Download Lesson IV

PREFACE
New Second Steps in Latin continues the sequence begun by New First Steps (Focus Publishing,
2000). It is a text for young adolescents who are learning Latin by the grammar-translation method. As we
wrote in the Teacher’s Manual for New First Steps, “We have chosen the grammar/translation method to
teach Latin because it exercises uniquely the linguistic skills involved in building categories and forming
expectations about individual words, phrases, whole sentences, and texts.”
In New Second Steps, the student’s syntactical horizon expands. The various pronouns,
complementary infinitives, and indirect statement make longer, more complex, and more idiomatic
sentences possible. Additional genitive, dative, and ablative constructions and subordinating conjunctions
also allow the student to experience the expression of complex relationships between elements of a
sentence and between ideas.
With this advanced syntax available to us, we were able to base many of our sentences on ancient
authors. In some cases, we have been able to quote an author’s words with no or minimal change; when we
have done so, we indicate the source.
Vocabulary in New Second Steps is based on Cicero, Vergil, Ovid, and Pliny. New Second Steps
adds about 230 words to the 150 in New First Steps.
New Second Steps includes an important feature, chapters devoted to reading connected prose
(Chapters VII, XII, XVII, XXII, XXVII, and XXX). We believe that reading narrative in Latin requires
skills in addition to those necessary for reading sentences, and that these skills can be systematically taught.
In the reading chapters we have used the well-known story of Perseus adapted from Fabulae Faciles to
develop these skills.
Together, New First Steps and New Second Steps make up a two-year sequence for middle school
students or perhaps a one-year sequence for high school classes. We intend to follow New Second Steps
with New Third Steps, which will complete the basic morphology and syntax of Latin and prepare students
to read Cicero, Ovid, Pliny, Vergil, and other ancient authors.
It is a pleasure here to renew our thanks to those who have made New Second Steps possible. The
Episcopal Academy’s Class of 1944 continued its generous support of the New Steps in Latin project. Jay
Crawford, Jon Kulp, and other members of Episcopal’s administration allowed us to devote time and
energy to this project and energized us by their belief in it. Martha Gimbel read and evaluated many of the
sentences in New Second Steps. Ron Pullins and his staff at Focus Publishing have followed the
outstanding job that they did with New First Steps with the elegantly produced volume in your hands.
Finally, we are grateful to our students in Episcopal’s Middle and Upper Schools, whose enthusiasm for
Latin and efforts to learn it have made the New Steps project both exciting and necessary.
The Episcopal Academy Classics Department
Michael Klaassen, Mary Allen, Tim Kent,
Elizabeth Klaassen, Molly Konopka,
Lee Pearcy
It is assumed that students have a thorough knowledge of the contents of New First Steps as follows:
I. Vocabulary: All Words Listed in New First Steps
II. Forms:
a) All Regular Declensions of Nouns
b) All Regular Declensions of Adjectives
c) All Regular Conjugations of Verbs in the Indicative, Active and Passive
d) the Irregular Verb sum
III. Syntax:
a) Agreement
1. First Rule of Concord: Agreement of Subject and Verb
2. Second Rule of Concord: Agreement of Adjective and Noun
3. Agreement of Appositives
4. Agreement of Predicate Noun, Predicate Adjective and Subject
b) Uses of Cases
1. Nominative:
a) Subject
b) Predicate Noun
c) Predicate Adjective
2. Genitive:
a) Possession
b) often translated by “of”
3. Dative:
a) Indirect Object
b) with Certain Adjectives
c) often translated by “to” or “for”
4. Accusative:
a) Direct Object
b) Motion Towards or Place To Which (ad, in)
c) Duration of Time or Time How Long
d) with Certain Prepositions (ad, in)
5. Ablative:
a) Means or Instrument
b) Personal Agent (with , ab)
c) Accompaniment (with cum)
d) Place Where or In Which (in, pr, sub)
e) Motion Away From or Place From Which (, ab, d, , ex)
f) Time When
g) with Certain Prepositions (, ab, cum, d, , ex, in, pr, sine, sub)
1
CONTENTS
Lessons
Pages
I.
Demonstratives: Is, Ea, Id and dem, Eadem, Idem
2
II.
Personal Pronouns; Cum as Enclitic
4
III.
Participles
6
IV.
Infinitives; Complementary Infinitive
8
V.
Review I-IV; FYI: Compounds of Ag
10
VI.
Hic, Haec, Hoc; Formation of Adverbs
12
VII.
Reading: Connected Prose; Perseus 1 and 2
14
VIII.
Regular Comparison of Adjectives; Quam; Ablative of Comparison
16
IX.
Irregular Comparison of Adjectives; Ablative of Degree of Difference
18
X.
Review VI-IX; FYI: Prefixes: dis-, ante-, post20
XI.
Ille, Illa, Illud and Iste,Ista, Istud; Cause: Ob or Propter with Accusative and Ablative of Cause
22
XII.
Reading: Connecting Ideas; Perseus 3 and 4
24
XIII.
Possum; Uses of Infinitives: Accusative and Infinitive with iube and vet, Subject, Object
26
XIV.
Reflexive Pronouns and Adjectives; Cum as Enclitic; Eius, Erum, Erum
28
XV.
Review XI-XIV; FYI: The Compounds Possum and Nm
30
XVI.
Relative Pronoun: Qu, Quae, Quod; Antecedent and Third Rule of Concord; Cum as Enclitic
32
XVII. Reading: One Thing at a Time; Perseus 5 and 6
34
XVIII. Deponent Verbs
36
XIX.
Fer; Ablative of Manner
38
XX.
Review XVI-XIX; FYI: Compounds of Fer and Sequor
40
XXI.
Vol, Nl, Ml; List of Verbs with Complementary Infinitives
42
XXII. Reading: Dividing the Sentence (1); Perseus 7 and 8
44
XXIII. Indirect Statement: Accusative and Infinitive with Introductory Verb in the Present Tense
46
XXIV. Indirect Statement with Introductory Verb in Various Tenses; Pronoun Subjects
48
XXV. Review XXI-XXIV; List of Introductory Verbs for Indirect Statement; FYI: Compounds of Sum and Vol 50
XXVI. E; Ipse, Ipsa, Ipsum
52
XXVII. Reading: Dividing the Sentence (2); Perseus 9 and 10
54
XXVIII. Comparison of Adverbs; Comparison with Magis and Maxim; Quam with the Superlative
56
XXIX. Adjectives with Genitive in –us and Dative in –; Cardinal Numbers 1-10, 100; Ordinal Numbers
58
XXX. Review Lessons XXVI-XXIX; FYI: Compounds of E; Perseus 11
60
APPENDIX
Rules of Syntax
Regular Verb Conjugations: Indicative, Participles and Infinitives
Irregular Verb Conjugations: Indicative, Participles and Infinitives
Deponent Verbs: Indicative, Participles and Infinitives
Noun Declensions
Adjective Declensions
Comparison: Adjectives and Adverbs
Pronoun Declensions
Demonstratives and Intensive
Numbers
Classified Vocabulary
Latin - English Vocabulary
English - Latin Vocabulary
Index
1
62
67
70
72
74
74
76
77
77
79
80
86
95
103
Lesson I
DEMONSTRATIVES: IS, EA, ID AND DEM, EADEM, IDEM
A DEMONSTRATIVE is used to point out a person or thing for special attention.
is, ea, id that, those; this, these; or he, she, it, they
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Singular
Masculine
Feminine
is
eius
e
eum
e
ea
eius
e
eam
e
Neuter
Plural
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
id
eius
e
id
e
e
erum
es
es
es
eae
erum
es
es
es
ea
erum
es
ea
es
Demonstratives may be used as adjectives or as pronouns.
As an adjective, is,
ea, id agrees with the noun it modifies in case, number, and gender:
is puer that boy; eius mtris of that mother; ea verba those words
As a pronoun, is,
ea, id takes the number and gender of the noun it replaces:
Eum puerum am. I love that boy.
Es mtrs vocat.
He calls those mothers.
Ea verba audvimus. We heard those words.
The pronoun is,



Eum am.
Es vocat.
Ea audvimus.
I love him.
He calls them.
We heard them.
ea, id in the nominative case is used to emphasize the subject or to indicate a change of subject.
dem, eadem, idem the same
Singular
Masculine
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
dem
eiusdem

eundem
edem
Feminine
Neuter
Plural
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
eadem
eiusdem
edem
eandem
edem
idem
eiusdem
edem
idem

edem
erundem
esdem
esdem
esdem
eaedem
erundem
esdem
esdem
esdem
eadem
erundem
esdem
eadem
esdem

