Download Chapter 4: The Rise of Ancient Greece

Chapter 4: The Rise of Ancient Greece
2500-350 B.C.
Section 1: Beginnings
I.
The Aegean Area
A. Geography
B. Mountainous with many water inlets
1. Protection
2. No place in Greece is more than 50 miles from the coast
C. Farming along coastal plains
D. Mild climate
II.
Aegean Civilizations
Island of Crete
A. The Minoans
1. Sir Arthur Evans discovered remains around 1900
2. The remains date back to 2500 B.C.
3. King Minos palace at Knossos
a. Labyrinth
b. Enjoyed dancing and sporting events
c. Religion had more goddesses than gods
d. “Great Earth Mother”
e. Traded with others (Egyptians and Mesopotamia) via the sea
f. Either destroyed by a tidal wave or invaded by Mycenaeans
B. The Mycenaeans
1. Came to the Balkan Peninsula from central Asia
2. Each kingdom centered on a hilltop and protected by a stone wall
3. Traded with the Minoans
4. Around 1100 B.C., the Dorians invaded Greece
a. Armed with iron weapons
5. The “Dark Ages”
a.
300 years of Dorian rule
III.
Poets and Heroes
Bards-singing story tellers
A. The Iliad and the Odyssey
1. Homer
a. Blind poet who lived during the 700’s B.C.
2. The Iliad
a. Set during the Trojan War
b. Begins when a Trojan prince named Paris falls in love with Helen, the wife of a Mycenaean king, and
kidnaps her
c. The Mycenaeans lay siege to Troy for 10 years, but cannot penetrate the city
d. Trojan Horse
1) The Mycenaeans trick the Trojans by building a huge wooden horse and hiding their best soldiers inside
2) That night, the soldiers kill all the Trojan men and enslave the women and children, and burn the city to
the ground
B. The Odyssey
1. Describes the 10 year return from the Trojan war of the Mycenaean king Odysseus
2. Odyssey
IV.
Teaching Greek Values
A. Schools taught students to be proud of their Greek heritage
B. Love of nature
C. Importance of husband-wife relationships
D. Loyalty between friends
V.
A Family of Deities
A. Mythology
B. Greeks believed their gods and goddesses actions controlled nature
C. Did not fear gods; Greeks placed more worth on the individual
D. Greek gods and goddesses were in human form
1. Did human actions-married, had children, lying, murdering
2. Gods were jealous of one another
E. Gods and Goddesses
1.
2.
F.
See overhead
Titans
a. 12 most powerful gods who lived high on Mount Olympus
Festivals
1. Olympic Games
a. Held every four years “for the greater glory of Zeus”
2. Plays
a.
A celebration in honor of Dionysus
Section 2: The Polis
Use pages 112-114 to define the following terms:
1. Polis
2. Citizens
3. Aristocrats
4. Phalanx
5. Tyrant
6. Oligarchy
7. Democracy
I.
The Typical Polis
A. Included a city and the surrounding villages, fields, and orchards
B. Acropolis
1. Fortified hill; had a temple atop it
C. Agora
1. At the foot of the acropolis
2. Public square
D. Citizens
1. Could vote, hold public office, own property, speak for themselves in court
2. Only native, Greek-born men
II.
Greek Colonies and Trade
A. Trade with Mediterranean and Black Sea areas
B. Colonies
1. Supplied its metropolis with grain
C. Economic Growth
1. By the 600s B.C., the Greeks had a money system
2. Later each city-state made its own money
3. Pottery
III.
Political and Social Change
A. By the 700s B.C., kings lost power to aristocrats
B. Farmers often needed loans from the wealthy, and lost their farms when they could not repay their debt
C. Farmers were important as soldiers
1. Phalanx
2. Tyrannies arose
a. When a tyrant seized power and ruled the polis single-handedly
b. Most were fair
D. 336 B.C. most Greek city states became oligarchies or democracies
1.
Sparta and Athens became the most powerful city-states
Section 3: Rivals
I.
Sparta
-Descendants of Dorians
-Located on the Peloponnesus
-Agricultural economy
-Invaded neighboring city-states to gain slaves
-Helots (slaves)
A.
A military society
1.
Life in Sparta revolved around the army
2.
Men wanted to be soldiers and women wanted to have soldiers
3.
Infants were inspected
4.
Boys at the age of 7 entered the army
a.
Taught to read, write, and use weapons
5.
6.
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
C.
1.
2.
D.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Age of 20 became soldiers
In army until age 60
Role of Women
To be healthy and strong
Married at age 19
Owned more freedoms than other Greek women
Could not participate in government
Sparta’s Government
Led by two kings who had little power
The Assembly
a.
Male citizens over the age of 30 who made laws
Results of Militarism
Succeeded for 250 years
Lagged behind in trade
Shunned philosophy, science, and the arts
Excelled in the Olympics and in fighting
*”The Making of Spartan Soldiers”
Questions:
1. What was done with unfit children?
2. What were infants bathed in? Why?
3. What were children taught not to be afraid of?
4. What was the major emphasis of Spartan education?
5. Why were quarrels started among students?
6. What happened to Spartans if they were caught
stealing?
7. What were Spartan soldiers trained to judge?*
II.
Athens
A.
Attica
1.
2.
3.
4.
B.
C.
III.
A.
B.
Peninsula in central Greece
Named after Athena
Expanded citizenship
Constitution (507 BC)
a.
Said that all free, Athenian-born men were citizens regardless of class
Draco
1.
621 BC-issued an improved code of law
2.
Draconian
Solon
1.
Leader of Athens in 594 BC
2.
Canceled all land debts and freed debtors from slavery
3.
Allowed citizens of all classes to participate in the Assembly
Athenian Democracy
Cleisthenes- 508 BC
Ideas
1.
