proven statement.
d. concluding statement.
____ 29. The English physician Ronald Ross wanted to try to find the cause of malaria. Based on his observations,
Dr. Ross suggested that the Anopheles mosquito might spread malaria from person to person. This
suggestion was a
a. prediction.
c. theory.
b. hypothesis.
d. scientific “truth.”
____ 30. Dr. Ross knew that the parasite Plasmodium was always found in the blood of malaria patients. He
thought that if the Anopheles mosquitoes were responsible for spreading malaria, then Plasmodium would
be found in the mosquitoes. This ideas was a
a. prediction.
c. theory.
b. hypothesis.
d. scientific “truth.”
____ 31. A planned procedure to test a hypothesis is called a(n)
a. prediction.
c. control.
b. experiment.
d. variable.
____ 32. The variable that is measured in an experiment is the ____ variable.
a. independent.
c. control.
b. dependent.
d. experimental.
____ 33. A unifying explanation for a broad range of observations is called a
a. hypothesis.
c. prediction.
b. theory.
d. controlled experiment.
____ 34. A scientific theory
a. is absolutely certain.
b. is unchangeable.
c. may be revised as new evidence is presented.
d. is a controlled experiment.
____ 35. The smallest particle of matter that can retain the chemical properties of carbon is a(n)
a. carbon molecule.
c. carbon atom.
b. carbon macromolecule.
d. element.
____ 36. A substance that is composed of only one type of atom is called a(n)
a. nucleus.
c. element.
b. cell.
d. molecule.
____ 37. The bond formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons is called a(n)
a. hydrogen bond.
c. covalent bond.
b. ionic bond.
d. water bond.
____ 38. Sharing of electrons in the outer energy levels of two atoms
a. results in ion formation.
b. occurs in covalent bonds.
c. only occurs if both are atoms of the same element.
d. is found only among carbon atoms.
____ 39. Nonpolar molecules have
a. no negative or positive poles.
c. only a negative pole.
b. both negative and positive poles.
d. only a positive pole.
____ 40. Water is important to life because it
a. surrounds all cells.
b. is found inside cells.
c. influences the shape of the cell membrane.
d. All of the above
____ 41. Acidic solutions have a pH that is
a. less than 7.
c. a negative number.
b. between 7 and 14.
d. more than 7.
____ 42. All organic compounds contain the element
a. carbon.
c. calcium.
b. nitrogen.
d. sodium.
____ 43. Which of the following is a carbohydrate?
a. DNA
c. wax
b. insulin
d. sucrose
____ 44. Animals store glucose in the form of
a. cellulose.
c. wax.
b. glycogen.
d. lipids.
____ 45. Carbohydrates and lipids have many carbon-hydrogen bonds; therefore, they both
a. store energy in these bonds.
c. dissolve only in vinegar.
b. are easily dissolved in water.
d. exist only in cells of plants.
____ 46. Polysaccharides are
a. carbohydrates.
c. proteins.
b. lipids.
d. unsaturated fats.
____ 47. Lipids are
a. polar molecules.
c. water soluble.
b. similar to water molecules.
d. nonpolar molecules.
____ 48. Which organic molecules below are most closely related to proteins?
a. amino acids
c. nucleotides
b. fatty acids
d. sugars
____ 49. Long chains of amino acids are found in
a. carbohydrates.
c. proteins.
b. lipids.
d. sugars.
____ 50. All of the following are examples of lipids except
a. saturated fats.
c. cholesterol.
b. starch.
d. earwax.
____ 51. Liquid fats called oils contain
a. mostly unsaturated fatty acids.
c. many glucose molecules.
b. mostly saturated fatty acids.
d. amino acids.
____ 52. Which organic molecules below are most closely related to lipids?
a. amino acids
c. nucleotides
b. fatty acids
d. sugars
____ 53. A molecule shaped like a spiral staircase (double helix) is typical of
a. deoxyribonucleic acid.
c. lipids.
b. ribonucleic acid.
d. carbohydrates.
____ 54. DNA stores
a. fat.
c. protein.
b. carbohydrates.
d. heredity information.
____ 55. Refer to the illustration above. Which graph illustrates a reaction during which energy is released?
a. Graph A
b. Graph B
c. Both graphs, because all chemical reactions release energy
d. None of the above
____ 56. Refer to the illustration above. Which of the following statements regarding the graph is true?
a. Reaction 2 occurs faster than Reaction 3 because Reaction 2 requires more energy than
Reaction 3.
b. The difference between the graphs shown for Reaction 2 and Reaction 3 is because of a
difference in the activation energy of these reactions.
c. Reactant A contains more energy at the beginning of the reaction than product C has after
the reaction.
d. All of the above
____ 57. The molecule on which an enzyme acts is called a(n)
a. active site.
c. organic molecule.
b. inactive site.
d. substrate.
____ 58. Which of the following conditions affects the function of enzymes?
a. pH
c. enzyme concentration
b. heat
d. All of the above
____ 59. A cell contains
a. thousands of different kinds of enzymes, each promoting a different chemical reaction.
b. one kind of enzyme that promotes thousands of different chemical reactions.
c. approximately 100 kinds of enzymes, each promoting a different chemical reaction.
d. one enzyme that promotes photosynthesis and one enzyme that promotes cellular
respiration.