dem, eadem, idem is the demonstrative is, ea, id with the suffix -dem. Note, however, the following changes:
Change a final -m in the forms of is, ea, id to -n- before adding the suffix.
The masculine singular nominative drops the final -s of is and lengthens the vowel.
The neuter singular nominative and accusative drop the final -d of id before the suffix -dem.
Edem di idem vdimus. We saw the same (thing) on the same day.
1
Vocabulary I
Demonstratives
Conjunctions
dem, eadem, idem the same
is, ea, id
that, those; this, these; he, she, it, they
autem
enim
etiam
nam
2nd Conjugation Verbs
arde, ardre, ars, arsrus
burn, blaze; be inflamed
habe, habre, habu, habitum have, hold; consider
2nd Declension Nouns
equus, -, m. horse
socius, -, m. ally
however, but; moreover
for (postpositive)*
even, also
for
3rd Declension Noun
tempus, tempris, n. time
*A postpositive word does not begin a clause.
Exercise I
A.
1.
Is rx erat amcus et socius Rmnrum.
2.
Eius etiam domus prm lce ardbit.
3.
E equ habentur bon.
4.
Is rtus equus onera multa portbat.
5.
Id onus est magnum; serv autem id portbunt.
6.
dem equus  duce nostr captus est.
7.
Eum nn habbimus ducem, nam est amcus malrum.
8.
Mare arsit e ann. (Livy 23.31.15)
9.
Edem tempore etiam socius erum erat.
10.
Msimus mlits, nam eaedem gents in bella surgbant.
11.
Mults anns rgs urbem Rmam haburunt.
12.
Rx et rgna mults nvs in mar haburunt, cvs enim eius rgn erant nautae bon.
B.
1.
That king held Rome for many years.
2.
The books of these girls are burning.
3.
We gave many horses to his allies.
4.
At the same time many houses were burning in that city.
5.
The soldiers were placing all (their) hope in the horses, for they were swift.
6.
We consider the same things good.
7.
The same burdens used to make the slaves tired.
8.
At that time the name of the Romans was great, for they seemed to rule all nations.
9.
His horse has fled, for the slaves punished it because it had destroyed a field.
10.
My brother, however, will give him a good horse, for he has many.
11.
The allies of the Romans have good horses, but they will not give them to the Romans.
12.
We will take the horses of the allies and make them ours, for we are masters of many lands.
2
Lesson II
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
The first and second person pronouns occur in all five cases, and are used like nouns.
FIRST PERSON
Singular
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
ego
me
mihi
m
m
Plural
ns
nostr, nostrum
nbs
ns
nbs
I
of me
to / for me
me
(from) me
we
of us
to / for us
us
(from) us
SECOND PERSON
Singular
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
t
tu
tibi
t
t
Plural
vs
vestr, vestrum
vbs
vs
vbs
you
of you
to / for you
you
(from) you
you
of you
to / for you
you
(from) you
Is, ea, id can be used as the third person pronoun.
Personal Pronouns in the Nominative
Personal pronouns in the nominative are used to emphasize the subject of the sentence.
Ego rgem vd. I saw the king.
T rgem vdist. You saw the king.
Ns rgem vdimus.
Vs rgem vdistis.
We saw the king.
You saw the king.
Personal pronouns are used in compound subjects as follows. Note the person and the number of the verb.
Ego et t sumus amc.
You and I (=we) are friends.
1st + 2nd person subjects  1st pl. verb
Ego et puer sumus amc. The boy and I (=we) are friends. 1st + 3rd person subjects  1st pl. verb
T et Caesar estis amc. You and Caesar (=you) are friends. 2nd + 3rd person subjects  2nd pl. verb
In English compound subjects, the first person comes last: “you and I” or “my father and I.”
In Latin compound subjects, the first person comes first: “ego et t” or “ego et pater.”
Cum with the First and Second Person Pronouns
The preposition cum, when used with a personal pronoun, becomes enclitic: it is attached to the end of the personal
pronoun to form one word.
mcum with me
tcum with you
nbscum with us
vbscum with you
3
Vocabulary II
3rd Declension Nouns
mns, mentis (-ium), f. mind; intention
ignis, ignis, (-ium) m. fire
hostis, hostis, (-ium) m. enemy
fnis, fnis, (-ium) m.
end; in plural, territory
Adverb
modo only, just
nn modo...sed etiam not only...but also
Pronouns
ego, me
I, me
ns, nostr / nostrum we, us
t, tu
you (sg.)
vs, vestr / vestrum you (pl.)
Conjunctions
aut
or
aut...aut
either...or
dum (+ present indicative) while
Exercise II
A
1.
 nbs urbs dlta erat.
2.
Nostr fns ad vestra flmina tendunt.
3.
Ego tibi multa dna ded, nam t m ambs.
4.
T mihi verba sapientia potae dxist.
5.
Tua ra in m fuerat magna.
6.
Eius ments sunt amcae mihi, sed nn tibi.
7.
Dum ns in urbe ignem sacrum servmus, vs in mar cum nvibus hostium pugntis.
8.
Omnia mala  t mente tu sapient cernentur.
9.
Vs aut in taliam tenditis aut bellum es gentibus partis.
10.
Quod iter longum est, ns in camp manbimus.
11.
Vs cum es ex ingent camp in alts monts dcmin.
12.
Ego eum audv, surrx, sed verbum d r nn fc.
B.
1.
He warned us about the intentions of the enemy.
2.
Your letters to them were seized by us at night.
3.
You concealed your evil intentions with friendly words.
4.
The enemy will be captured with us by them.
5.
While the fire burns, we will remain in the mountains.
6.
While it is night the enemy will carry the bodies away from our walls.
7.
In that year you (sg), our enemy, wrote letters to the tribes.
8.
You (pl), not they, sent the letters out of the city with your men.
9.
The slaves were carrying the fire for us, because the horses were terrified by it.
10.
Not only do we love you (sg), but we also praise your rivers and mountains.
11.
I will either come with you, or I will send a messenger to you.
12.
They used to flee from us by day, but they were seized by us at night.
4
Lesson III
PARTICIPLES
PARTICIPLES are verbal adjectives.
Pres.
Active
1 and 2 conj.: present stem + -ns, -ntis
3rd and 4th conj.: present stem + -- + -ns,
st
Passive
nd
amns, amantis
monns, monentis
dcns, dcentis
capins, capientis
audins, audientis
-ntis
NO FORM
leading
perfect passive stem + -us,
Perf.
amtus, -a, -um
monitus, -a, -um
ductus, -a, -um
captus, -a, -um
audtus, -a, -um
NO FORM
Fut.
perfect passive stem + -r- + -us,
-a, -um
led, having been led
-a, -um
amtrus, -a, -um
monitrus, -a, -um
ductrus, -a, -um
about to, going to lead
captrus, -a, -um
audtrus, -a, -um
futrus, -a, -um
Note that sum has only a future active participle: futrus, -a, -um.
(to be discussed later)
The present participle is a 3rd declension adjective of one termination declined like ingns, ingentis.
The future active and perfect passive participles are 1st / 2nd declension adjectives declined like bonus,
-a, -um.
Because participles are adjectives, they agree with the words that they modify in case, number, and gender and may be
used substantively. Because participles are verbs, they can take objects.
rx dcns, rgis dcentis the leading king, of the leading king
fugients fleeing (ones) = fugitives
potae scrptr librs the poets about to write books
Tenses of the Participle
The present active participle expresses action taking place at the same time as the main verb.
sede. I sit writing the book.
I sit while I am writing the book.
Scrbns librum sd.
I sat writing the book.
I sat while I was writing the book.
The perfect passive participle expresses action completed before the time of the main verb.
vide.
I see the captured city.
I see the city which has been captured.
Urbem captam vd.
I saw the captured city.
I saw the city which had been captured.
.
The future active participle expresses action that will be completed after the time of the main verb.
audit.
The girl about to speak listens.
The girl who is about to speak listens.
Puella dictra audvit. The girl about to speak listened.
The girl who was about to speak listened.
5
Vocabulary III
1st Declension Nouns
fma, -ae, f.
rumor; reputation; glory
flamma, -ae, f. flame
fortna, -ae, f. fortune, luck
fuga, -ae, f.
flight, escape
grtia, -ae, f.
favor; (in plural) thanks
invidia, -ae, f. envy; hatred
vta, -ae, f.
life
3rd Conjugation Verbs
ag, agere, g, actum
do; drive; treat, deal with
agere d (+ ablative)
talk about, debate about
grtis agere (+ dative) give thanks, thank
vtam agere
lead a life
pet, petere, petv, pettum seek; ask for
Adverbs
crs
tomorrow
heri
yesterday
hodi today
Exercise III
A.
1.
Epistulae  t scrptae dlbuntur.
2.
Longam vtam nn sine mults amcs git.
3.
Nostrae sorrs captae mans tendents vtam petbant.
4.
Soci invidi ardents, grtis nbs nn agent.
5.
Ego et t equs onera porttrs vdimus.
6.
Heri serv fgrunt; hodi domin fugients petunt.
7.
Fuga puellrum et servrum mihi misera vidbtur.*
8.
Heri modo t mihi dna dedist; hodi ego tibi grtis ag; crs tibi amcus er.
9.
Puerum multa agentem nn vdimus, is enim in urbem fgerat.
10.
T et soci tu aut cum hostibus pugnbitis aut  nbs fugitis.
11.
Dum nmina derum sacra habmus, e nbs amc erunt.
12.
Mihi d trist fortn omnium gentium  Rmns rectrum scrpsist.
B.
1.
Girls and boys do not lead the same life.
2.
A good mind does not fear bad fortune.
3.
The sailors, however, have fled because they have ships.
4.
We will lead the horses carrying burdens out of the city.
5.
Many things have been written about men seeking favor.
6.
Yesterday they were all singing; today, however, they are asking for (their) life.
7.
Today we seek fame, but tomorrow we will fear the envy of all our friends.
8.
While the horses were wandering in the woods, the soldiers did not have hope of escape.
9.
We not only saw fire destroying homes, but also flames burning on the mountains.
10.
Because our minds were being directed (use tend) towards small things, the teachers, moved by anger, punished us.
11.
All the allies of the Romans will give thanks to us because we have waged many wars against our enemies.
12.
Either we will accept the misfortunes of life with a strong heart, or we will be destroyed by the waves of bad fortune.
6
Lesson IV
INFINITIVES
INFINITIVES are verbal nouns, which may be used as subjects or objects. They have tense and voice, but not person or
number. They may take objects, or be modified by adverbs. A FINITE VERB has a personal ending; an infinitive has no
personal ending.
Active
Passive
Pres. 2nd principal part
1st, 2nd and 4th conj.: present stem + -r
3rd conj.: 2nd principal part minus -ere + -
amre
monre
dcere
capere
audre
esse
Perf.
Fut.
amr
monr
dc
to be led
cap
audr
to lead
perfect active stem + -isse
perfect passive participle + esse
amvisse
monuisse
dxisse to have led
cpisse
audvisse
fuisse
amtus, -a, -um esse
monitus, -a, -um esse
ductus, -a, -um esse to have been led
captus, -a, -um esse
audtus, -a, -um esse
4th principal part (always –um) + r
future active participle + esse
amtrus, -a, -um esse
monitrus, -a, -um esse
ductrus, -a, -um esse to be about to lead
captrus, -a, -um esse
audtrus, -a, -um esse
futrus, -a, -um esse
amtum r
monitum r
ductum r to be about to be led
captum r
audtum r
The COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE completes the meaning of another verb. Verbs of wishing, deciding, beginning, etc.
and the passive forms of verbs of saying and thinking often take complementary infinitives.
Pugnre cnstituit. He decided to fight.
Pugnvisse puttur. He is thought to have fought.
The infinitives of transitive verbs may take objects.
Nvem mittere cnstituit. He decided to send a ship.
In the future active and perfect passive infinitives, the participle, declined like bonus,
subject of the clause in case, number, and gender.
Nvs missae esse dcuntur.
Puella epistulam scrptra esse dcitur.
-a, -um, agrees with the
The ships are said to have been sent.
The girl is said to be about to write a letter.
7
Vocabulary IV
nd
2 Declension Nouns
locus, -, m.
place
pl. loca, locrum, n.
arma, -rum, n.
arms
arma capere,
take up arms
castra, -rum, n.
camp
rd
3 Declension Noun
moenia, -ium, n.
walls
Verbs taking a Complementary Infinitive
put, putre, putv, puttum
think; consider
cnstitu, cnstituere, cnstitu, cnstittum decide; determine; establish
incipi, incipere, incp, inceptum
begin
Exercise IV
A.
1.
Soci bellum in hosts parre incipiunt.
2.
Dum hosts in castrs sunt, omnia dlbantur.
3.
Vta mlitis misera esse dcitur, nam nn longa est.
4.
Moenia ex castrs ad aquam dcere incipiunt.
5.
Audx in rbus difficilibus esse puttur.
6.
Ego  t rogta mults epistuls man me scrbam.
7.
Territ sumus, nam tla ardentia in nostrs nvs mittere cnstituit.
8.
Heri prts pnre incpisse puttus es, sed hodi lber sunt.
9.
Fma fugae erum ab hostibus audta esse puttur.
10.
Is ad bellum socirum ventrus esse dcitur.
11.
In e loc arma capere et castra hostium dlre cnstituistis.
12.
Edem fratrs ad Olympum tendents montem in monte pnbant.
B.
1.
Huge waves were beginning to rise.
2.
You will lead the frightened horse to that place.
3.
The water is thought to be about to cover the fields.
4.
The mountains stretching towards the sea are high.
5.
They were beginning to carry water onto the ships.
6.
You (pl) have decided to give many gifts to your friends.
7.
He had decided to conceal his bad intentions.
8.
I was thought to have remained on the bridge with our allies.
9.
Their queen is thought to have been sent to a guarded place.
10.
Having been ruled by kings for many years, the city was wretched.
11.
He was thought to have been loved by you, for you used to send messengers to his house.
12.
We had begun to have hope because the teacher was teaching us many useful things.
8
Lesson V
review
Vocabulary I - IV
put
autem
vta
vs
socius
enim

begin
envy
flame
either...or
for
burn
s
arma
nam
fma
heri
mns

moenia
locus
equus
habe 
 
hodi 
thanks
camp
decide
yesterday
fire
you (pl.)
today
mind
while
rumor
not only...but also
aut
ns

 

 
arde 

is
dem
fnis
fuga



tis
castra
n modo...sed etiam
arms
horse
we
that
drive
seek
think
flight
the same
place
tomorrow
ally



dum
aut...aut

hostis
ns
walls
for
you (sg.)
life
moreover
end
have
even
enemy
fortune
territory
or

I. Replace the underlined words with is, ea, id and dem, eadem, idem.
1. Fliam magistr ad flmen ms.
3. Puers gratis ag.
5. Rgna invidiam derum timbat.
2. Librs ab mtre me accprunt.
4. Multa verba socis dxit.
6. Exercitus nvs derat.
II. Modify the underlined words with is, ea, id and dem, eadem, idem.
1. F audv.
3. In castrs manbimus
5. Liber eius verba habet.
2. Puer librum haburunt.
4. Prtae ns terrent.
6. s puellae gimus.
III. Translate all the pronouns into Latin. Use any necessary prepositions.
1. I will give you a present.
4. He was saved by them.
5. The girls were talking to us.
2. We will guard the city with you.
3. You and I saw the ghost.
6. The citizens praise you (pl.) and us.
IV. Translate the underlined participle phrases.
1. The soldier sitting on the horse wandered from the way. 4. They destroyed the camp set up in that place.
2. We carry the allies wounded with javelins into camp.
5. About to write a letter, my mother was sitting.
3. The horses, terrified by the flames, fled into the forest.
6. Rolling waves rose up because of the mighty wind.
V. Give the six infinitives of habe and cnstitu.
VI. Name the tense and translate the underlined infinitives.
1. The city is said to have been destroyed by fire.
4. The enemies are reported to have been seen.
2. Our allies were thought to be about to flee.
5. The decided to shelter the wounded.
3. This god is considered to be our ally.
6. He is said to have risen from the dead.
9
For Your Information
COMPOUNDS OF AG
Many verbs in Latin serve as bases to which prefixes are added to modify their meanings.
One of these is ag, agere, g, actum do; drive; treat, deal with.
cum + ag g, cgere, cog,
coactum
drive together, gather; force, compel.
ex + ag  exg, exgere, exg,
exactum
drive out
re + ag  redg, g, redactum drive back
Exercise V
A
1.
Umbrae in silvs vsae es terrurunt.
2.
Pr socis mes gratis mults tibi ag.
3.
M mea fortna servvit.
4.
Ea loca mihi tibique sacra habentur.
5.
Rogtus librum tibi scrbbam.
6.
Epistulam scrbam, frter enim meus eam accipere ambit.
7.
Heri es equs  castrs dcere cnstituimus, nam e erant aegr.
8.
Mlits  t miss fmam nntivrunt.
9.
Fuga hostium nbs pugnantibus nntita est.
10.
Nn bona dicta puellae meae nntibitis.
11.
Hosts nostr, autem, ns vidents, esdem equs cprunt.
12.
Nn modo flamms, sed etiam aqus surgentibus moenia dlbantur.
B
1.
Voices announcing the end of the war were heard.
2.
In the minds of many, anger and envy are similar.
3.
His life is held dear by his many friends.
4.
While the fires burn in the woods, we will save our houses.
5.
But you (sg), blazing with great anger, will fight with them.
6.
The burning fires announced the evil deeds of the enemies.
7.
Our soldiers, wounded by the weapons of the enemy, are beginning to flee.
8.
At that wretched time you and Marcus were friends on all my journeys.
9.
We decided to flee, for we had seen the enemy about to capture the ships.
10.
Yesterday you were holding back your anger, but today you have taken up arms.
11.
Many difficult things are thought to have been done on the same day.
12.
We have decided to give thanks to the god of the city, for he has saved us.
10
Lesson VI
DEMONSTRATIVES: HIC, HAEC, HOC
FORMATION OF ADVERBS
hic, haec, hoc this, these
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Singular
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Plural
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
hic
huius
huic
hunc
hc
haec
huius
huic
hanc
hc
hoc
huius
huic
hoc
hc
h
hrum
hs
hs
hs
hae
hrum
hs
hs
hs
haec
hrum
hs
haec
hs
Demonstratives may be used as adjectives or pronouns.
As an adjective, hic,
haec, hoc agrees with the noun it modifies in case, number, and gender:
hic puer this boy; huius mtris of this mother; haec verba these words
As a pronoun, hic,
haec, hoc takes the number and gender of the noun it replaces:
Hunc librum am.
I love this book.
 Hunc am.
I love this (one).
Hs epistuls msit.
He sent these letters.  Hs msit.
He sent these.
Haec verba audvimus. We heard these words.  Haec audvimus. We heard these (things).
Formation of Adverbs
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Adverbs do not decline.
1st / 2nd declension adjectives usually form adverbs by adding - to the stem:
altus, -a, -um deep
aeger, aegra, aegrum sick


