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Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Skills Worksheet
13.1 Active Reading
Section: The Structure of DNA
Read the passage below. Then answer the questions that follow.
In 1928, bacteriologist Frederick Griffith worked with two strains
of Streptococcus pneumoniae. The first strain was enclosed in a
capsule made of polysaccharides. The capsule helped make the
microorganism able to cause disease. The second strain of S.
pneumoniae lacked the polysaccharide capsule and did not cause
disease.
Griffith knew that mice infected with S bacteria grew sick and
died, while mice infected with R bacteria were not harmed. To
determine if the capsule on the S bacteria was causing the mice to
die, Griffith injected the mice with dead S bacteria. The mice
remained healthy. Griffith then prepared weakened S bacteria by
raising their temperature until the bacteria were “heat-killed,”
meaning they were dead but maintained the capsule.
When Griffith injected the mice with the heat-killed S bacteria,
the mice still lived. He then mixed the harmless live R bacteria
with the harmless heat-killed S bacteria. Mice injected with this
mixture died. Somehow, the harmless R bacteria underwent a
change and became live, pneumonia-causing S bacteria. This
phenomenon is now called transformation, a change in genotype
caused when bacterial cells take up foreign genetic material.
SKILL: READING EFFECTIVELY
Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided.
1. What does the term strain refer to in the first sentence?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. What effect might the polysaccharide capsule have on a bacterium contained
within the capsule?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3. What does the term transformation mean?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
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DNA, RNA, and Proteins
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Active Reading continued
4. What effect did an injection of R bacteria have on the mice Griffith studied?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
5. What effect did an injection of heat-killed S bacteria have on the mice Griffith
studied?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
6. What effect did an injection of live R bacteria mixed with heat-killed S
bacteria have on the mice?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
In the space provided, write the letter of the phrase that best completes the
statement.
_____ 7. In order to determine whether the disease-causing properties of the S
bacteria could be passed to the harmless R bacteria, Griffith injected
mice with
a. heat-killed S bacteria.
b. live R bacteria.
c. heat-killed R bacteria.
d. Both (a) and (b)
Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
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DNA, RNA, and Proteins
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Skills Worksheet
CH13.2 Active Reading
Section: Replication of DNA
Read the passage below. Then answer the questions that follow.
The process of making a copy of DNA is called DNA replication.
The process can be broken down into three steps.
Step 1: Before replication can begin, the double helix must
unwind. This is accomplished by enzymes called DNA helicases,
which open up the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds
that link the complementary nitrogenous bases. Once the two
strands of DNA are separated, additional proteins attach to each
strand, holding them apart and preventing them from twisting back
into their double-helical shape. The two areas on either end of the
DNA where the double helix separates are called replication forks
because of their Y shape.
Step 2: At the replication fork, enzymes known as DNA
polymerases move along each of the DNA strands, adding
nucleotides to the exposed nitrogenous bases according to the
base-pairing rules.
Step 3: The process of DNA replication produces two DNA
molecules, each composed of a new and an original strand. The
nucleotide sequences in both of these DNA molecules are identical
to each other and to the original DNA molecule.
SKILL: READING EFFECTIVELY
Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided.
1. What is replication?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. When does replication occur?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3. What must occur before replication can begin?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
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DNA, RNA, and Proteins
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Active Reading continued
SKILL: INTERPRETING GRAPHICS
4. The figure below shows DNA replicating. In the space provided, describe
what is occurring at each lettered section of the figure.
Part a.
Part b.
Part c.
Part a. ___________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Part b. ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Part c. ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes the
statement.
____ 5. DNA helicases and DNA polymerases are alike in that both are
a. nucleotides.
b. nitrogenous bases.
c. enzymes.
d. Both (a) and (b)
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DNA, RNA, and Proteins
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Skills Worksheet
CH13.3 Active Reading
Section: RNA and Gene Expression
Read the passage below. Then answer the questions that follow.
Like DNA, ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid—a molecule
made of nucleotides linked together. RNA differs from DNA in
three ways. First, RNA consists of a single strand of nucleotides
instead of the two strands found in DNA. Second, RNA
nucleotides contain the five-carbon sugar ribose rather than the
sugar deoxyribose found in DNA nucleotides. And third, RNA has
a nitrogenous base called uracil—abbreviated as U—instead of
the base thymine (T) found in DNA. No thymine (T) bases are
found in RNA. Like thymine, uracil is complementary to adenine
whenever RNA base-pairs with another nucleic acid.
SKILL: RECOGNIZING SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES
Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided.
1. In the spaces provided, write D if the statement is true of DNA. Write R if
the statement is true of RNA. Write B if the statement is true of both DNA
and RNA.
_____ a. consists of a single strand of nucleotides
_____ b. is made of nucleotides linked together
_____ c. contains deoxyribose
_____ d. has the nitrogenous base uracil
_____ e. contains ribose
_____ f. is a nucleic acid
_____ g. consists of a double strand of nucleotides
_____ h. contains a base that pairs with adenine
An analogy is a comparison. In the space provided, write the letter of the term or
phrase that best completes the analogy.
