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A.P. PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW PACKET
History and Perspectives:
1. List each of the perspectives of psychology and describe the focus.
Perspective
Focus
2. Early Greeks, and later, philosophers contemplated many psychological issues. As a result many
theories about the connection of mind and body. Please describe the ideas of each of the following:
Philosopher
Idea about mind and body
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
The Hebrews
Augustine
Descartes
3. Which two philosophers believed that the “mind is a blank slate?”
4. Name two philosophers that felt that ideas were inborn.
5. What is the concept of Structuralism?
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6. How would someone who was a functionalist view the mind?
7. Define Psychology.
8. What are the differences between:
a. Basic research
b. Applied research
9. What is the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist?
10. Psychology has several focuses, aside form the traditional clinical/counseling. Name the other areas
that a psychologist might study.
Subfield
Focus
11. What contribution did Charles Darwin make to psychology?
12. After the psychologist, list his or her contribution to the discipline of Psychology.
Psychologist
Major contributions
Wilhelm Wundt
Edward Titchner
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Francis Galton
Willliam James
G. Stanley Hall
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Margaret Floy Washburn
Edward Thorndike
John B. Watson
Mary Cover Jones
Max Wertheimer
B.F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
Sigmund Freud
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Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
Karen Horney
Gordon Allport
Raymond Cattell
Hans Eysenck (also worked with Sybil
Ensenck)
Carl Rogers
Abraham Maslow
Erik Erickson
Jean Piaget
Albert Bandura
Julian Rotter
Elizabeth Loftus
Phillip Zimbardo
Rollo May
James Olds
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Harry Harlow
Hans Selye
Carl Lange
William Cannon/Phillip Bard
Stanley Schachter/Jerome Singer
Stanley Milgram
Soloman Asch
Elliot Aronson
Albert Binet
Robert Sternberg
Lewis Termann
Louis Thurstone
Howard Gardner
David Wechsler
Robert Sperry
John Garcia (did research with Robert
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Koelling-discuss research plus Garcia’s
recognition)
Daniel Kahneman
Research and Statistics:
13. Give an example of hind-sight bias, sometimes called the “I knew it all along phenomenom.”
14. Explain overconfidence and give an example.
15. What is the difference between these:
a. Theory
b. Hypothesis
16. What is the difference between:
a. reliability
b. validity
17. On the table, list the types of research methods psychologists use
and the strengths and weaknesses of each.
Method
Strengths
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Weakness
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18. Dr Woodbury, a noted psychological researcher, wants to do an experiment to determine if eating
pizza before a test causes a decrease in test scores. In the space below, set up the experiment. Prior to
listing the role of each term in the research, be sure to define the term. After the definition, give the
example of application.
Population:
Random Sample:
Control Group:
Experimental Group:
Independent Variable:
Dependent Variable:
19. Give and example of false consensus effect. How can this phenomena be applied
when considering research, and how does it apply to sampling?
20. Correlation does not prove ___________________________.
21. In the space below, create three scatterplots. One should show a positive correlation, one a negative
correlation and one an inverse correlation. Label each and include the mathematical indicator that
applies to each.
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22. What is an illusory correlation?
23. Name and define the three measures of central tendency?
1.
2.
3
24. Name and define the two measures of variation?
1.
2.
25. Explain statistical significance (Significance level can also be applied to this term).
26. Describe a normal bell curve. (Hint: The Empirical Rule is applied here).
27. What is a skewed distribution? Describe both a negative and positive skew.
AP PSCHOLOGY REVIEW PACKET PART TWO
The Brain and Nervous System:
28. Name the primary function of each of the following parts of the brain:
Area of the Brain
Medulla
Primary Function
Reticular Formation
Brain Stem
Pons
Cerebellum
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Amygdala
Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Frontal Lobe
Corpus Collosum
Brocha’s Area
Wernicke’s Area
29. Discuss the functions of the various neurotransmitters.
Neurotransmitter
Function
Symptoms of
Excess
Symptoms of
undersupply
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Serotonin
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Norepinephrine
GABA
Glutamate
30. Draw a diagram of the divisions of the Nervous System in the space below
31. Draw a neuron. Label each part and describe the function of each.
32. Define an action potential. Describe the process that occurs.
33. Name four types of scans that can be used to examine and study the brain, as well as diagnose
problems. Give the full name, the abbreviation for each and describe how the scan works and what it
shows.