altaegr-
3rd declension adjectives often form adverbs by adding
and -ter for audx:
cer, cris, cre keen, sharp
sapins, sapientis wise
x, audcis bold
alt
deeply
aegr painfully, with difficulty
-iter to the stem; -er for adjectives ending in -ns;
cr criter
sapint-  sapienter
c-  audcter
keenly, sharply
wisely
boldly
The following adverbs are formed irregularly:
bonus, -a, -um good
malus, -a, -um bad
parvus, -a, -um small
magnus, -a, -um great




bene
male
parum
magnpere
well
badly, poorly
too little, not enough
greatly
A few adverbs are simply the accusative neuter singular or ablative neuter singular form:
prmus, -a, -um first
 prm
at first
multus, -a, -um much, many  multum
much
facilis, -e easy
 facile
easily
Adverbs not following these patterns will be given as vocabulary.
11
Vocabulary VI
Adverbs
bene
long
magnopere
multum
parum
prm
aegr
well
far
greatly
much
too little
at first
painfully, with difficulty
Demonstrative
hic, haec, hoc this, these
3rd Declension Noun
comes, comitis, m. companion
Exercise VI
A.
1.
In hc loc aegr mnserant.
2.
Hae sunt meae fliae amtae.
3.
Prm soci nbs mults gratis grunt.
4.
Hc hr mlits fidem ducibus mnstrre constituunt.
5.
Ns nostraque facta parum laudtis, quod multum fcimus.
6.
Comits huius long  port mnsisse dcuntur.
7.
Prm haec omnia mihi tilia esse vsa sunt.
8.
Ns d hs misers virs rgem interficere parantibus monuist.
9.
Hic sapienter et bene ns iter longum factrs monet.
10.
Hic socius ad m e nocte vnit, quod e hs epistuls mittere magnopere timbam..
11.
M multum ambunt, tla enim capins erum urbem audacter servb.
12.
Equus dem in agr  nbs vsus ex hostium manibus fgerat.
B.
1.
These are your (sg.) words.
2.
These songs were sung well by our companion.
3.
The master advised these slaves too little.
4.
At first we thought you to be angry.
5.
The soldiers will move the camp far from this river rising much.
6.
These books were badly prepared by your (sg) companions.
7.
We will accept these gifts, but we will not love you (sg) well on account of them.
8.
They have decided to put these horns, taken in war, into my hands.
9.
The farmers were thought to be about to fight keenly for (=on behalf of) their allies.
10.
The inhabitants greatly feared to be captured by our soldiers.
11.
This boy easily sees the wandering steps of his friend.
12.
You (pl.) will not kill the king of this tribe because he is said to be good and wise.
12
Lesson VII
READING: CONNECTED PROSE
When you began the study of Latin, you learned how to read aloud, translate, and write individual sentences. Sentences
may combine to tell a story, persuade an audience, or express a sequence of ideas. Such combinations of sentences are
called CONNECTED PROSE. Reading connected prose requires skills in addition to those that you have used in reading
individual sentences. In reading connected prose, it is important to identify the GIST of a passage. The gist is the central
idea of the passage.

recognize KEY WORDS. Key words are the words that convey the most important elements of
the passage.

notice the connections between sentences and thoughts.

guess the meaning of unfamiliar words and phrases.

be sensitive to the order of thoughts in Latin. Try to understand Latin in the Latin order.
Chapters like this one will help you to develop and practice these skills.
Gist and Keywords
First of all, read through the passage out loud and in Latin, preferably two or three times. The
objective is to understand the gist of the passage and to identify key words in it.
How do you get the gist of a passage?
As you read through, do not try to translate, but do look for clues.

Does the passage have a title? Are there notes or a glossary to help you?

Are there any proper nouns (capitalized words within a sentence)?

Are any words repeated?

Can you recognize any nominatives, accusatives, and verbs?
These questions will help you identify the key words in the passage. Proper nouns are likely to be
the names of important people and places. Repeated words emphasize important elements that play
a role in every part of the story. Nominatives, verbs, and accusative direct objects tell you who is
doing what to whom.
The Story of Perseus
An oracle had predicted that King Acrisius of Argos would be killed by his grandson. When the
king discovered that his daughter, Danaë, had given birth to a son, he tried to escape his fate by
casting mother and son adrift in the sea. With the help of Jupiter, who was Perseus’ father, they
landed safely on the island of Seriphos, where Perseus grew to manhood. King Polydectes of
Seriphos then attempted to kill Perseus by sending him to bring back the head of the monster
Medusa, one of the Gorgons. Perseus accomplished this dangerous task, and on the way back he
rescued and married Andromeda, an Ethiopian princess. After many years he returned to Seriphos
and revenged himself on Polydectes; he then went back to Argos and, in fulfillment of the oracle,
killed his grandfather Acrisius by accident with a discus.
13
Vocabulary VII
Adverbs
nunc
tamen
tum
tunc
now
nevertheless, yet
then, at that time
then, at that time
Conjunctions
antequam
before
igitur
therefore
postquam
after
Prepositions with the Accusative
ob
because of, on account of
propter because of, on account of
For all the readings, various vocabulary words will be translated in italics. Other words will be presented with English
derivatives in parentheses from which you should try to deduce the appropriate English translation. Some compound
verbs are shown divided into their elements in an effort to help you in recognition and translation.
1. The Family of Perseus
Haec nrrantur  pots d Perse. Perseus flius erat Iovis, rgis derum. Avus eius, Acrisius
nmine, Perseum propter orculum timns, puerum interficere cnstituit. Comprehendit igitur
Perseum infantem, et cum mtre in arc lgne inclsit. Tum arcam in mare conicit. Dana, Perse
mter, magnopere territa est; tempests enim magna mare turbbat. Perseus autem in sin mtris
dormibat.
nrr (1) (narrative, narrate)
Iuppiter, Iovis m. Jupiter
avus, - m. grandfather
rculum, -i n. oracle
comprehend, comprehendere, comprehend,
comprehnsum grasp, seize
infns, infantis m. / f. (infant, infantile)
arca, -ae f. chest, box
lgneus, -a, -um of wood, wooden
incld, -ere, -cls, -clsus shut up in, enclose,
imprison
conici, conicere, conic, coniectum (conjecture)
throw together, throw, cast, hurl
tempests, tempesttis f. (tempestuous) weather;
tempest, storm
turb (1) (disturb)
sinus, -s m. embrace; bosom
dormi, dormre, dormv, dormtum (dormitory,
dormant)
2. Jupiter Saves His Son
Nunc Iuppiter tamen haec omnia vdēbat, et flium servre cnstituit. Tranquillum igitur fcit mare,
et arcam ad insulam Serphum perdxit. Huius insulae Polydects tum rx erat. Postquam arca ad
ltus flctibus portta est, Dana in harn quitem capibat. Brev tempore  pisctre inventa est,
et ad domum rgis Polydectis adducta est. Is mtrem et puerum amc accpit, et es sdem ttam
in fnibus dedit. Dana hoc dnum libenter accpit, et pr benefici rg grtis git.
tranquillus, -a,-um (tranquil)
insula, -ae f. (insular)
perdc = per + dc; bring
harna, -ae f. (arena) sand
quis, quitis f. (quiet)
pisctor, pisctris m. fisherman
inveni = in + veni, come upon, find
addc = ad + dc; [lit. lead to] escort
sdes, sdis f. seat; abode
ttus, -a, -um safe
libenter, adv. willingly, gladly
beneficium,- n. kindness, service,benefit
14
Lesson VIII
REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
Adjectives have three DEGREES of comparison: POSITIVE, COMPARATIVE and SUPERLATIVE.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
longus, -a, -um
longior, longius
longissimus, -a, -um
long
longer, rather / too long
longest, very long
Comparatives
The comparative is a two-termination 3rd declension adjective.
It is formed by adding –ior to the stem. For the neuter singular nominative and accusative, substitute –ius.
long-  longior, longius
audc-  audcior, audacius
longus, -a, -um long
audx, audcis bold
longer
bolder
The comparative, unlike most 3rd declension adjectives, is not an i-stem.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Singular
Masc. / Fem.
Neuter
Plural
Masc. / Fem.
Neuter
longior
longiris
longir
longirem
longire
longius
longiris
longir
longius
longire
longirs
longirum
longiribus
longirs
longiribus
longira
longirum
longiribus
longira
longiribus
Superlatives
The superlative is normally formed by adding –issimus, -issima, -issimum to the stem of the adjective.
longus, -a, -um long
audx, audcis bold
long-  longissimus, -a, -um longest
audc-  audcissimus,- a, -um boldest
The superlative is a 1st / 2nd declension adjective declined like bonus,
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
-a, -um.
Singular
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Plural
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
longissimus
longissim
longissim
longissimum
longissim
longissima
longissimae
longissimae
longissimam
longissim
longissimum
longissim
longissim
longissimum
longissim
longissim
longissimrum
longissims
longissims
longissims
longissimae
longissimrum
longissims
longissims
longissims
longissima
longissimrum
longissims
longissima
longissims
Comparison Constructions
Two nouns joined by quam (than) must be in the same case.
Servus est flcior quam rx. The slave is happier than the king.
- When quam is omitted from a comparison, the second of the two things compared is in the
ablative case. This ablative construction is used only when the first of the two things compared is in the nominative or
the accusative.
ABLATIVE OF COMPARISON
Servus est flcior rge. The slave is happier than the king.
15
Vocabulary VIII
3rd Declension Nouns
genus, generis, n. kind, sort
s, ris, n.
mouth
scelus, sceleris, n. crime*
Conjunction
quam than, rather than
Prepositions with Accusative
ante
before
circum around
inter
between; among
per
through
post
after; behind
trans
across
*scelus
gerere commit a crime
Exercise VIII
A.
1.
Fuit tilior in castrs quam in urbe.
2.
Propter tuam invidiam eris miserior quam is.
3.
Inter es monts longius iter facere incipi.
4.
Tunc omns bon omnium generum erant nbscum.
5.
Nunc d vir audcissim in exercit hostium agimus.
6.
Fortissim comits ante s flminis stbant.
7.
Ob scelera magna, de in caput eius multa mala posurunt.
8.
Antequam bellum cum es gentibus gerbat, gratis magns des git.
9.
Postquam serv territ ltora fgerant, ad urbem celeriter tendbant.
10.
Nn vta, sed somnus longissimus  des nbs datus est.
11.
Hae gents circum ns sunt audcirs es mlitibus trns flmen pugnantibus.
12.
Mults per gents multaque per maria ductus, ad eum locum vn.
B.
1.
Higher mountains were around our city.
2.
The sweetest songs come from her mouth.
3.
He came through those very bold tribes.
4.
(There) is a bolder horse behind the gate.
5.
The captured (people) are wiser than those free (people).
6.
We now are waging a longer war than our allies have waged.
7.
The god called the sailors with a great voice (use s, ris).
8.
He made a rather long journey around the mountains.
9.
You (sg) will be punished, for your crimes seem very serious to all.
10.
(There) is a longer river between the city and the mountains.
11.
At that time, all my friends were of the same sort.
12.
She was moved by his appearance rather than by his reputation.
16
Lesson IX
IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
The following common adjectives have irregular comparative and superlative forms.
Positive
Comparative
bonus, -a, -um good
malus, -a, -um bad
magnus, -a, -um great
parvus, -a, -um small
multus, -a, -um much, many
Superlative
melior, melius better
peior, peius worse
maior, maius greater
minor, minus smaller
sg. pls (neuter noun only) more
pl. plrs, plra several, more
optimus, -a, -um
pessimus, -a, -um
maximus, -a, -um
minimus, -a, -um
plrimus, -a, -um
best
worst
greatest
smallest
most, very many
Adjectives Ending in –er
Any adjective ending in -er in the masculine forms the comparative regularly, but forms the superlative irregularly.
The superlative is formed by adding –rimus,-rima,-rimum to the masculine nominative singular in -er.
sacer, sacra, sacrum holy
miser, misera, miserum unhappy
cer, cris, cre sharp
Positive
sacer, sacra, sacrum holy
miser, misera, miserum unhappy
cer, cris, cre sharp
sacer- 
miser- 
cer- 
sacerrimus, -a, -um
miserrimus, -a, -um
cerrimus, -a, -um
Comparative
sacrior, -ius holier
miserior, -ius more unhappy
crior, -ius sharper
holiest
most unhappy
sharpest
Superlative
sacerrimus, -a, -um
miserrimus, -a, -um
cerrimus, -a, -um
holiest
most unhappy
sharpest
Six Adjectives Ending in -lis
Six 3 declension adjectives ending in –lis form their comparative regularly, but form their superlatives irregularly.
Their superlative is formed by adding –limus,-lima,-limum to the stem.
rd
facilis, facile easy
facil-  facillimus, -a, -um easiest
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
facilis,-e easy
facilior,-ius easier
facillimus, -a, -um
difficilis,-e difficult difficilior,-ius more difficult
difficillimus, -a, -um
similis,-e like
similior, -ius more like
simillimus, -a, -um
dissimilis, –e unlike dissimilior, -ius more unlike
dissimillimus, -a, -um
gracilis, -e slender
gracilior, -ius more slender
gracillimus, -a, -um
humilis, -e low
humilior, -ius lower
humillimus, -a, -um
Note that other adjectives ending in -lis form their superlative regularly: tilis, tilior, tilissimus.
ABLATIVE OF DEGREE OF DIFFERENCE
easiest
most difficult
most like
most unlike
most slender
lowest
- The degree or measure of difference in a comparison is expressed by the use of
the ablative without a preposition.
Puella pede brevior est quam puer.
Mare mult altius est flmine.
The girl is shorter than boy by a foot.
The girl is a foot shorter than the boy.
The sea is deeper than the river by much.
The sea is much deeper than the river.
17
Vocabulary IX
Irregular Comparative Adjectives
maior, maius
greater
melior, melius better
minor, minus
smaller, less
peior, peius
worse
Adjectives
dissimilis, -e
gracilis, -e
humilis, -e
dissimilar, unlike
slender, graceful
low; poor
Irregular Superlative Adjectives
maximus, -a, -um greatest, very great
optimus, -a, -um
best, very good, excellent
minimus, -a, -um
smallest, very small, least
pessimus, -a, -um
worst, very bad
plrimus, -a, -um
most, very many
nd
2 Declension Noun
oculus, -, m. eye
3rd Declension Noun
ps, pedis, m. foot
Exercise IX
A.
1.
Peds tu sunt mes maiors.
2.
Fuit facillimum equs per hanc portam dcere.
3.
Miserrima ab oculs eius fgit.
4.
Des debusque maxims gratis gimus.
5.
Hic est similior mihi quam tibi.
6.
Verba eius erant simillima facts.
7.
Erat facilius vidre tus oculs quam mes.
8.
Tuum scelus est mult peius quam meum.
9.
Tristissima fortna tu fratris optim m multum movbat.
10.
Propter tua scelera hic locus difficilior est mihi.
11.
Postquam verba eius in castrs audta sunt, acerrim mlitum eum laudvrunt.
12.
D hc sacerrim loc potae multa dxisse videntur.
B.
1.
They saw very large fires in the mountains.
2.
The very wretched man flees quickly from my eyes.
3.
Those ships seem to me to be rather low in the water.
4.
This place is much holier than your (pl.) city.
5.
He has more slender feet than I have; your (feet), however, are the most slender.
6.
I was greatly moved by the very wretched appearance of that (man).
7.
(While) preparing their weapons quickly, they saw the lights in the camp of the enemy.
8.
I was very happy because all your (sg.) companions were very like you.
9.
The waves of the sea were higher than the ships by many feet.
10.
The messenger standing before your (sg.) eyes was sent by the king of the gods.
11.
The man wandering at night is thought to have seen (his) mother among very many ghosts.
12.
Your (sg.) teacher spoke very sad words to you about your friend (who was going to make) a rather difficult
journey on behalf of (his) sick father.
18
Lesson X
REVIEW
Vocabulary VI - IX
minimus
nunc
aegr
ps
s
peior
igitur
maior
prm
plrimus
inter
comes
ante
gracilis
pessimus
magnopere
parum
per
humilis
bene
optimus
propter
genus
dissimilis
hic
melior
tamen
post
circum
maximus
tum
antequam
quam
postquam
scelus
tunc
oculus
tunc
ob
long
minor
this
on account of
after (prep.)
too little
nevertheless
dissimilar
eye
because of
around
low
with difficulty
crime
smallest
before (prep.)
greatly
then
after (conj.)
better
then
well
kind
smaller
than
companion
far
greater
mouth
worst
less
most
therefore
before (conj.)
between
slender
best
at first
now
foot
through
greatest
worse
I. Modify the following nouns with hic, haec, hoc.
1. generibus
6. loc
11. ignem
16. equs
2. peds
7. moenium
12. fmae
17. fortn
3. capita
8. flamms
13. s
18. vtae
4. comitis
9. hoste
14. mentem
19. castra
5. scelera
10. socis
15. invidiae
20. fnium
II. Identify case, number, gender of underlined words.
1. Comits haec dxrunt.
4. E sunt flciors quam h.
2. H ocul ardent.
5. Hoc flmen est longius e.
3. Ocul hrum r ardent.
6. Nn enim time huius comitis invidiam.
III. Form adverbs from the following adjectives:
1. sapins
6. tilis
11. cer
2. malus
7. similes
12. bonus
3. er
8. rtus
13. magnus
4. altus
9. miser
14. ardns
5. optimus
10. dulcis
15. flx
IV. Form the comparatives and superlatives of the underlined adjectives.
1. monts alt
4. mals sceleribus
7. comitis audcis
2. rgna pulchra
5. parvum genus
8. bonae ment
3. hostium crium
6. fortnam similem
9. multa arma
19
For Your Information
The prefix dis- apart is used with many verbs, such as discd, depart and dmitt, send away.
It may also be a strong negative:
dis + facilis easy
= difficilis difficult
dis + similis similar = dissimilis dissimilar
The prepositions ante and post occur in the abbreviations a.m. (ante diem, before midday)  p.m. (post
merdiem, after midday). They are also commonly used as verb prefixes, as in postscrb, write after, add in
writing from which we get the abbreviation p.s. (post scrptum, written after).
Exercise X
A.
1.
Comits me haec es nn dcent.
2.
Hic locus mntissimus est.
3.
Caesar nvs humilirs celerirsque fcit quam hs.
4.
Gracils peds meae amtae vide.
5.
Cum dissimillim patre vtam aegr agbat.
6.
Tunc gracilior flamma circum caput eius ardre vsa est.
7.
Nunc ob plrima scelera tua amcs plrims nn habs.
8.
Propter minims igns ex hs castrs celeriter fugere cnstiturunt.
9.
Magnopere heri terrbar; hodi igitur inter hs silvs manb.
10.
Ego arma capins, urbem ardentem fugere constitu.
11.
Urbs surgentibus aqus dlta mihi hc parv r miserior vidtur.
12.
Postquam  dom tu discesseram, tu patris umbra ante mes oculs vsa est.
B.
1.
The gods will punish him because of his very many crimes.
2.
All good (people) of all kinds will come happily into the city.
3.
Before the gods had spoken, we were rather bold because of our good fortune.
4.
After we had heard him speaking these sharp words, we were greatly afraid.
5.
Before his foot was wounded, he was fleeing his enemies quickly.
6.
(After I was) seen singing in the woods, I began to receive many gifts.
7.
With my eyes I saw you (pl.) boldly saving the ships.
8.
The dark land covered me because of (my) bad fortune.
9.
We saw the ships burning on the shore after our leaders fled.
10.
At that time your (sg.) works were much greater than ours.
11.
After the worst (men) fled from the city, they remained in the mountains for very many days.
12.
At first I had decided to remain; now, however, I shall make a journey happily among the tribes.
20
Lesson XI
DEMONSTRATIVES: ILLE, ILLA, ILLUD AND ISTE, ISTA, ISTUD
CAUSE
ille, illa, illud that, those
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Singular
Masculine
Feminine
ille
illus
ill
illum
ill
illa
illus
ill
illam
ill
Neuter
Plural
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
illud
illus
ill
illud
ill
ill
illrum
ills
ills
ill
illae
illrum
ills
ills
ills
illa
illrum
ills
illa
ills
Demonstratives may be be used as adjectives or as pronouns.
As an adjective, ille, illa, illud agrees with the noun it modifies in case, number, and gender:
ille puer that boy; illus mtris of that mother; illa verba those words
As a pronoun, ille, illa, illud takes the number and gender of the noun it replaces:
Illum librum am.
I love that book.
 Illum am.
Ills epistuls msit.
He sent those letters.  Ills msit.
Illa verba audvimus. We heard those words.  Illa audvimus.
I love that one.
He sent those.
We heard those (things).
Ille is often used to contrast with hic:
Magister hunc puerum laudvit, sed illum pxnvit.
The teacher praised this boy, but punished that (one).
iste, ista, istud that of yours, those of yours (sometimes with contempt implied)
Iste, ista, istud is declined like ille, illa, illud.
Ista mala fugis. You will flee those evils (of yours).
Dux ists pnvit. The leader punished those men.
Ad m d ist Marc, amc tu, scrbis. You are writing to me about that Marcus, your friend.
Cause
Ob or propter with the accusative expresses cause or reason.
Ob verba laudbitur.
She will be praised because of her words.
Propter flmen cnstitimus. We stopped on account of the river.