_____ 2. RNA is to U as DNA is to
a. C
b. G
c. T
d. A
Assessment
Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
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DNA, RNA, and Proteins
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
CH13.1 Quiz
Section: The Structure of DNA
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes
each statement or best answers each question.
_____ 1. In 1928, the experiments of Griffith demonstrated transformation of
a. harmless bacteria into disease-causing bacteria.
b. disease-causing bacteria into harmless bacteria.
c. heat-killed S bacteria into R bacteria.
d. S bacteria into heat-killed R bacteria.
_____ 2. In 1952, Hershey and Chase used a bacteriophage to determine that
genetic material is made of which of the following?
a. protein
c. DNA
b. RNA
d. 35S
_____ 3. Avery’s experiments showed that
a. DNA is responsible for transformation.
b. proteins are responsible for transformation.
c. bacteriophages are responsible for transformation.
d. infectious bacteria are responsible for transformation.
_____ 4. Each nucleotide in a DNA molecule consists of a
a. sulfur group, a five-carbon sugar molecule, and a nitrogen base.
b. phosphate group, a six-carbon sugar molecule, and a nitrogen base.
c. phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar molecule, and an oxygen base.
d. phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar molecule, and a nitrogenous
base.
_____ 5. In 1953, Watson and Crick built a model of DNA with the
configuration of a
a. single helix.
b. double helix.
c. triple helix.
d. circle.
In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term
or phrase.
_____ 6. radioactive sulfur
_____ 7. adenine
_____ 8. Chargaff
_____ 9. cytosine
a. forms hydrogen bonds with thymine
b. showed that A = T and C = G in DNA
c. used in the Hershey and Chase experiments
d. pyrimidine found in DNA
Assessment
Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Holt Biology
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DNA, RNA, and Proteins
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
13.2 Quiz
Section: Replication of DNA
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes
each statement or best answers each question.
_____ 1. DNA is replicated before
a. crossing-over.
b. cell division.
c. cell death.
d. transformation.
_____ 2. Which of the following happens last in replication?
a. Two new DNA molecules form.
b. Two original strands of DNA separate.
c. A replication fork forms.
d. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to each DNA strand.
_____ 3. The areas where DNA separates during replication are called
a. helicases.
c. replication forks.
b. polymerases.
d. proofreaders.
_____ 4. Replication forks tend to
a. slow down replication.
b. increase errors during replication.
c. speed up replication.
d. be more plentiful in prokaryotic DNA.
_____ 5. At the end of replication, each new DNA molecule is composed of
a. two new strands of DNA.
b. two original strands of DNA.
c. either two new or two original strands of DNA.
d. a new and an original strand of DNA.
_____ 6. Which of the following proofreads the new DNA molecules during
replication?
a. DNA polymerases
c. DNA helicases
b. replication forks
d. the original strand of DNA
In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term
or phrase.
_____ 7. replication forks
_____ 8. DNA polymerases
_____ 9. DNA replication
a. enzymes that open the double helix by breaking
hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases
b. process of making copies of DNA
c. prokaryotic DNA has two, while eukaryotic
DNA has many
d. enzymes that move along each of the DNA
10.
strands during replication, adding nucleotides
to
the exposed bases DNA helicases Assessment
Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Holt Biology
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DNA, RNA, and Proteins
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
CH13.3 Quiz
Section: RNA and Gene Expression
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes
each statement or best answers each question.
_____ 1. During transcription, the genetic information for making a protein is
rewritten as a molecule of
a. messenger RNA.
c. transfer RNA.
b. ribosomal RNA.
d. translation RNA.
_____ 2. All organisms have a genetic code made of
a. two-nucleotide sequences.
c. four-nucleotide sequences.
b. three-nucleotide sequences.
d. five-nucleotide sequences.
_____ 3. In a cell, the equipment for translation is located in the
a. cytoplasm.
c. plasma membrane.
b. nucleus.
d. centrioles.
_____ 4. Like DNA, RNA contains which of the following?
a. phosphate
c. thymine
b. uracil
d. deoxyribose
_____ 5. In eukaryotes, translation ends when
a. the codon site becomes vacant.
b. tRNA detaches from mRNA.
c. a stop codon is reached.
d. mRNA leaves the nucleus.
In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term
or phrase.
_____ 6. anticodon
_____ 7. mRNA
_____ 8. RNA polymerase
_____ 9. tRNA
_____ 10. DNA
a. enzyme that adds and links
complementary RNA nucleotides
during transcription
b. helps in the synthesis of proteins by
carrying amino acids
c. three-nucleotide sequence found on
tRNA
d. double strand of nucleotides containing
deoxyribose and thymine
e. delivers the information needed to
make a protein to the site of translation
Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
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DNA, RNA, and Proteins