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Earthquake Vocabulary 1. fault – a break in the Earth’s crust along which blocks of the crust slide relative to one another. 2. deformation – the change in the shape of rock in response to stress. 3. elastic rebound – the sudden return of elastically deformed rock to its original shape. 4. seismology – the study of earthquakes. 5. seismic waves – waves of energy that travel through the Earth. 6. P waves – the fastest type of seismic wave; can travel through solids, liquids, and gases; also known as pressure waves and primary waves. 7. S waves – the second-fastest type of seismic wave; cannot travel through materials that are completely liquid; also known as shear waves and secondary waves. 8. seismograph – instruments located at or near the surface of the Earth that record seismic waves. 9. seismogram – a tracing of earthquake motion created by a seismograph. 10. epicenter – the point on the Earth’s surface directly above an earthquake’s starting point. 11. focus – the point inside the Earth where an earthquake begins.