THE ABLATIVE OF CAUSE - The ablative without a preposition also expresses cause or reason.
Facts pntur. He is punished for his deeds.
Tus operibus laudris. You are praised for your works.
21
Exercise XI
3rd Conjugation Verbs
cnsist, cnsistere, cnstit, 
stop
excd, excdere, excess, excessum go out, depart
incd, incdere, incess, incessum
go in
relinqu, relinquere, relqu, relictum leave, leave behind
trah, trahere, trax, tractum
drag
vv, vvere, vx, vctum
live
Exercise XI
A.
1.
In illum locum optimum incdit.
2.
Vvere est dulce mihi propter illum.
3.
Illa moenia sunt altissima et longissima.
4.
Circum illum montem igns maxim ardent.
5.
Ill gravs sapientsque vir erant rtissim.
6.
Hoc opus difficillimum ill erit, quod eius amc heri excessrunt.
7.
Illa dictr, surgere excdereque incipibant.
8.
Istus r tlsque territ, in umbrs noctis fugimus.
9.
T vvis flcior quam ego; ns autem vvimus flcirs ills.
10.
Hodi ob ista scelera  t gesta hoc bellum miserrimum pugnāmus.
11.
Ist invidi magn m dlbis.
12.
Postquam in illam urbem incesserant, omns doms dlvrunt.
B.
1.
Those (people) lived for many years.
2.
You (pl) departed from our allies’ land by means of ships.
3.
That man seems happiest to me.
4.
They saw the horse left behind on the shore by the enemies.
5.
Those flames are much higher than the walls of the camp.
6.
The same night the soldiers came out of that horse.
7.
I saw the fires burning in our city and those men killing the citizens.
8.
After we had departed from the city, we gave thanks to the gods.
9.
We stopped in that place because you (sg.) had left behind those books.
10.
We left our allies behind because of the very difficult journey.
11.
They begin to drag the horse through the very well fortified gates.
12.
The allies remained in that place, but you (pl.) left the camp quickly.
22
Demonstratives
ille, illa, illud that, those
iste, ista, istud that, those
(sometimes with contempt implied)
Lesson XII
READING: CONNECTING IDEAS
When you read a Latin passage, it is important to understand the Latin in its own word order. The
pieces of a passage will be joined in a way that shows the flow of ideas. These ideas are usually
connected to each other. One thought leads to the next.
In Latin, the connection between one thought and the next is usually signaled by

connecting words; for example, conjunctions

repetition of words

punctuation; for example, commas or semicolons
Even when we physically separate the sentences of a paragraph, the connectedness remains. Here is
a passage from Lesson VII divided into sentences with some connective signs italicized:
Comprehendit igitur Perseum adhc infantem, et cum mtre in arc ligne inclsit.
Tum arcam in mare conicit.
Dana, Perse mter, magnopere territa est; tempests enim magna mare turbbat.
Perseus autem in sin mtris dormibat.
What do these connecting devices do?

Igitur, “therefore,” shows that the statement comprehendit Perseum adhc infantem is a
consequence of what has gone before.

Et connects the two things that Acrisius did: comprehendit et inclsit.

Tum, “then,” shows that the event arcam in mare conicit follows the events of the
preceding sentence.

Mter repeats cum mtre in the first sentence and connects the sentence about Danaë to what
has gone before.

Enim, “for,” shows that tempests magna mare turbbat explains the preceding statement
that Danaë was frightened.

Autem, “however,” calls our attention back to Perseus and contrasts his sleeping with his
mother’s terror.
These signs help show the development of thought.
Note that signs of connection often introduce a grammatical piece which can be dealt with
separately (a sentence or the clauses within a sentence). These connecting signs will help you to
divide a passage into smaller, more manageable pieces.
23
Vocabulary XII
Adverbs
di
hc
ibi
tandem
for a long time
here
there
finally, at length
Conjunction
ubi when, where
1st Declension Noun
via, viae, f. road, way
lna, lnae, f. moon
3. Perseus Is Sent On His Travels
Perseus igitur mults anns ibi habitbat, et cum mtre vtam betam agbat. Polydects autem
Danan magnopere ambat et Perse dxit, “Tuam mtrem in mtrimnium ductrus sum.”
Hoc tamen cnsilium Perse nn grtum erat. Polydects igitur Perseum dmittere cnstituit. Tum
iuvenem ad rgiam vocvit et haec dxit: “Turpissimum est hanc ignvam vtam agere; iam di t
adulscns es. Tempus est arma capere et virttem praestre. Relinque hs terrs et caput Medsae
ad m refer.”
turpis, -e disgraceful
ignvus, -a, -um idle, lazy
habit (1) live, dwell
betus, -a, -um (beatify) blessed, happy
adulscns, -tis m. (adolescent)
tempus, temporis n. time
virts, virttis f. (virtue) courage
in mtrimnium dcere to marry
cnsilium, -i n. plan
grtus, -a, -um pleasing
praest, praestre, praestit, praestitum show, exhibit
relinque (present imperative) leave behind
refer (present imperative) bring back
dmitt = dis + mitt
iuvenis, -is m. (juvenile)
rgia, -ae f. palace
4. Perseus Gets His Outfit
Perseus ubi haec audvit, ex insul discessit, et postquam ad continentem vnit, Medsam petvit.
Di frustr petbat; namque ntram loc ignrbat. Tandem Apoll et Minerva viam e
mnstrvrunt. Prm Graes, sorrs Medsae, invnit. Ab hs tlria et galeam magicam
accpit. Apoll autem et Minerva falcem et speculum dedrunt. Tum postquam tlria pedibus
induit, in caelum ascendit. Di volbat; tandem tamen ad eum locum vnit ubi Medsa cum cters
Gorgnibus habitbat. Gorgns autem mnstra erant speci horribil; capita enim erum erant
anguibus tecta erant. Mans etiam ex aere factae erant.
continns, -ntis f. (continent)
falx, falcis f. curved sword, sickle
speculum, - n. mirror, looking glass
frustr (frustration) adv. in vain
indu, induere, indu, indtum put on, clothe
ignr (1) (ignorant)
caelum, - n. air, sky, heaven
Graeae, -rum f. The Graeae were three old women who
had one eye and one tooth in common and took
turns in using them.
inveni, -re, -vn, -ventum find, come upon
vol (1) fly
discd, -ere, -cess, -cessum withdraw, depart, leave
cter, -ae, -a the rest of, the remaining
horribilis, -e (horrible)
anguis, anguis m. / f. serpent, snake
aes, aeris n. bronze, copper
tlria, tlrium n. pl. winged sandals
galea, -ae f. helmet
24
Lesson XIII
IRREGULAR VERB: POSSUM, POSSE, POTU;USES OF THE INFINITIVE
possum, posse, potu,  be able, can
In the present system, possum is a compound of the verb sum.
The prefix is pos- when the form of sum begins with s.
The prefix is pot- when the form of sum begins with e.
In the perfect system the tenses are formed regularly.
Like sum, possum has no passive voice.
PRESENT
possum
potes
potest
I can/am able
you can
he / she / it can
IMPERFECT
FUTURE
poteram
poters
poterat
poter
poteris
poterit
I could/was able
you could
he / she / it could
I will be able
you will be able
he / she / it will be able
possumus we can
potestis you can
possunt they can
potermus we could
 you could
poterant they could
poterimus we will be able
poteritis you will be able
poterunt they will be able
PERFECT
PLUPERFECT
FUTURE PERFECT
potueram
potuers
potuerat
potuer
potueris
potuerit
potui
potuist
potuit
I could
you could
he / she / it could
potuimus we could
potuistis you could
poturunt they could
I had been able
you had been able
he / she / it had been able
potuermus we had been able
 you had been able
potuerant they had been able
potuerimus we will have been able
potueritis you will have been able
potuerint they will have been able
PARTICIPLES
Pres.
Perf.
Fut.
I will have been able
you will have been able
he / she / it will have been able
INFINITIVES
posse
potuisse

