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Transcript
Chapter 4: The Rise of Ancient Greece 2500-350 B.C. Section 1: Beginnings I. The Aegean Area A. Geography B. Mountainous with many water inlets 1. Protection 2. No place in Greece is more than 50 miles from the coast C. Farming along coastal plains D. Mild climate II. Aegean Civilizations Island of Crete A. The Minoans 1. Sir Arthur Evans discovered remains around 1900 2. The remains date back to 2500 B.C. 3. King Minos palace at Knossos a. Labyrinth b. Enjoyed dancing and sporting events c. Religion had more goddesses than gods d. “Great Earth Mother” e. Traded with others (Egyptians and Mesopotamia) via the sea f. Either destroyed by a tidal wave or invaded by Mycenaeans B. The Mycenaeans 1. Came to the Balkan Peninsula from central Asia 2. Each kingdom centered on a hilltop and protected by a stone wall 3. Traded with the Minoans 4. Around 1100 B.C., the Dorians invaded Greece a. Armed with iron weapons 5. The “Dark Ages” a. 300 years of Dorian rule III. Poets and Heroes Bards-singing story tellers A. The Iliad and the Odyssey 1. Homer a. Blind poet who lived during the 700’s B.C. 2. The Iliad a. Set during the Trojan War b. Begins when a Trojan prince named Paris falls in love with Helen, the wife of a Mycenaean king, and kidnaps her c. The Mycenaeans lay siege to Troy for 10 years, but cannot penetrate the city d. Trojan Horse 1) The Mycenaeans trick the Trojans by building a huge wooden horse and hiding their best soldiers inside 2) That night, the soldiers kill all the Trojan men and enslave the women and children, and burn the city to the ground B. The Odyssey 1. Describes the 10 year return from the Trojan war of the Mycenaean king Odysseus 2. Odyssey IV. Teaching Greek Values A. Schools taught students to be proud of their Greek heritage B. Love of nature C. Importance of husband-wife relationships D. Loyalty between friends V. A Family of Deities A. Mythology B. Greeks believed their gods and goddesses actions controlled nature C. Did not fear gods; Greeks placed more worth on the individual D. Greek gods and goddesses were in human form 1. Did human actions-married, had children, lying, murdering 2. Gods were jealous of one another E. Gods and Goddesses 1. 2. F. See overhead Titans a. 12 most powerful gods who lived high on Mount Olympus Festivals 1. Olympic Games a. Held every four years “for the greater glory of Zeus” 2. Plays a. A celebration in honor of Dionysus Section 2: The Polis Use pages 112-114 to define the following terms: 1. Polis 2. Citizens 3. Aristocrats 4. Phalanx 5. Tyrant 6. Oligarchy 7. Democracy I. The Typical Polis A. Included a city and the surrounding villages, fields, and orchards B. Acropolis 1. Fortified hill; had a temple atop it C. Agora 1. At the foot of the acropolis 2. Public square D. Citizens 1. Could vote, hold public office, own property, speak for themselves in court 2. Only native, Greek-born men II. Greek Colonies and Trade A. Trade with Mediterranean and Black Sea areas B. Colonies 1. Supplied its metropolis with grain C. Economic Growth 1. By the 600s B.C., the Greeks had a money system 2. Later each city-state made its own money 3. Pottery III. Political and Social Change A. By the 700s B.C., kings lost power to aristocrats B. Farmers often needed loans from the wealthy, and lost their farms when they could not repay their debt C. Farmers were important as soldiers 1. Phalanx 2. Tyrannies arose a. When a tyrant seized power and ruled the polis single-handedly b. Most were fair D. 336 B.C. most Greek city states became oligarchies or democracies 1. Sparta and Athens became the most powerful city-states Section 3: Rivals I. Sparta -Descendants of Dorians -Located on the Peloponnesus -Agricultural economy -Invaded neighboring city-states to gain slaves -Helots (slaves) A. A military society 1. Life in Sparta revolved around the army 2. Men wanted to be soldiers and women wanted to have soldiers 3. Infants were inspected 4. Boys at the age of 7 entered the army a. Taught to read, write, and use weapons 5. 6. B. 1. 2. 3. 4. C. 1. 2. D. 1. 2. 3. 4. Age of 20 became soldiers In army until age 60 Role of Women To be healthy and strong Married at age 19 Owned more freedoms than other Greek women Could not participate in government Sparta’s Government Led by two kings who had little power The Assembly a. Male citizens over the age of 30 who made laws Results of Militarism Succeeded for 250 years Lagged behind in trade Shunned philosophy, science, and the arts Excelled in the Olympics and in fighting *”The Making of Spartan Soldiers” Questions: 1. What was done with unfit children? 2. What were infants bathed in? Why? 3. What were children taught not to be afraid of? 4. What was the major emphasis of Spartan education? 5. Why were quarrels started among students? 6. What happened to Spartans if they were caught stealing? 7. What were Spartan soldiers trained to judge?* II. Athens A. Attica 1. 2. 3. 4. B. C. III. A. B. Peninsula in central Greece Named after Athena Expanded citizenship Constitution (507 BC) a. Said that all free, Athenian-born men were citizens regardless of class Draco 1. 