____ 60. Reducing activation energy
a. is a violation of the laws of nature.
b. requires higher temperatures than those found within cells.
c. occurs only when reactants are quickly added to the reaction mixture.
d. is accomplished by the action of catalysts on reactants.
____ 61.
Refer to the images above. Which of the following is a single-celled organism?
a. Paramecium
c. tree
e. Former Ohio Democrat
Jim Traficant
b. Your teacher
d. High school cheerleader
George Bush
Completion
Complete each sentence or statement.
62. Molecules of ____________________ inside cells encode information to direct their growth and
development.
63. Change in inherited ____________________ over time is called evolution.
64. The study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with the nonliving part of their
environment is called ____________________.
65. Every living organism is composed of one or more ____________________.
66. All cells have the same basic ____________________.
67. Some organisms are ____________________ -celled, while others are multicellular.
68. ____________________ is the sum of all chemical reactions carried out in an organism.
69. The energy used by living organisms originates from the ____________________.
70. To function properly, all living things maintain a constant internal environment through the process of
____________________.
71. An animal’s traits are determined by its ____________________.
72. Genetic engineers are transplanting plant ____________________ into other plants to create crops that
are resistant to frost damage.
73. Frogs, toads, and salamanders are all examples of ____________________.
74. Stating in advance the result that may be obtained from testing a hypothesis is called
____________________.
75. A(n) ____________________ experiment is one in which a group that receives some experimental
treatment is compared to a group that does not receive the experimental treatment.
76. In a controlled experiment, the ____________________ group is the group that receives some type of
experimental treatment.
77. The ____________________ group receives no experimental treatment.
78. A unifying explanation for a broad range of observations is a(n) ____________________.
79. ____________________ are the negatively charged particles in an atom.
80. Protons and neutrons are found in the ____________________ of an atom.
81. A(n) ____________________ is a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds.
82. Sodium chloride, NaCl, is an example of a(n) ____________________.
83. A(n)____________________ bond forms between two atoms sharing electrons.
84. ____________________ bonds are weak chemical attractions between polar molecules.
85. The attraction between oppositely charged ions results in the formation of a(n) ____________________
____________________.
86. Water heats and cools ____________________.
87. ____________________ is the attraction that causes water and other liquids to form drops and thin films.
88. ____________________ is the medium in which most cellular events take place.
89. Substances with a pH lower than 7 are ____________________.
90. Substances with a pH greater than 7 are ____________________.
91. The pH scale measures the concentrations of ____________________ ions in solutions.
92. Lipids are ____________________ molecules because they have no negative and positive poles.
93. Long chains of nucleotides are called ____________________ ____________________.
94. All living things require a source of ____________________ to carry out their life activities.
95. The starting materials for chemical reactions are called ____________________, while the new
substances that are formed are called ____________________.
96. All living things require a source of ____________________ to carry out their life activities.
97. The energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called ____________________
____________________.
98. A chemical reaction can be sped up by adding a substance called a(n) ____________________, which
lowers the amount of activation energy required to start the reaction.
99. The portion of an enzyme molecule into which a specific substrate can fit is called the
____________________ ____________________.
Problem
100. The following statements are about the molecule ATP (adenosine triphosphate). For each statement, first
determine whether it is true or false. Then, if it is false, rewrite the statement so that it is correct. Write
your answers in the space below.
a. ATP is chemically similar to a carbohydrate.
b. Cells require ATP to function.
c. None of the energy in food molecules is stored in ATP.
d. ATP is the primary source of energy for chemical reactions occurring in all cells of all living
organisms.
Essay
101. Describe how an enzyme can function in speeding up a chemical reaction within a cell.
Jim's Scientific Method, Themes of Biology, and Basic Chemistry Review
Answer Section
TRUE/FALSE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
F
F
T
T
F
T
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
T
F
F
T
F
MULTIPLE CHOICE
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
D
A
C
B
A
D
D
B
B
A
B
A
B
C
C
C
C
B
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
A
D
A
A
D
B
A
A
D
A
C
B
A
B
A
D
A
B
D
D
A
D
A
COMPLETION
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
DNA
traits
ecology
cells
structure
single
Metabolism
sun
homeostasis
genes or DNA
genes or DNA
amphibians
predicting
controlled
experimental
control
theory
Electrons
nucleus
molecule
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
compound
covalent
Hydrogen
ionic bond
slowly
Cohesion
Water
acidic
basic
hydrogen
nonpolar
nucleic acids
energy
reactants, products
energy
activation energy
catalyst (enzyme)
active site
PROBLEM
100. a.
b.
c.
d.
False, ATP is chemically similar to nucleotides.
True.
False, Energy in carbohydrates and fats, for example, is stored in ATP.
True.
ESSAY
101. Enzymes are biological catalysts. They are usually proteins with specific three-dimensional shapes that
allow them to bind to particular substrate molecules. Once attached, the enzymes allow substrates to
interact, lowering the activation energy that would otherwise be required for the reaction to occur.