(possum has no participles)
to be able
to have been able
Possum is usually accompanied by a complementary infinitive.
Ea scrbere poterunt. They will be able to write this.
Audre possumus. We can hear.
Accusative and Infinitive with iube and vet
 and vet need both a person and an action to make their meaning clear.
They g
Dux mlits urbem mnre iussit.
Magister discipuls dcere vetat.
The leader ordered the soldiers to fortify the city.
The teacher orders the students not to talk.
Infinitive as Subject or Object
The infinitive is a verbal noun. It is always neuter, always singular, and either nominative or accusative.
Subject:
Object:
Dulce est vcem tuam audre. It is sweet to hear your voice. Hearing your voice is sweet.
Cantre am.
I like to sing.
I like singing.
25
Vocabulary XIII
2nd Declension Nouns
Verbs taking Infinitives
vet, vetre, vetu, vetitum order...not, forbid
animus, -, m.
iube, iubre, iuss, iussum
order, command, bid
discipulus, -, m. student
possum, posse, potu, 
can, be able
umerus, -, m.
mind, spirit; in plural, bravery
shoulder
Exercise XIII
A.
1.
Pota ns verba derum audre iussit.
2.
Tandem in urbe sumus—nunc bene vivere poterimus!
3.
Mlits, tls hostium vulnert, lce lnae fugere poturunt.
4.
Deus ns vtam facilem agere vetat; ille igitur onera plrima nbs dedit.
5.
Dux enim ns corpora hostium in castrs relinquere vetuit.
6.
Dux vs in castrs manre iussit; miserirs autem in e loc quam in silvs eritis.
7.
 magistr nn pnimur; nem enim ns in mrs scrbents vdit.
8.
Vir bon mns in edem loc manet, et ille fortn mal vulnerr nn potest.
9.
Vide melira laudque, sed ea facere nn possum.
10.
Nn omnia (facere) possumus omns. (Vergil Eclogues 8.63)
11.
Mult in urbem venre nn poterant, quod ille pons flctibus surgentibus dltus erat.
12.
Discipul pessim, heri in hc mr mala plrima scrpsistis; ego igitur vs propter scelera vestra pnr iubb.
B.
1.
Before the eyes of the sailors, the leader of the enemy could not flee with the queen.
2.
We have in mind to leave behind arms in camp.
3.
Yesterday (our) leader ordered (our) allies to send us horses.
4.
The wise man can live well with brave spirit and a good mind.
5.
The leader orders the walls of the city not to be destroyed.
6.
A poet (who has been) ordered to write will make bad songs.
7.
While I was speaking about these things, my horse was able to wander into the road.
8.
The soldiers are able to carry the same burdens (on their) shoulders.
9.
While we live, we will be able to seek better things.
10.
The brave soldiers had been forbidden to make a fire in camp on account of the great wind.
11.
We ordered the slave to drag the very great burdens; he, however, left them behind because of his bad spirit.
12.
Having been ordered by the teacher to write, the students stopped, sat (down), and began to write about things of
all sorts.
26
Lesson XIV
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS refer to the subject of the clause or sentence in which they stand.
FIRST PERSON
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Singular

me
mihi
m
m
SECOND PERSON
Singular

of myself
to / for myself
myself
(from) myself
tu
tibi
t
t
of yourself
to / for yourself
yourself
(from) yourself
Plural
Plural
Nom. 

Gen.
nostr of ourselves
vestr of yourselves
Dat.
nbs to / for ourselves
vbs to / for yourselves
Acc.
ns
ourselves
vs
yourselves
Abl.
nbs (from) ourselves
vbs (from) yourselves
Note that the third person reflexive is identical in the singular and the plural forms.
The reflexive pronoun cannot be in the nominative case.
The reflexive pronoun must have the same person, number, and gender as the subject.
THIRD PERSON
Singular

su of himself, herself, itself
sibi to / for himself, herself, itself
s himself, herself, itself
s (from) himself, herself, itself
Plural

su of themselves
sibi to / for themselves
s themselves
s (from) themselves
Puer s laudat. The boy praises himself.
Puer s laudant. The boys praise themselves.
M in umer vulnerv. I wounded myself on the shoulder.
Vs regitis. You rule yourselves.
The preposition cum is regularly placed after and joined to a reflexive pronoun.
scum with himself / herself / itself / themselves
Su, sibi, s, s can often be translated simply as him, her, it, or them, referring to the subject.
Pater flium ad s vocat. The father calls the son to him.
Pater flium scum dcit. The father brings the son with him.
Reflexive Possessive Adjectives and eius, erum, erum
The REFLEXIVE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE emphasizes the ownership of something by the subject of the main verb.
For the 1st person and 2nd person forms use the possessive adjectives learned earlier:
meus, -a, -um; tuus, -a, -um; noster, -tra, -trum; and vester, -tra, -trum.
The 3rd person reflexive possessive adjective is suus, -a, -um. It expresses possession by the subject of the sentence or
clause in which it stands. It agrees with the noun it modifies in case, number, and gender.
Mter flium suum vocat. The mother calls her (own) son.
When the possessor is not the subject of the clause, the reflexive adjective suus, -a, -um cannot be used.
Use the genitive form of is, ea, id (eius, erum, or erum).
Mter flium eius vocat.
Pater flium erum vocat.
The mother calls his (someone else’s) son.
The father calls their son.
27
Vocabulary XIV
Third Person Reflexive Pronoun
su, sibi, s, s himself, herself, itself, themselves
3rd Declension Noun (like mles)
nm, nminis, m. no one, nobody
Indeclinable Noun
nihil n. nothing
Adjective
suus, sua, suum his own, her own, its own, their own
Adverbs
numquam never
saepe often
semper always
Exercise XIV
A.
1.
Mles s in umer vulnervisse vidtur.
2.
Ego m in aqu saepe vd.
3.
Agricola suam domum et sus agrs semper amat.
4.
Nm Rmnus s ab ill loc mvit.
5.
Antequam sus comits interfcit, ille nbs bonus vidbtur.
6.
Nm fmam itineris nostr accipibat.
7.
Vcem patris in silvs cantantis saepe audvimus.
8.
Iste coms semper s esse optimum putat.
9.
Ille plrima sua amcs relquit, hic nihil.
10.
Ad illam urbem vs cnstitistis quod incdere nn potuistis.
11.
Hodi ex sus urbibus excdents maxims gratis des agunt.
12.
Hc tempore nihil melius actrus esse mihi vidris.
B.
1.
Those (men) were dragging the ships behind them from the shore.
2.
You will be able to do nothing more useful for yourself.
3.
We always have friends very similar to ourselves.
4.
Having in mind to fight, they quickly took up their own arms.
5.
I will leave behind nothing for myself, but all my (possessions) for my friends.
6.
Because the road was long, we stopped at that city.
7.
They decided to punish themselves seriously, because they had not been able to save (their) king.
8.
At length out of all his (goods) he left behind these (things) for his son.
9.
No one going into the enemy camp that night was captured.
10.
I often seemed to myself to be either most wretched or most sick.
11.
She thinks herself to be much better than those people.
12.
Fleeing, he carried his father on his own shoulders out of the burning city.
28
Lesson XV
REVIEW
Vocabulary XI -XIV
di
umerus
d
suus
ille
discipulus
hc
iste
vet
excd
saepe
animus
iube
trah
bi
nm
su
cnsist
relinqu
tandem

possum
ibi


semper
via
nihil
drag
student
that
that (of yours)
stop
always
forbid
no one
often
finally
go out
spirit
way
here
leave behind
be able
live
go in
there
order
for a long time
where, when
nothing
shoulder
his own
himself
I. Give the forms of ille and iste to modify these nouns:
1. agricol



2. umer
n
ris
17. discipulrum
3.equs
8. anims
13. scelus
18. fortnae
4. cv


tis
s
10. comitis
15. pedibus
20. arma
II. Translate the underlined words or phrases, using forms of is or su, and eius, erum, erum or suus, as appropriate.
1. I saw his son.
2. We praise her daughter.
3. She praises her own daughter.
4. Caesar summoned his men.
5. I killed his assassin.
6. This boy was talking to himself.
7. Control them!
8. He can’t control himself.
15. He called himself king.
9. They all defended themselves. 16. We defended their camp.
10. I will bring their books.
17. They brought it with them.
11. She threw herself into the river. 18. He forgave his enemies.
12. I called her.
19. He hurt his shoulder.
13. They made him consul.
20. The doctor heals his shoulder.
14. The general gave them orders. 21. They controlled themselves.
III. Write a synopsis of possum in the 3rd singular and 1st plural indicative active.
IV. Express each underlined phrase three ways.
1. They were imprisoned for their crimes.
2. She fled because of the fire.
3. He was praised on account of his wise words.
V. Translate.
1. Es pnre nn possum.
2. Haec opera facere cnstitu.
3. Amc esse putantur.
4. Bonum est vtam bene agere.
5. Ex urbe excdere time.
6. s r
29
For Your Information
Compounds often merge their two components by dropping or combining syllables.
Possum is a compound verb composed of the adjective potis, able and sum, be.
Nm, no one, is a compound noun composed of n, not and hom, person, human.
Nm often uses forms of nullus, -a, -um, no, none, not any (Lesson XXIX) for the genitive singular (nullus and the
ablative singular (nullnull.
Exercise XV
A
1.
Gracile corn lnae  mar surgens vidre possum.
2.
Postquam sibi omnia parvrant,  castrs excdere cnstiturunt.
3.
Iuppiter, postquam flium suum in fns hostium msit, eum servre cnstituit.
4.
In vi cnsistere nn possumus, hc enim di in urbem venre iuss sumus.
5.
Iste vtam sceleribus sus pessimam per mults anns git.
6.
Fnis huius libr est tilissimus! Magister ns iubet ibi haec verba petere.
7.
Verba postquam ex re fgrunt revocr nn possunt.
8.
Sapins s numquam laudat; eum igitur amc saepe laudant.
9.
Hic in anim habet bona plrima facere; ille, scelera multa.
10.
Fortiter ille castra sua dfenderat; tandem tamen  duce iussus, per flamms tlaque fgit et s servvit.
11.
Hic nminem sapientirem quam hs discipuls docuit, nam ill verba difficillima scrbere possunt.
12.
Omns oculs nostrs vidre, mentibus cnstituere, anims forts esse possumus.
B
1.
All things remain in their (own) place.
2.
The gods of the Romans gave wise words to all their poets.
3.
After death the spirit flees from the body.
4.
Jupiter will save his own son, but not those of that unhappy (man).
5.
The very sad book written by that poet will teach us about the queen.
6.
We place all hope in horses, for without them we will not be able to flee.
7.
(While they were) sitting in front of the eyes of the teachers, the students could not write very many bad things
in the books.
8.
No one can order that soldier not to drag his own (things) out of the burning ship.
9.
Today these slaves carry the most burdens on (their) shoulders, but tomorrow those men will place the same
things on the ships.
10.
Because that man committed very many crimes, the citizens finally ordered him to be punished severely.
11.
We cannot stop in the same place, for the master has ordered us to make a very long journey.
12.
The citizens, punished by the wrath of gods and goddesses, were ordered to destroy their own city.
30
Lesson XVI
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
The RELATIVE PRONOUN introduces an ADJECTIVE CLAUSE which modifies a noun or pronoun in the previous clause.
Qui, quae, quod who, which, that
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Singular
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Plural
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
qu
cuius
cui
quem
qu
quae
cuius
cui
quam
qu
quod
cuius
cui
quod
qu
qu
qurum
quibus
qus
quibus
quae
qurum
quibus
qus
quibus
quae
qurum
quibus
quae
quibus
Translation
who, which, that
whose, of whom / which
to / for whom / which
whom, which, that
by / with / from whom / which
The word to which the relative pronoun refers is called its ANTECEDENT.
THIRD RULE OF CONCORD - The relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in number and gender.
The case of the relative pronoun is determined by its use in its own clause:
Urbs quae captae sunt dlbuntur. The cities which have been captured will be destroyed.
Urbs
The antecedent urbs is plural and feminine; therefore the relative pronoun quae is plural and feminine.
Quae is the subject of captae sunt and is therefore nominative.
qus cpimus dlbuntur. The cities which we have captured will be destroyed.
The antecedent urbs is plural and feminine; therefore the relative pronoun quas is plural and feminine.
Qus is the direct object of cpimus and is therefore accusative.
Puerum cuius vcem audv n . I do not see the boy whose voice I heard.
Hae
The antecedent puerum is singular and masculine; therefore the relative pronoun cuius is singular and
masculine. Cuius shows possession of vcem and is therefore genitive.
sunt puellae quibus librs ded. These are the girls to whom I gave the books.
Vir,
The antecedent puellae is plural and feminine; therefore the relative pronoun quibus is plural and feminine.
Quibus is the indirect object of ded and is therefore dative.
d qu dbThe man, about whom we were speaking, was our leader.
The antecedent vir is masculine and singular; therefore the relative pronoun qu is masculine and singular.
Qu is the object of the preposition d, and is therefore ablative.
Cum with the Relative Pronoun
As with personal and reflexive pronouns, the preposition cum becomes enclitic when used with the relative pronoun.
Amc, quibuscum contendbtis, vs laudant.
My friends, with whom you were competing, praise you.
31
Vocabulary XVI
Pronoun
qu, quae, quod who, which, that
3rd Conjugation Verbs
contend, contendere, contend,  make effort, strive, compete; hurry; march
dfend, dfendere, dfend, dfensum
defend
vinc, vincere, vc, victum
conquer, defeat
3rd Declension Nouns
agmen, agminis, n. column (of men)
lmen, lminis, n. light
Exercise XVI
A.
1.
Nauta, qu suam nvem amat, semper flx erit.
2.
Nm Rmnus ab ill loc, quem dfendere iussus erat, s mvit.
3.
Mles, qu in agmine mnsit, cum hostibus audacter contendet.
4.
Ego nminem, cuius fds est maior quam tua, vd.
5.
ra nn eum, qu bonum animum habet, vincet.
6.
Vcem patris, qu semper cantbat, saepe audvimus.
7.
Fds in omnium anims lmen suum mittit.
8.
Lminibus, quae in manibus portmus, vis vidre possumus.
9.
Cnstitistis ante illam urbem in quam incdere nn potuistis.
10.
Flx est qu cum hostibus contendere potest et nn vinc.
11.
Ille, qu sus comits interfcit, vbis optimus esse vsus erat.
12.
trae aquae flminis surgentis scum omnia  cvibus fugientibus relicta trahbant.
B.
1.
We will hurry to those places which we have fortified well.
2.
The moon, rising from the mountains, will show the way to us.
3.
The lights, which had been left behind, showed the way for us.
4.
We were conquered by the words of that man who was with us at that time.
5.
At length the army which had been in the mountains was conquered by us.
6.
I will be sent from Italy because of your deeds, about which we have all heard.
7.
After many disasters he finally began to call his friends to himself
8.
Those people who had been left in the city, strove keenly among themselves.
9.
I will give you the life which you have asked from me.
10.
They were defended by the same soldiers who had defeated them.
11.
You, who have always been a friend to me, will not defend me, will not praise me, will not save me.
12.
The words which have been written by that poet are better than these.
32
Lesson XVII
READING: ONE THING AT A TIME
Once you have the gist of a passage, you can begin to build up its meaning in detail, one word,
phrase, clause, or sentence at a time. The connecting devices that you began to notice in Lesson XII
help to divide a long passage into phrases and clauses. Deal with these shorter pieces one at a time.
Take, for example, the sentence
Rs difficillima erat caput Gorgonis abscdere; eius enim cnspect homins in saxum
mtbantur.
Notice the postponed conjunction enim. This connecting device joins two clauses, each with its own
finite verb (erat and mtbantur).
Within each clause, look at each word as it occurs in the Latin.