Name of Scan
Abbreviation Description
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34. What is the difference between an agonist and an antagonist? Give examples of each.
35. What is the reason that a person would have split-brain surgery? What are typical outcomes from
such an operation?
36. What are association areas in the brain?
37. Explain the difference between sensory neuron, interneurons and motor neurons.
38. What is the function of the pituitary gland?
39. What are the effects of hormones on the brain?
40. What are the three main structures that comprise the Limbic System?
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41. What is brain plasticity?
42. Describe aphasia.
43. Discuss the research on left handedness. How is the handedness of a person determined?
44. Discuss the effect of insulin and glycogen on the body. How can these either an excess or deficiency
of one of these two substances affect behavior?
Nature and Nurture: The Genetic Basis of Behavior
45. What is the difference between chromosomes and genes?
46. What is the human genome?
47. How can mutations affect behavior?
48. What is the difference between the way the identical and fraternal twins are formed? What are the
differences in their prenatal environment?
49. There has been much research into identical twins. What have researchers learned from studying
identical twins who have been raised apart. How do these findings affect the nature/nurture debate?
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50. Is an adopted child more likely to be like his or her birth parents or adoptive parents?
51. Discuss temperament (define and describe) and the various idea about temperament being genetic, or
taught.
52. What is heritability?
53. Briefly summarize each of the following and the influence of each on behavior and development.
Concept
Prenatal Environment
Definition
Influences
Parenting
Peer Influence
Culture
Gender
54. How does social-learning theory explain gender-linked behaviors?
55. How does gender-schema theory explain concepts of gender role and identity?
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Sensation and Perception
56. What is the difference between sensation and perception?
57. Explain bottom-up processing and give and example.
58. Explain top-down processing and give an example.
59. What is absolute threshold?
60. Explain signal detection theory.
61. Do subliminal messages actually have an impact?
62. What is Weber’s Law? Be sure to include an explanation of just noticeable difference in your
answer.
63. Explain sensory adaptation and give an example.
64. What is selective attention? How does it relate to the “Cocktail Party Effect?”
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65. Explain change-blindness.
66. What is transduction?
67. What is the difference between hue and intensity?
68. Explain how each of the following relate to vision.
Term
Iris
How does this affect vision?
Pupil
Lens
Rods
Cones
Retina
Acuity
Optic Nerve
Fovea
Blind Spot
69. What is the difference between near-sightedness and far-sightedness?
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70. What are feature detector neurons?
71. Explain parallel processing.
72. What is the Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory?
73. What is Opponent-Process Theory and how does it relate to afterimage and the After Image Effect?
74. Explain color constancy and give and example.
75. Explain how each of the following influence hearing.
Structure or concept
Audition
Influence on Hearing
Frequency
Pitch
Middle Ear
Inner Ear
Cochlea
Basilar Membrane
76. Explain Place Theory.
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77. Explain Frequency Theory.
78. What is the difference between a conductive hearing loss, and a senorineural hearing loss.?
79. Discuss how we locate sound.
80. Name the four components that comprise the sense of touch.
81. What is the gate-control theory?
82. Describe phantom-limb sensation.
83. Name the four basic sensations that make up taste.
84. What is sensory interaction? How is the concept applied in relationship to taste and smell?
85. What are olfactory receptors?
86. What is the difference between kinesthesis and vestibular sense?
87. Explain visual capture.
88. What illusion occurs when looking at a Necker Cube?
89. How does the concept of Gestalt explain how perception is organized?
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90. Explain each of the following perceptual concepts. If appropriate indicate M for monocular cue or a
B for Binocular cue in the appropriate column.