621 BC-issued an improved code of law 2. Draconian Solon 1. Leader of Athens in 594 BC 2. Canceled all land debts and freed debtors from slavery 3. Allowed citizens of all classes to participate in the Assembly Athenian Democracy Cleisthenes- 508 BC Ideas 1. Assembly was the major political body 2. All citizens could belong 3. All considered equal and given free speech 4. Council of 500 carried out daily government business 5. Yearly lottery determined who was on Council 6. Juries to decide court cases a. 201 to 1001 members Not a true democracy C. Athenian Education 1. Boys received a formal education 2. Girls learned household duties 3. Wealth determined education 4. Iliad and Odyssey 5. Rhetoric a. Art of public speaking Section 4: War, Glory, and Decline I. The Persian Wars Use Page 120 to 124 to answer the following: 1. Who was Darius I? 2. Describe the battle of Marathon: a. Who attacked? b. How did they attack? c. Where was Marathon? d. How were the Athenians outnumbered? e. Who was victorious? What were the human loses on each side? f. Who was Pheidippides and why was he important? 3. Describe the battle of Salamis: a. Who was Xerxes? b. How many Persian soldiers attacked? c. Who led the Greek forces? d. Where was Thermopylae? e. Describe the heroic stand of Leonidas. f. Who won the battle? 7. Answers: 1. 2. King of Persian Empire who began attacking Greece in 490 BC a. Persians attacked Greeks b. Sent fleet across Aegean Sea to Marathon c. 25 miles north of Athens d. 2 to 1 e. Greeks (Athenians) victorious; 6400 Persians and 192 Greeks f. Greek messenger; carried news of victory back to Athens, then fell to the ground dead (Marathon) 3. a. Son of Darius I b. 200,000 c. Sparta d. Mountain pass north of Athens where 7000 Greeks held firm for three days e. He sent off most of his troops, but stayed with 300 fellow Spartans; never surrendered; drew the Persian ships into strait of Salamis f. Greeks destroyed almost the entire Persian fleet II. The Golden Age of Athens A. 461-429 BC—following Persian wars B. Pericles in Charge 1. Athenian general 2. Rebuilt Athens III. The Peloponnesian War A. Greek Civil War B. Athens created the Delian League 1. Its allies; formed in defense against Persia 2. Sparta did not join, formed the Peloponnesian League instead See assignment Chapter 5 Section 2: The Greek Mind Philosophers-thinkers Logic-the science of reasoning I. The Sophists A. “Knowers”-claimed that they could find the answers to all questions B. Rejected the belief that the gods and goddesses influenced human behavior C. “Man is the measure of all things” D. Took money and political gain E. Criticized by Socrates and Plato *Group work and presentation on Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle (p. 132-137) II. Writers of History A.Herodotus 1. The father of history 2. Wrote about the Persian wars 3. Wrote some exaggerated stories B. Thucydides 1. Wrote about the Peloponnesian War 2. First scientific historian 3. Humans make history III. The First Scientists A.Greek Mathematicians 1. Considered mathematics a science 2. Thales 3. Pythagoras a. Pythagorean theorem, taught that the world was round and that it revolved around a fixed point B. Greek Medicine 1. Hippocrates a. Hippocratic Oath b. Believed that diseases had natural causes and that the body could heal itself c. Advocated proper hygiene, a sound diet, and plenty of rest Hippocratic Oath THE OATH OF HIPPOCRATES ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Hippocrates was and early and very influencial Greek physician of about the Fifth Century BCE. His writings not only had a great impact on the content of Greek medical thought, but also on the ethics of medical practice. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- I SWEAR by Apollo the physician, and Aesculapius, and Health, and All-heal, and all the gods and goddesses, that, according to my ability and judgment, I will keep this Oath and this stipulation to reckon him who taught me this Art equally dear to me as my parents, to share my substance with him, and relieve his necessities if required; to look upon his offspring in the same footing as my own brothers, and to teach them this art, if they shall wish to learn it, without fee or stipulation; and that by precept, lecture, and every other mode of instruction, I will impart a knowledge of the Art to my own sons, and those of my teachers, and to disciples bound by a stipulation and oath according to the law of medicine, but to none others. I will follow that system of regimen which, according to my ability and judgment, I consider for the benefit of my patients, and abstain from whatever is deleterious and mischievous. I will give no deadly medicine to any one if asked, nor suggest any such counsel; and in like manner I will not give to a woman a pessary to produce abortion. With purity and with holiness I will pass my life and practice my Art. I will not cut persons laboring under the stone, but will leave this to be done by men who are practitioners of this work. Into whatever houses I enter, I will go into them for the benefit of the sick, and will abstain from every voluntary act of mischief and corruption; and, further from the seduction of females or males, of freemen and slaves. Whatever, in connection with my professional practice or not, in connection with it, I see or hear, in the life of men, which ought not to be spoken of abroad, I will not divulge, as reckoning that all such should be kept secret. While I continue to keep this Oath unviolated, may it be granted to me to enjoy life and the practice of the art, respected by all men, in all times! But should I trespass and violate this Oath, may the reverse be my lot! Section 3: Alexander’s Empire I. Alexander the Great A.From Macedonia B. Son of Philip II C. Tutored by Aristotle D.Only 20 when he became ruler of Macedonia and Greece E. Fought and defeated the Persians from 334 to 327 B.C. F. Died at age 33 G.Goals 1. To punish Persians for their invasion of Greece 150 years earlier 2. Create an empire to unite Europe and Asia 3. Combine Greek and Persian culture