Do you recognize it?

How does it function?
Do not go on to the second clause until you have understood the first.
Rs
difficillima
erat
caput
Gorgonis
abscdere
“thing, matter” could be nom. sing., nom. pl., or acc. pl.
“very difficult” must be nom. sing; therefore rs is also nom.sing.
“it was”
“head” could be nom. sing. or acc. sing.
proper noun
infinitive: “to ______”; caput could be its object.
What you know so far gives:
a thing very difficult / it was / head of a Gorgon / to ______.
Check the vocabulary list for the meaning of abscdere:
a thing very difficult it was head of a Gorgon to cut off.
If you want to translate this paraphrase into English, you will have to put the adjective phrase “very
difficult” before its noun and use one of the normal English ways of expressing subject infinitives:
It was a very difficult thing to cut off the head of a Gorgon.
Cutting off a Gorgon’s head was a very difficult matter.
Note that sentences can be divided into clauses and phrases which are grammatical pieces to be
dealt with separately as you move through a passage. In the next reading chapter we will discuss
these more fully.
33
Vocabulary XVII
Nouns
hom, hominis, m. human, man
saxum, -, n.
rock, stone
virg, virginis, f.
maiden
3rd Conjugation I-stem Verb
inspici, inspicere, inspx, inspectum look into or upon
Conjunctions
ac
and
at
but
atque and
Adverb
statim immediately, at once
5. The Gorgon’s Head
Rs difficillima erat caput Gorgonis abscdere; eius enim cnspect homins in saxum mtbantur.
Propter hanc causam Minerva speculum Perse dederat. Ille igitur tergum vertit, et in speculum
nspicibat; hc mod ad locum vnit ubi Medsa dormibat. Tum falce su caput eius n ct
abscdit. Cterae Gorgns, quae  somn excittae erant et r ardbant, ubi rem vdrunt, arma
cprunt. Perseum interficere volbant. Ille autem dum fugit, galeam magicam induit; et ubi hoc
fcit, statim mnstra eum vidre nn poturunt.
abscd, -ere,-cd, -csum cut away or off
cnspectus, -s m. sight
mt (1) change, transform
causa, -ae f. cause, reason
tergum, - n. back
vert, -ere, vert, versum turn
modus, - m. way, manner
nus, -a, -um (unit, unify)
ictus, -s m. strike, blow
excit (1) rouse, awaken
vol, velle, volu (irreg) want
6. The Sea Serpent
Post haec Perseus in fns Aethiopum vnit, in quibus Cpheus ill tempore rx erat. Neptnus,
maris deus, ab hc offnsus mnstrum horribile mserat. Hoc cottdi  mar venibat et homins
dvorbat. Ob hanc causam pavor anims omnium occupverat. Cpheus igitur vtem de
Hammnis cnsuluit, qu rgem issit suam fliam mnstr trdere. Eius autem flia, nmine
Andromeda, virg pulcherrima erat et  su patre amta est. Cpheus ubi hoc audvit, magnum
dolrem snsit. Optns tamen cvs sus  percul extrahere, ea quae deus iusserat facere
cnstituit.
offend, -ere, -d, -sum (offense)
cottdi daily
dvor (1) (devour) swallow, devour
pavor, -ris m. terror, panic
occup (1) (occupy) seize, fill
vts, vtis m. seer; prophet
cnsul, -ere, -u, -tum (consult)
trd, -ere, -did, -ditum = trns + d
dolor, -ris m. (condolence) pain, grief
senti, -re, sns, snsum (sentiment) perceive, feel
opt (1) (option) desire
periculum, - n. danger, peril
extrah = ex + trah
34
Lesson XVIII
DEPONENT VERBS
DEPONENT VERBS are mostly passive in form and active in meaning. They have only three principal parts.
Principal Parts
I
II
III
1st sg. present indicative
present infinitive
1st sg.perfect indicative
1st conjugation
cnor
I try
cnr
to try
cntus sum I tried / have tried
2nd conjugation
vereor
I fear
verr
to fear
veritus sum
3rd conjugation
sequor
patior
I follow
sequ
pat
to follow
sectus sum I followed / have followed
passus sum I experienced / have experienced
-stem
4th conjugation
I experience
mentior I lie
to experience
mentr to lie
I feared / have feared
menttus sum I lied / have lied
Synopsis of sequor, sequ, sectus sum
Principal parts are in red.
Active forms are on the left. They are exceptions to the rule that deponents are passive in form.
INDICATIVE
Pres.
Impf.
Fut.
Perf.
Plup.
F. Perf.



sequor
sequbar
sequar
I follow



sectus, -a sum
sectus, -a eram
sectus,- a er
I followed / have followed
I was following
I will follow
I had followed
I will have followed
PARTICIPLES
Pres.
Perf.
Fut.
sequns, -ntis
following
sectrus, -a, -um
about to follow
sectus, -a, -um
having followed
INFINITIVES
Pres.
Perf.
Fut.


sectrus, -a, -um esse
sequ
sectus, -a, -um esse

to be about to follow
to follow
to have followed
Note: Although Latin has a passive form for the future infinitive (e.g., amtum r), deponent verbs use the active form.
Statim homins sequ cntus est. He tried to follow the men immediately.
Matr mentta labrs patitur. Having lied to (her) mother, she will endure hardships.
Medsam verents fgimus, ill autem mortu sunt. Fearing Medusa, we fled, but they died.
35
Vocabulary XVIII
1st conjugation
2nd conjugation
3rd conjugation
3rd conjugation I-stem
4th conjugation
Deponent Verbs
cnor, cnr, cntus sum
vereor, verr, veritus sum
lbor, lb, lapsus sum
sequor, sequ, sectus sum
morior, mor, mortuus sum
patior, pat, passus sum
mentior, mentr, menttus sum
try, attempt
fear
slip, collapse
follow
die
endure, suffer, experience
lie, tell a lie
Exercise XVIII
A.
1.
Homins qu mentiuntur saepe errant.
2.
Rmn des verbantur, de enim es in bell saepe servvrunt.
3.
Perseus d cael lapsus mnstrum interfcit.
4.
Mlits, qu multa pass sunt, in agmine morientur.
5.
Qu bell multa passus est ad taliam vnit.
6.
Vbs qu gravira patimin deus etiam hs fnem dabit.
7.
Ignis  Iove missus discipulum qu semper mentibtur interfcit.
8.
 duce iuss equum ingentem in urbem trahere cnbmur.
9.
Saxa multa, quae in ltore saepe vdermus,  virginibus relicta sunt.
10.
Errvit, lapsus est, nn putvit. (Cicero, For Ligarius 30)
11.
Verba sapientium nn mortua sunt, nam in ills multa bona atque tilia vidr possunt.
12.
Is autem, qu semper bona facere cntur, mala tamen plrima propter mals patitur.
B.
1.
It doesn’t follow; we will try; they were enduring; I will not die.
2.
Fearing; to fear; to be about to slip; having followed.
3.
A boy who lies often will be punished.
4.
He has followed that road in the state which we wish to follow.
5.
The wounded soldier was trying to rise, but he was not able.
6.
I will not lie to the men whom you have sent to me.
7.
The consuls will be ordered to look into these laws.
8.
(Those) who strive to defeat (their) enemies often endure very difficult things.
9.
The messenger of the gods slips into his sleep and warns him.
10.
Students often look into these books, in which many good (things) have been written.
11.
In your light we will not fear the shadows of the mind nor the evil intentions of our enemies.
12.
Caesar will march with his soldiers into the enemies’ territory; they will try to capture their cities.
36
Lesson XIX
IRREGULAR VERB: FER, FERRE, TUL, LTUM
fer, ferre, tul, ltum carry, bring, bear, endure
The verb fer is irregular in the present tense. Otherwise, it is conjugated like a regular 3 rd conjugation verb.
PRESENT SYSTEM
Active
fer
fers*
fert*
ferimus
fertis*
ferunt
ferbam
Pres.
Impf.
Passive
feror
ferris*
fertur*
ferimur
ferimin
feruntur
ferbar
I carry
you carry
he / she / it carries
we carry
you carry
they carry
I was carrying
I am carried
you are carried
he / she / it is carried
we are carried
you are carried
they are carried
I was being carried
Fut.
feram
I will carry
ferar
I will be carried
*Note that in the irregular forms, the ending is added directly to the stem without a connecting vowel.
PERFECT SYSTEM
Perf.
tul
I carried / have carried
ltus, -a sum
I was / have been carried
Plup.
tuleram
I had carried
ltus, -a eram
I had been carried
F. Perf.
tuler
I will have carried
ltus, -a er
I will have carried
PARTICIPLES
Pres.
ferns, -ntis
carrying
ltus, -a, -um
Perf.
Fut.
ltrus, -a, -um
having been carried
to be about to carry
INFINITIVES
Pres.
ferre
to carry
ferr*
to be carried
Perf.
tulisse
to have carried
ltus, -a, -um esse
to have been carried
about to carry
ltum r
to be about to be carried
Fut.
ltrus, -a,
*Note the double r.
-um esse
Ablative of Manner
The manner or way in which an action is done is expressed by the preposition cum with the ablative.
cum laude with praise
cum cr with care = carefully
An adjective modifying the object often precedes the preposition. With an adjective, cum may be omitted.
Magn cum cr scrbit.
Magn cr scrbit.
He writes with great care.
37
Vocabulary XIX
st
1 Declension Nouns
cra, -ae, f.
care, concern, worry
lacrima, -ae, f. tear
poena, -ae, f. punishment
poens dare pay the penalty
3rd Declension Nouns
labor, labris, m
work, labor; hardship
cnsul, cnsulis, m. consul
furor, furris, m.
rage, fury
Irregular Verbs
fer, ferre, tul, ltum
carry, bring, bear, endure
refer, referre, rettul, reltum bring back
Conjunction
ut (+ indicative) as, when
Adverb
vix
scarcely, hardly
Exercise XIX
A.
1.
Fertur; ferar; ferbtis.
2.
Lta sum; reltae erunt; rettulrunt.
3.
Referre; tulisse; ltra.
4.
Hunc labrem fortiter tulist, ut tuus dux mihi nntivit.
5.
Cnsul scum librs ferre cnstituit.
6.
Plrim labrs maximam cram ferunt.
7.
“Sunt lacrimae rrum,” ut pota dxit. (Vergil Aeneid 1. 462)
8.
Heri soci nostr arma ad ns ferbant.
9.
Ista verba cum furre dicta ex ore tu excdbant.
10.
Antequam hodi vnit, in hanc urbem nn pedem tulerat.
11.
Ill agr bonam fortnam es, qui esaccperint, ferent.
12.
Ille ea, quae in ills gentibus ferre nn potest, in s potest.
B.
1.
They are carried; you (pl) will be carried; I was bearing.
2.
You (sg) will have borne; to have been carried; to be about to endure.
3.
We will try to bring back great stones from the shore on our shoulders.
4.
He wrote his books about war with great hatred and anger.
5.
Those laws were passed (use fer) before they were written.
6.
I am unable to endure his jealousy; I will not hold (back) my tears.
7.
Now they carry rocks from the sea to the land.
8.
He has been wounded in his foot with a weapon, but tears do not follow.
9.
The consul was carried back to his native land with his soldiers by ships at night.
10.
Brought back into her home with great care, she died the next night.
11.
On account of the many crimes in the city, they will pay the greatest penalty.
12.
On account of the anger of the gods, men are said to be suffering many wretched hardships.
38
Lesson XX
REVIEW
Vocabulary XVI - XIX
cra
cnor
virg
ac
lmen
cnsul
vx
statim
refer
mentior
lbor
poena
ut (+ indicative)
lacrima
sequor
atque
saxum
vinc
inspici
cuius
morior
patior
qu
atque
hom
agmen
poens dare
vereor
furor
fer
contend
labor
punishment
maiden
fear
at once
die
consul
light
and
whose
rock
care
pay the penalty
who
look upon
column (of men)
follow
rage
and
bear
as
allow
bring back
conquer
hasten
scarcely
human
which
slip
tear
try
lie
hardship
I. Combine each pair of sentences by using a relative clause.
6. ta vd. tae vcem audveram.
7. Virginem laudvit. Virg multa passa erat.
8. Homins ba. Cnsul .
9. Lmen feram. men  m.
10. Iste hom est malus. Iste semper menttur.
1. Urbs victae sunt. Urbs dlbuntur.
2. Virg s habet.   potest.
3. Hostem interfc. Hostis m sequbtur.
4. Haec est urbs. Urbis moenia dlta erant.
5. Ille erat socius. Ill equum meum ded.
II. Review the Ablative of Comparison (Lesson VIII), the Ablative of Degree of Difference (Lesson IX), the Ablative of
Cause (Lesson XI) and the Ablative of Manner (Lesson XIX). Translate the underlined phrases and name the use of the
ablative.
1. That mountain is many feet higher than this one.
2. The poet has spoken with much hatred.
3. The maiden is much angrier than her mother.
4. Because of her anger she will be punished.
5. He will be admired for his bold deeds.
6. The king is shorter than the queen.
7. Because of their fires the enemy was seen.
8. Her sisters were burning with envy.
9. I think he is much wiser than I am.
10. He shouted with great rage.
III. Write the following synopses:
vereor: 2nd plural masculine.
patior: 1st plural feminine.
fer: 3rd plural masculine.
IV. Identify the conjugation, person, number, tense, mood and voice and translate the following verbs.
1. cnris
2. morientur
3. vermur
4. lapsus eram
5. I will follow.
6. You (pl.) suffered.
7. They were dying.
8. He will have lied
9. fertur
10. refert
11. pat
12. verns
39
13. following
14. to have lied
15. we, about to die
16. it had collapsed.
For Your Information
COMPOUNDS OF FER AND SEQUOR
Here are some of the compounds of fercarry, sequor follow.
Note how the prefix often changes form for ease in pronunciation.
cum + fer =
in + fer
=
per + fer =
confer
infer
perfer