Concept
Monular Description
or
Binocular
Figure-Ground
Proximity
Similarity
Continuity
Connectedness
Depth Perception
Visual Cliff
Retinal Disparity
Convergence
Relative Size
Interposition
Relative Clarity
Texture Gradient
Relative Height
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Relative Motion
Linear
Perspective
Light and
Shadow
91. What is the Phi-Phenomenon?
92. Explain Perceptual constancy.
93. How does the concept of size-distance relationship apply in the Muller-Lyer Illusion? Be sure to
explain the illusion.
94. Explain the concept of Light/Brightness Constancy.
95. What did the Cooper-Blakemore study teach researchers about sensory deprivation?
96. Explain Perceptual adaptation.
97. How does perceptual set influence what we see?
98. How does the relationship of schema and concept affect what we see?
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99. What is a Parapsychologist?
100. Discuss some of the findings of ESP research.
AP PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW PACKET PART THREE
States of Consciousness
101. Define consciousness.
102. Discuss how each of the following biological rhythms relate to human behavior.
Annual Cycles:
Twenty-eight day cycles:
Twenty-four hour cycles:
Ninety minute cycles:
103. What is a circadian rhythm?
104. What are the stages of sleep? Fill in the following chart with the requested information.
Stage
Type of Wave
Characteristics of this stage
Awake
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
REM
105. Describe a sleep cycle. Include each stage that occurs and the overall length of the cycle.
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106. What are hallucinations? How do they relate to sleep?
107. What are the effects of sleep deprivation?
108. Fill in the chart below by discussing each of the following sleep disorders or disturbances.
Disorder/Disturbance Characteristics
Insomnia
Treatment or how to deal with
Narcolepsy
Sleep Apnea
Night Terrors
Nightmares
109. What is the difference between manifest and latent content of dreams.
110. Outline various theories on why we dream discussed in your book.
111. What is hypnosis?
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112. Define posthypnotic amnesia.
113. Why can’t hypnosis help a person remember everything that has ever happened to him or her?
114. Can a person under hypnosis be forced to do something against their will? Explain.
115. How is hypnosis useful as therapeutic tool?
116. What is a posthypnotic suggestion?
117. Discuss the research of Ernest Hilgard and the concept of divided consciousness.
118. What is the hidden-observer?
119. What is Drug Tolerance
120. Summarize the misconceptions about addiction discussed on page 289 of your text.
1.
2.
3.
121. Fill in the following information on types of drugs. Use the book and the handouts
from class to get your information.
Drug Class and type
Physical process
Effect (what it does)
Depressants
Alcohol
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Barbituates
(Tranquilizers)
Opiates
(Morphine and Heroin)
Stimulants
Amphetamines
Cocaine
Ecstasy (MDMA)
(also classed as a
hallucinogen)
Hallucinogens
LSD
Marijuana
122. Near death experiences have raised issues about dualism and monism. Discuss this
phenomenon being sure to define all terms.
123. Summarize influences on drug use
Trends in Drug use:
Biological Influences:
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Psychological and Cultural Influences:
Motivation and Emotion
124. Discuss each of the following:
Term
Definition
Physical and/or psychological implications
and examples
Motivation
Instinct
Drivereduction
theory
Homeostasis
Incentive
125. Diagram Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs.
126. Food is motivator. Summarize how we feel hungry. Include any parts of the brain that are involved.
127. Fill in the following table defining each term and it’s function
Term
Definition
Function
Glucose
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Insulin
Leptin
Orexin
Ghrelin
PYY
128. Define both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa and discuss the differences between each.
Include as well the adverse affect on the body.
129. Your book suggests three ways that sexual orientation might be influenced. Summarize each
theory.
A. The brain and sexual orientation:
B. Genes and sexual orientation:
c. Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation:
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130. Describe Industrial/Organizational Psychology. What are the two subfields and the definition of
each?
131. What is interviewer illusion?
132. What is a structured interview?
133. What is achievement motivation?
134. Define and discuss each of the following leadership styles and theories. Give an example of each:
Task Leadership:
Social Leadership:
Theory X:
Theory Y:
135. Discuss the following, being sure to specify how emotion is felt as described by
each theory:
Theory
Jame-Lange
Theorists who developed
How emotion occurs
Cannon-Bard
Schacter
Two-Factor
136. How is the brain involved with the experience of emotion. Discuss structures involved your
discussion.