Assembly was the major political body
2.
All citizens could belong
3.
All considered equal and given free speech
4.
Council of 500 carried out daily government business
5.
Yearly lottery determined who was on Council
6.
Juries to decide court cases
a.
201 to 1001 members
Not a true democracy
C.
Athenian Education
1.
Boys received a formal education
2.
Girls learned household duties
3.
Wealth determined education
4.
Iliad and Odyssey
5.
Rhetoric
a.
Art of public speaking
Section 4: War, Glory, and Decline
I.
The Persian Wars
Use Page 120 to 124 to answer the following:
1. Who was Darius I?
2. Describe the battle of Marathon:
a. Who attacked?
b. How did they attack?
c. Where was Marathon?
d. How were the Athenians outnumbered?
e. Who was victorious? What were the human loses on each side?
f. Who was Pheidippides and why was he important?
3. Describe the battle of Salamis:
a. Who was Xerxes?
b. How many Persian soldiers attacked?
c. Who led the Greek forces?
d. Where was Thermopylae?
e. Describe the heroic stand of Leonidas.
f. Who won the battle?
7.
Answers:
1.
2.
King of Persian Empire who began attacking Greece in 490 BC
a. Persians attacked Greeks
b.
Sent fleet across Aegean Sea to Marathon
c.
25 miles north of Athens
d.
2 to 1
e.
Greeks (Athenians) victorious; 6400 Persians and 192 Greeks
f.
Greek messenger; carried news of victory back to Athens, then fell to the ground dead
(Marathon)
3.
a. Son of Darius I
b.
200,000
c.
Sparta
d.
Mountain pass north of Athens where 7000 Greeks held firm for three days
e.
He sent off most of his troops, but stayed with 300 fellow Spartans; never surrendered; drew
the Persian ships into strait of Salamis
f.
Greeks destroyed almost the entire Persian fleet
II.
The Golden Age of Athens
A.
461-429 BC—following Persian wars
B.
Pericles in Charge
1.
Athenian general
2.
Rebuilt Athens
III.
The Peloponnesian War
A.
Greek Civil War
B.
Athens created the Delian League
1.
Its allies; formed in defense against Persia
2.
Sparta did not join, formed the Peloponnesian League instead
See assignment
Chapter 5 Section 2: The Greek Mind
Philosophers-thinkers
Logic-the science of reasoning
I.
The Sophists
A. “Knowers”-claimed that they could find the answers to all questions
B. Rejected the belief that the gods and goddesses influenced human behavior
C. “Man is the measure of all things”
D. Took money and political gain
E. Criticized by Socrates and Plato
*Group work and presentation on Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle (p. 132-137)
II. Writers of History
A.Herodotus
1. The father of history
2. Wrote about the Persian
wars
3. Wrote some exaggerated
stories
B. Thucydides
1. Wrote about the
Peloponnesian War
2. First scientific historian
3. Humans make history
III. The First Scientists
A.Greek Mathematicians
1. Considered mathematics a
science
2. Thales
3. Pythagoras
a. Pythagorean theorem, taught
that the world was round and
that it revolved around a fixed
point
B. Greek Medicine
1. Hippocrates
a. Hippocratic Oath
b. Believed that diseases had
natural causes and that the
body could heal itself
c. Advocated proper hygiene, a
sound diet, and plenty of rest
Hippocratic Oath
THE OATH OF
HIPPOCRATES
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Hippocrates was and early and
very influencial Greek
physician of about the Fifth
Century BCE. His writings not
only had a great impact on the
content of Greek medical
thought, but also on the ethics
of medical practice.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
I SWEAR by Apollo the physician,
and Aesculapius, and Health, and
All-heal, and all the gods and
goddesses, that, according to my
ability and judgment, I will keep
this Oath and this stipulation to
reckon him who taught me this Art
equally dear to me as my parents, to
share my substance with him, and
relieve his necessities if required; to
look upon his offspring in the same
footing as my own brothers, and to
teach them this art, if they shall
wish to learn it, without fee or
stipulation; and that by precept,
lecture, and every other mode of
instruction, I will impart a
knowledge of the Art to my own
sons, and those of my teachers, and
to disciples bound by a stipulation
and oath according to the law of
medicine, but to none others. I will
follow that system of regimen
which, according to my ability and
judgment, I consider for the benefit
of my patients, and abstain from
whatever is deleterious and
mischievous. I will give no deadly
medicine to any one if asked, nor
suggest any such counsel; and in
like manner I will not give to a
woman a pessary to produce
abortion. With purity and with
holiness I will pass my life and
practice my Art. I will not cut
persons laboring under the stone,
but will leave this to be done by
men who are practitioners of this
work. Into whatever houses I enter,
I will go into them for the benefit of
the sick, and will abstain from every
voluntary act of mischief and
corruption; and, further from the
seduction of females or males, of
freemen and slaves. Whatever, in
connection with my professional
practice or not, in connection with
it, I see or hear, in the life of men,
which ought not to be spoken of
abroad, I will not divulge, as
reckoning that all such should be
kept secret. While I continue to
keep this Oath unviolated, may it be
granted to me to enjoy life and the
practice of the art, respected by all
men, in all times! But should I
trespass and violate this Oath, may
the reverse be my lot!
Section 3: Alexander’s Empire
I. Alexander the Great
A.From Macedonia
B. Son of Philip II
C. Tutored by Aristotle
D.Only 20 when he became ruler
of Macedonia and Greece
E. Fought and defeated the
Persians from 334 to 327 B.C.
F. Died at age 33
G.Goals
1. To punish Persians for their
invasion of Greece 150 years
earlier
2. Create an empire to unite
Europe and Asia
3. Combine Greek and Persian
culture