,


colltum


bring together
introduce; cause
endure
cum + sequor = cnsequor, cnsequ, cnsectus sum pursue; result from
in + sequor = insequor, insequ, insectus sum follow after
per + sequor = persequor, persequ, persectus sum be in hot pursuit
Exercise XX
A.
1.
Nn omnis moriar. (Horace Odes 3.30.6)
2.
Brev tempore cram omnem relquisse vidbimur.
3.
Omn me cur et me labre urbs servta est.
4.
Prm vidre nn potu, sed servus lmen ad m tulit.
5.
Illus vta erit mults hrs brevior quam huius (vta).
6.
Ille mtrem fugientem miser vce sectus est.
7.
Homins, qus ns semper servvimus, nbs gratis grunt.
8.
Tua fama semper nn parva in caelum fertur.
9.
Navis nostra in saxa iam lata est—aut in mar morimur aut ns ad terram illam refermus.
10.
Mlits qu ns secut sunt hosts esse nn videntur, arma enim erum nstrs similia sunt.
11.
Multa dona mults rettulist; nm autem meliora pluribus dedit quam ille.
12.
Qu furrem derum fortiter ferre potest vix invidiam hominum verbitur.
B.
1.
Either we will die fighting bravely or we will conquer.
2.
The men who did not defend the city will pay the penalty.
3.
I will do those things which I am able to do.
4.
Roman soldiers bore many hardships, as they had been ordered.
5.
They conquer who cannot be conquered.
6.
Poets, to whom the light of the moon and stars is dear, sing many songs in the night joyfully.
7.
Because we have carried many burdens, in a short time we will have slipped into sleep.
8.
We were beginning the task with great rage, but we were striving with care.
9.
We seek the nearest shores, and we bring the ships to the land which the sailors saw.
10.
You will be ordered to strive by means of war, and you will not often be defeated.
11.
Ordered by Caesar to march much more swiftly, the Roman armies came at first light to their territory.
12.
They are suffering many (things) in the column; nevertheless, the soldiers follow the leader because of loyalty.
40
Lesson XXI
IRREGULAR VERBS: VOL, NL, ML
vol,velle, volu
wish, want, be willing
nl, nlle, nlu
not wish, be unwilling
ml, mlle, mlu
wish more, prefer
These three verbs are irregular in the present tense. Otherwise, they are conjugated like regular 3 rd conjugation verbs. They
have no passive forms.
VOL
NL
ML
PRESENT SYSTEM
I wish
you wish
he wishes
we wish
you wish
they wish
Impf.
vl
vs
vult
volumus
vultis
volunt
volbam
Fut.
volam
Pres.
I do not wish
you do not wish
he does not wish
we do not wish
you do not wish
they do not wish
I was wishing
nl
nn vs
nn vult
nlumus
nn vultis
nlunt
nlbam
I prefer
you prefer
he prefers
we prefer
you prefer
they prefer
I was not wishing
ml
mvs
mvult
mlumus
mvultis
mlunt
mlbam
I will wish
nlam
I will not wish
mlam
I will prefer
I was preferring
PERFECT SYSTEM
Perf.
volu
Plup.
volueram I had wished
nlueram I had not wished
mlueram I had preferred
F. Perf.
voluer I will have wished
nluer
mluer
I have wished
nlu
I have not wished
I will not have wished
mlu
I have preferred
I will have preferred
PARTICIPLES
Pres.
volns, -ntis wishing
—
nlns, -ntis not wishing
Perf.
—
—
—
Fut.
—
—
—
INFINITIVES
Pres.
velle
Perf.
 to have wished
to wish
nlle
to wish not
 to have wished not
—
—
Fut.
mlle
to prefer
 to have preferred
—
Vol, nl, and ml are usually accompanied by complementary infinitives.
Ille puer epistulam scrbere nlbat.
That boy was not willing to write a letter.
Audre quam dcere mlunt.
They prefer to listen rather than to talk.
Quod vs, facere nl.
What you want I am not willing to do.
The following verbs of wishing, trying, deciding, beginning, fearing, being able, etc. may take a complementary infinitive
cnor
cnstitu
contend
incipi
ml
nl
par
possum
tend
time
vereor
vol
41
in the passive:
dcor
putor
videor
Vocabulary XXI
th
4 Declension Nouns
fructus, s, m. enjoyment, profit, fruit
ictus, -s, m.
blow, strike
sentus, -s, m. senate
sus, -s, m.
use, application, practice; skill
Irregular Verbs
ml, mlle, mlu
prefer
nl, nlle, nlu
not wish, not want, be unwilling
vol, velle, volu
wish, want
Exercise XXI
A.
1.
Volunt ns sequ, sed nlumus.
2.
Excdents ex urbe nn vidr mlunt.
3.
Mvs esse lber, quam magnus.
4.
Nluist tuum patrem interfic.
5.
Velle et mlle nn sunt eadem.
6.
Agricola fructs labrum surum vidre vult.
7.
Ml bonum dominum habēre; icts pat nl.
8.
Id dcere nolu; “mihi” dcere volu, tamen “huic” dx.
9.
Quod fcist sentus laudvit.
10.
Haec dna tibi d ad tuum sum frctumque.
11.
Qu in sent sapiens habr vult, nn plrima dcit.
12.
ra populi in ills ferbtur, quod mala agbant.
13.
Illae gents magnum sum in arms habbant, quod mults anns inter s contenderant.
14.
Postquam in rgna nostra vnrunt, nn vnisse volent, nam acerrim in bell sumus.
B.
1.
We do not all prefer to be praised.
2.
I can follow, but I prefer to lead.
3.
He wishes to be feared rather than loved.
4.
They wish to have the use and enjoyment of their (own) fields.
5.
We preferred to make the journey on foot.
6.
Fortune wished to give us better things.
7.
They wish to carry back all the gifts which they have received.
8.
You (sg) don’t wish to fight, for you fear the strikes of the javelins.
9.
The words which the poet wanted to write, the senate did not want him to write.
10.
I do not want you to lie to the queen, for she holds you most dear.
11.
He does not want to live his life badly, for his mother has taught him to do good (things).
12.
They were always suffering either blows or falls, when they were following that very bad leader.
42
Lesson XXII
READING: DIVIDING THE SENTENCE (1)
In Lesson XVII you learned to read each word as it occurs in Latin and to pause at the end of a
group of words. Before you translate and before you check the vocabulary list, look at how the
sentence can be divided into groups. This lesson and the next reading lesson discuss how to
recognize what words go together in a sentence.
In Latin, a sentence may consist of a single word: Dxit, “He said.” Usually, however, sentences
consist of groups of words.

A PHRASE is a group of related words not containing a subject and predicate.

A CLAUSE is a group of words containing a subject and predicate.
o The MAIN CLAUSE contains the main verb and is the grammatical core of the sentence.
o A SUBORDINATE CLAUSE depends upon the rest of the sentence. It cannot stand alone.
Recognizing Clauses
The connecting devices that you began to notice in Lesson XII help to divide a long passage into
clauses. They stand at or near the beginning of a clause. Verbs often mark the end of a clause:
Andromeda, ubi ea dis vnit, ad ltus dducta est et in cnspect omnium ad saxum
adligta est. Ftum eius omns dplrbant, nec lacrims tenre poterant.
Read one clause at a time. If you are translating, do not move outside the boundaries of a clause
until you have translated every word inside them.
Connecting devices will often be conjunctions, which by definition join or connect in some way.
Conjunctions may mark new clauses.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS connect a
subordinate clause to the rest of the sentence:
quod, dum, postquam, ubi, ut