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137. How does culture influence expression of emotion?
138. Discuss universal facial expressions and how they communicate emotion.
138. Summarize your book’s discussion of each of the following emotions.
Fear:
Anger:
Happiness
139. What is the Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon?
139. Define both catharsis and subjective well-being.
140. What is the adaptation level phenomenon?
141. Define and given an example of relative deprivation.
Thinking and Language
142. Define each of the following:
Term
Concept
Definition
Prototype
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Cognition
Algorithm
Heuristic
Insight
Fixation
Mental set
Functional fixedness
143. What is confirmation bias. Give an example.
144. What is the difference between availability heuristic and representative heuristic?
145. How do heuristics influence thinking?
146. What is overconfidence? What is its adaptive value?
147. What is framing? How does it potentially influence decision and judgment?
148. Define and discuss belief bias and belief perseverance. How do they affect our risk for error?
149. What is artificial intelligence?
150. What is the difference between phonemes and morphemes?
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151. List the five stages of language development, age they occur, and briefly describe each.
Stage
Age
Description
151. Define and discuss the differences between grammar, semantics, and syntax.
152. Who is Noam Chomsky? What significance does he have to language. Briefly discuss his findings.
153. Summarize the discussion about thought and language.
154. Summarize the discussion about animal thinking and language
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A.P. PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW PACKET PART FOUR
Stress and Health
155. On orders from the cerebral cortex, by way of the hypothalamus and pituitary, what
chemical does the adrenal gland secrete?
156. What are the functions of adrenaline and norepinephrine?
157. What is the role of each the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in
response to stress? (Discuss flight or fight)
158. Hans Selye discovered the body has an adaptive response to stress that he labeled
GAS. What does that stand for, and what occurs in each stage of GAS?
159. What are the three major types of stressors identified by researchers?
160. How is perceived control related to stress?
161. What are the effects of optimism and pessimism on stress and health?
162. What are Type A and Type B personalities? List characteristics of each.
163. Discuss stress and susceptibility to disease, including effects on the immune system, AIDS, and
cancer.
164. How have researchers conditioned the immune system?
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165. What is biofeedback? What is the implication for its use in managing stress?
166. What are the effects of religion on health according to the text?
167. How effective are smoking cessation programs?
168. Discuss how each of the following have a role in controlling obesity
Concept
Nutrition
Role in controlling obesity
Set-Point
Metabolism
Genetic Factors
169. List at least five ways your text recommends for losing weight.
Learning and Memory
170. What is learning?
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171. What is conditioning?
172. What are the differences between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
173. Name the researcher who is credited for pioneering work in classical conditioning and summarize
his work. (Hint….he went to the dogs.)
174. Draw a chart or diagram that would show the steps in classical conditioning. Be sure to label each
step.
175. Define the following three concepts, and give an example that incorporates all three: acquisition,
extinction, spontaneous recovery.
176. What is the difference between discrimination and generalization?
177. John B. Watson believed behavior was a “bundle of conditioned response.” Discuss the Little
Albert experiment, and how it demonstrated classical conditioning.
178. What field of learning is associated with the name B.F. Skinner?
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179. What is an operant chamber?
180. How does operant conditioning relate to Thorndike’s Law of Effect?
181. What does it mean to shape behavior?
182. Describe each of the following reinforcers and reinforcement schedules.
Type
Definition and why/when to use this type (as applicable) and example
Primary reinforcer
Secondary or
conditioned reinforcer
Continuous reinforcer
Intermediate reinforcer
Fixed-ratio schedule
Fixed-interval
schedule
Variable-ratio
schedule
Variable-interval
schedule
Punishment
183. What is latent learning?
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184. Define extrinsic and intrinsic motivation, as well as the overjustification effect. How are these
concepts related?
185. What theorist is associated with observational learning? Be sure to define modeling and include it
in your discussion.
186. What are the effects of television and other media on observational learning?
187. Name and define the three major steps of information processing.
188. What is a flashbulb memory?
189. Define and apply the following concepts
Concept
Definition and application
Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory
Long-term Memory
Automatic
Processing
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Effortful Processing
Spacing Effect
Visual encoding
Acoustic Encoding
Semantic
encoding/meaning
Declarative/explicit
memory
Procedural/implicit
memory
190. What is the difference between iconic and echoic memory? Define mneumonic and give an
example of one to remember the difference between these two concepts.
191. What is chunking? Give an example.
192. What is the role of the hippocampus in memory?
193. What is long-term potentiation?
194. In relation to retrieval, what is priming?
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195. How does context affect our ability to retrieve information? Include a discussion of moodcongruent memory.
196. Myers refers to the three “sins” of forgetting, of distortion and one of intrusion. Identify them
below
“The Sin”
Description
197. What is failure to encode?
198. Define storage decay and give an example
199. Discuss the difference between proactive and retroactive interference?
200. What is the misinformation effect?
201. Discuss Elizabeth Loftus’ research on memory.
202. What was Sigmund Freud’s belief on “forgetting” painful experiences? What is the controversy
about repressed v. constructed memory?
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203. What is source amnesia, (sometimes called source misattribution)?
204. What is the “forgetting curve?” Who did the research the identified this idea?
Intelligence
205. Define intelligence.
206. What is meant by the factor-analysis approach to measuring intelligence?
207. What was Spearman’s idea about intelligence?
208. Howard Gardner is credited for a concept called multiple intelligence? Discuss the ideas that
surround this concept.
209. What is the savant syndrome?
210. Robert Sternberg identified three types of intelligence. List each and define it.
211. What is emotional intelligence? Summarize the discussion of it in the text.
212. How are creativity and intelligence related?
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213. Outline the contributions of Alfred Binet and Lewis Terman to understanding intelligence.
214. What does IQ stand for? Give the formula for determining a person’s IQ.
215. What is the difference between and aptitude test and an achievement test.
216. How is the concept of standardization related to testing?
217. What is the difference between reliability and validity in testing? Why are these considered when
creating a test?
218. How stable is intelligence over the life span?
219. What have researchers learned about intelligence from studying twins?
220. What is heritability applied to the understanding of intelligence?
221. How does life experience (early intervention, etc.) affect intelligence? Summarize some of the
research.
222. What does research find about the ethnic similarities and differences on intelligence tests?
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223. What are the effects of gender on intelligence?
224. What is the stereotype threat?
Development
225. Define the following as well as briefly discuss role in development as applicable.
Term
Definition/Application
Zygote
Embryo
Fetus
Teratogen
Rooting Reflex
Fetal Alcohol
Syndrome
Maturation
Schemas
Assimilation
Accommodation
Object
Permanence
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Theory of Mind
Egocentrism
Autism
Stranger-Anxiety
Attachment
Critical Period
Imprinting
226. List and describe the stages of Piaget’s theory of development, the age that it occurs, and the major
accomplishments of each stage.
Stage
Age
Description and achievements
227. Describe Harlow’s Monkey Study and what was learned from it.
228. How do disruptions and day-care affect attachment?
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229. Summarize the three types of play as discussed on the Development Handout.
Stage
Age
Description
230. Describe the three child-rearing practices which have been most heavily researched, and typical
implications of each.
Practice
Description/implications/outcomes
231. Who was one of the first researchers to discuss adolescence? How did he describe
the period?
232. What is the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics? .
233. Summarize the author’s discussion of cognitive development in adolescence.
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234. What were Kohlberg’s ideas about moral development. After your answer, summarize his stage
theory using the table that follows.
Kohlberg Continued:
Stage
Age
Description of stage
235. Outline Erickson’s Theory in the table below
Stage
Age
Description
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236. How does menopause affect behavior?
237. What is the difference between dementia and Alzheimer’s disease?
238. How are memory and intelligence affected as people age? What is the difference between fluid and
crystallized intelligence?
240. Summarize the roles of adulthood.
241. What is the issue of stability v. change?
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