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
connect similar clauses or phrases:
et, sed, ac, atque, aut, autem, enim, nam, nec, neque, tamen
Sometimes a subordinate clause may be nested inside another clause:
Andromeda, ubi ea dis vnit, ad ltus dducta est.
43
Vocabulary XXII
Verbs
curr, -ere, cucurr, cursum
clm (1)
senti, sentre, sns, snsum
Adverbs
iam now, already
subit suddenly
run, hasten
shout
feel, perceive
Conjunction
neque and not, nor
nec
and not, nor
neque...neque neither...nor
7. The Human Sacrifice
Tunc rx diem certam dxit et omnia parvit. Andromeda, ubi ea dis vnit, ad ltus dducta est et
in cnspect omnium ad saxum adligta est. Omns ftum eius dplrbant, nec lacrims tenre
poterant. At subit, dum mnstrum exspectant, Perseus accurrit. Omnia audvit et puellam
miseram vdit. Subit fremitus terribilis audtur; ac cvs mnstrum horribil speci prgrediens
long cnspiciunt. Omns cnspect eius terrentur. Mnstrum magn celeritte ad ltus contendit,
iamque accessit ad locum ubi puella est.
certus, -a, -um (certain)
ddc = d + dc
adlig (1) tie, bind
dplr (1) lament, mourn
exspect = ex + spect, wait for
accurr = ad + curr
fremitus, -s m. roar, groan, rumble
prgredior, prgredi, prgressus sum march or go
forward, advance
accd, -ere, -cess, -cessum approach, come up to
8. The Rescue
At Perseus haec vdns, gladium suum dxit, et postquam tlria induit, in caelum ascendit. Tum
dsuper in mnstrum impetum subit fcit, et gladi su collum eius graviter vulnervit.
Mnstrum vulnus sentins, fremitum horribilem didit, et sine mor ttum corpus in aquam mersit.
Perseus circum ltus volns, reditum eius exspectbat. Mare autem undique sanguine inficitur. Post
breve tempus mnstrum rrsus caput sustulit; mox tamen  Perse ict gravire vulnertum est.
Tum iterum s in unds mersit, neque poste vsum est.
dc, ere, -dx, -ductum lead out; unsheath
gladius, - m. sword
dsuper = d + super, adv. from above
impetus, -s m. attack
collum, - n. (collar) neck
d, dere, did, ditum = ex + d
mora, -ae f. (moratorium) delay
ttus, -a, -um, whole, entire
merg, -ere, mers, mersum (submerge) plunge, sink
reditus, -s m. return
undique, adv. on all sides
infici = in + faci
sanguis, sanguinis m. blood
rrsus, adv. again
toll, -ere, sustul, subltum lift, raise
mox, adv. soon
iterum, adv. again
poste, adv. afterwards
unda, -ae f. wave
44
Lesson XXIII
INDIRECT STATEMENT
Any statement can be expressed directly or indirectly. INDIRECT STATEMENTS are introduced by verbs of saying,
thinking, knowing, telling, perceiving, and showing.
Direct: Your father is leading.
Direct: The girl is being advised.
Indirect: I say that your father is leading.
Indirect: She sees that the girl is being advised.
In English, an indirect statement is usually introduced by the conjunction “that” and is followed by a subordinate clause
with its own subject and finite verb.
Accusative and Infinitive of Indirect Statement
In Latin, an indirect statement uses an accusative subject and an infinitive verb in place of a nominative subject and a
finite verb. No conjunction introduces the subordinate clause; the English conjunction “that” is not expressed in Latin.
Dc patrem tuum iam dcere. I say that your father is already leading.
Puts puellam monr.
You think that the girl is being advised.
The accusative and infinitive construction is a NOUN CLAUSE and usually functions as a direct object to a transitive verb.
Direct Object:
Accusative and Infinitive:
Puellam videt.
She sees the girl.
Puellam legere videt. She sees that the girl is reading.
Tense of the Infinitive in Indirect Statement
The tense of the infinitive retains the tense of the verb of the direct statement.
If the verb of the direct statement is present, the tense of the infinitive will be present.
DIRECT STATEMENT
INDIRECT STATEMENT
Pater dcit.
His father is leading.
Dcit patrem dcere.
He says that his father is leading.
Puella montur.
The girl is advised.
Dcit puellam monr.
He says that the girl is being advised.
If the verb of the direct statement is future, the tense of the infinitive will be future.
Pater dcet.
His father will lead.
Dcit patrem ductrum esse. He says that his father will lead.
Puella monbitur. The girl will be advised. Dcit puellam monitum r.
He says that the girl will be advised.
If the verb of the direct statement is imperfect, perfect or pluperfect, the tense of the infinitive will be perfect.
Pater dxit.
His father led.
Puella monbatur. The girl was advised.
Dcit patrem dxisse.
He says that his father led.
Dcit puellam monitam esse. He says that the girl was advised.
In the future active and perfect passive infinitives, the participle agrees with the accusative subject of the infinitive in
case, number, and gender:
Dcit patrem ductrum esse. He says that his father will lead.
Dcit puellam monitam esse.
He says that the girl was advised.
45
Vocabulary XXIII
rd
3 Conjugation Verb
leg, legere, lg, lectum pick out, choose, read
2nd Declension Nouns
aurum, -, n.
caelum, -, n.
ftum, -, n.
ferrum, -, n.
imperium, -, n.
gold
sky, heavens
fate
iron; sword
power, rule
Exercise XXIII
A.
1.
Dc cnsulem venre; dcis cnsulem ventrum esse; dcit cnsulem vnisse.
2.
Dcimus ferrum bonum esse; dcitis aurum melius esse; dcunt aquam optimam semper fuisse.
3.
Audit mlits vincere; audit mlits vcisse; audit mlits victrs esse.
4.
Vide hosts vinc; vidmus hosts victs esse; vidtis hosts victum r.
5.
Ftum urbis  des cnstitutur.
6.
Vidmus cnsuls ex urbe excessisse.
7.
Putat invidiam erum ferr nn posse.
8.
Imperium nn ferr sed verbs tenr potest.
9.
Pater sentit flium amici mentr d fact illus.
10.
Mult dcunt caelum domum derum esse.
11.
Cnsul cernit mentem istus malam fuisse.
12.
Ego dc aurum melius esse ferr; t autem ferrum mvs.
13.
Dcunt sentum hanc rem ad cnsuls reltrum esse.
14.
Audmus eum in edem loc verba similia heri dxisse.
B.
1.
We think that the students are shouting.
5.
You think that the students have shouted.
2.
They think that these students are best.
6.
We think that those students will be best.
3.
You say that we all prefer gold.
7.
I have read that he did not want power.
4.
We think that she will pay the penalty.
8.
He will say that this was his fate.
9.
You hear that the sailors are shouting and are running from the ships.
10.
The consul sees that that man has come into the senate.
11.
I think that my friend will send letters and books to the city for me.
12.
They say that those laws have been swiftly carried (use fer) by the senate.
13.
They hear that the consul is not willing to punish the enemies with blows.
14.
He always thinks that Roman citizens will listen to his words.
15.
We see the farmer running; we see that the farmer is running.
16.
You see that our friends are coming today; you hear that our friends will come tomorrow.
46
Lesson XXIV
INDIRECT STATEMENT
Translation of the Tense of the Infinitive
The translation of the infinitive into English depends on the tense of the introductory verb of saying, thinking, knowing,
telling, perceiving or showing.
In the following examples, note how the English translations of the infinitives change depending on the tense of the
introductory verbs.
A present infinitive expresses action taking place at the same time as the main verb.
Dcit
Dcet
Dcbat
Dxit
Dxerat
He says
that your father is leading.
He will say
He was saying
that your father was leading.
He said
He had said
patrem tuum dcere.
A perfect infinitive expresses action completed before the time of the main verb.
Dcit
Dcet
Dcbat
Dxit
Dxerat
He says
He will say
He was saying
He said
He had said
patrem tuum dxisse.
that your father led.
that your father had led.
A future infinitive expresses action that will be completed after the time of the main verb.
Dcit
Dcet
Dcbat
Dxit
Dxerat
patrem tuum ductrum esse.
He says
that your father will lead.
He will say
He was saying
that your father would lead.
He said
He had said
Pronoun Subjects in Indirect Statement
Pronoun subjects of indirect statements must be expressed, unlike pronoun subjects of direct statements.
Timent.
They are afraid.
Putvimus es timre.
We thought that they were afraid.
Vocvimus. We called.
Audvit ns vocvisse.
She heard that we had called.
Capta est. She was captured. Mnstrs eam captam esse. You point out that she has been captured.
If the subject of the infinitive is the same as the subject of the main verb, the reflexive pronoun must be used.
Dcimus ns timre.
We say that we are afraid.
Audvit s voctam esse.
She heard that she had been called.
Dmnstrbunt s adfuisse. They will point out that they were present.
Direct Objects of the Infinitive
If the infinitive is a transitive verb, it may take a direct object. The indirect statement may therefore have two
accusatives, one the subject of the infinitive and the other the direct object of the infinitive.
Dcunt t aurum mlle.
Putvit s ills gents victram esse.
They say that you prefer gold.
She thought that she would conquer those peoples.
47
Vocabulary XXIV
st
nd
1 / 2 Declension Adjectives
antquus, -a, -um ancient
laetus, -a, -um
happy, joyful
novus, -a, -um
new
pblicus, -a, -um public
rs pblica state, republic
Irregular Verbs
absum, abesse, fu, futrus
adsum, adesse, adfu, adfutrus
be away
be present
Exercise XXIV
A.
1.
Putvimus novs discipuls clmre.
4. Putverant ills discipuls laets esse.
2.
Putvist discipuls clmvisse.
5. Putvermus ns discipuls laetissims futrs esse.
3.
Putvimus discipuls clmtrs esse.
6. Cnsul dīcit illum in sent adfuisse.
7.
Cnsul dīxit illum in sent adfuisse.
8.
Pota dxit Rmam urbem antquam esse.
9.
Cnsul semper putbat istum novs rs actrum esse.
10.
Vidbimus agricolam currentem; vdimus eum currere.
11.
Putmus eam futram esse; putvimus eam futram esse.
12.
Audvrant cnsulem novum hosts re pblicae pnre nlle.
13.
Heri audvist amcs nostrs crs venturs esse; hodi vidbis es adesse.
14.
Putbam meum amcum epistuls librsque mihi ad urbem missrum esse.
15.
Dcent s omns aurum mlle quam ferrum; dcbant s omns aurum mlle quam ferrum.
16.
Audis nauts clmre et d nvibus currere; audvist nauts clmre et d nvibus currere.
B.
1.
I said that I would come; you (sg) said that you were coming; he said that he had come.
2.
We used to say that iron was good; you (pl) used to say that gold was better; however, those (men) said that water
was best.
3.
Everyone had heard that the soldiers would be present; he had heard that the soldiers were present; she had heard
that the soldiers had been present.
4.
I saw that the enemy were being conquered; you (pl) saw that you would be conquered.
5.
The consul will see that his enemies are present in the republic.
6.
We heard that he had already said similar things in the same place.
7.
They said that the senate would refer this new matter to the consuls.
8.
The king said that the mountain was the ancient home of a god.
9.
I always say that books are stronger than the sword; you (sg), however, have often preferred the sword.
10.
The father perceived that his son was lying; the mother, however, thought that he had not lied.
11.
We saw the consuls departing from the city; you (sg) had already heard that they would depart.
12.
We think that their envy cannot be endured; we thought that their envy could not be borne.
48
Lesson XXV
REVIEW
Vocabulary XXI - XXIV
vol
caelum
rs pblica
iam
curr
nec
adsum
ictus
sus
leg
aurum
clm
subit
imperium
pblicus
absum
senti
ftum
laetus
novus
nl
ferrum
fructus
sentus
neque...neque
antquus
ml
neque
power
be unwilling
be present
prefer
suddenly
state
happy
blow
senate
shout
new
enjoyment
of the people
ancient
gold
now
iron
fate
run
neither...nor
sky
skill
be willing
feel
already
read
and not
be away
I. The introductory verbs of saying, thinking, knowing, telling, perceiving, and showing which have been introduced are:

cern
m
dc
nti

refer
scrb
leg
mentior


senti
vide
Give their principal parts.
II. Sentences with indirect statements:
1. He says (that) the enemies are following.
6. You (sg) saw (that) I was running.
2. We write (that) we will come.
7. They discerned (that) the iron was not gold.
3. They show (that) the students are present.
8. I will show (that) that man has not been punished.
4. She shouted (that) she had seen fire.
9. Mother read (that) father was suffering.
5. I reported (that) the king had been killed.
10. We had heard (that) the consul would save us.
III. Vol, nl, ml, and possum often use complementary infinitives. Replace the form of vol with the same form
of nl, ml, and possum in these sentences.
1. Epistuls scrbere vol.
6. Hae virgins semper cnri volunt.
2. Perseus caput Medsae abscdere voluit.
7. In umer dextr vulnerr vol.
3. Cvs lacrims tenre volbant.
8. Agmen equrum cnsistere voluerant.
4. Celerius contendere vs.
9. Illud saxum inspicere volumus.
5. Mlits hosts pugnre volent.
10. Sentus eum esse cnsulem voluerit.
49
For Your Information
COMPOUNDS OF SUM AND VOL
ad + sum = adsum, adesse, adfurus
absum, abesse, fufutrus
Note that fu assimilates the b of ab with the f of fu.
nn + vl nl, nolle, nlu
lml, mlle, m
Exercise XXV
A.
1.
Hs rs ad sentum relts esse audvit.
2.
Ille territus clmvit hominem ingentem adesse.
3.
Mults cum lacrims clmvit s umbram vdisse.
4.
Sapients antqu putbant omnia ft facta esse.
5.
Omnia, sine quibus dcit s vvere nlle, sunt tilissima.
6.
Dx ns omns cucurrisse et petvisse, sed hominem nn vdisse.
7.
Omns, qu aderant, clmvrunt nihil peius esse ill homine.
8.
Rmnus magnus dxit s hostem Rmnrum etiam in sent sedentem vidre.
9.
Nocte servus meus sibi cernere vsus est umbram magn voce clmantem et ferrum habentem.
10.
Nn modo in antquissims librs, sed etiam in novs legimus sentum rem pblicam bene gessisse.
11.
E qu ns omns, qu rem pblicam, qu imperium Rmnum dlre cnt sunt,  des pnientur.
B.
1.
He preferred to be rather than to appear (to be) good.
2.
I perceive that you (sg) are not happy as you write.
3.
What you (pl) want, I want; therefore we will be friends.
4.
Jupiter said that he would give power without end to the Romans.
5.
What you (sg) said in the senate that you would do, you have not done.
6.
The son of Caesar, Augustus by name, wishes to write very many new laws.
7.
A great Roman says that he has seen an enemy of the state sitting even in the senate.
8.
What is not discerned with the eyes can nevertheless often be seen by the mind.
9.
In the books about the laws it is often written that the laws of the Romans were very good.
10.
The leaders of the Romans were able to be defeated neither with gold nor with the sword.
11.
That man suddenly ordered letters to be brought back which he had already sent.
12.
I seem to myself to see that this city, the light of the lands, is suddenly being destroyed by that man with fire and
sword.
50
Lesson XXVI
IRREGULAR VERB: E, RE, I / V, ITUM
IPSE, IPSA, IPSUM
e, re, i/ v, itum go
Passive forms of e are rare.
PRESENT
e
s
it
mus
tis
eunt
IMPERFECT
bam
bs
bat
bmus
btis
bant
I go, am going
you go, are going
he goes, is going
we go, are going
you go, are going
they go, are going
PERFECT
FUTURE
b
bis
bit
bimus
bitis
bunt
I was going
you were going
he was going
we were going
you were going
they were going
PLUPERFECT
FUTURE PERFECT
/ v I went/ have gone
veram I had gone
The perfect stem v- usually drops the v.
PARTICIPLES
Present
Perfect
Future
I will go
you will go
he will go
we will go
you will go
they will go
/ ver I will have gone
INFINITIVES
ins, euntis
going
Present
Perfect
Future

itrus, -a, -um
about to go
re
to go
visse / sse
to have gone
trus, -a, -um esse to be about to go
Intensive Adjective: ipse, ipsa, ipsum
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Singular
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Plural
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
ipse
ipsus
ips
ipsum
ips
ipsa
ipsus
ips
ipsam
ips
ipsum
ipsus
ips
ipsum
ips
ips
ipsrum
ipss
ipss
ipss
ipsae
ipsrum
ipss
ipss
ipss
ipsa
ipsrum
ipss
ipsa
ipss
Ipse, ipsa, ipsum emphasizes a noun or pronoun. It agrees with the word it modifies in case, number, and gender.
It may be translated: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself; ourselves, yourselves, themselves; in person; very.
Ips hoc fcimus.
We did this ourselves.
We did this in person.
Ipse, ipsa, ipsum may be translated “very,” especially when used with a demonstrative.
in hc ips urbe
in this very city
Illa umbra ipsa mih dxit. That very ghost itself spoke to me. The ghost spoke to me in person.
Like any adjective, ipse,
ipsa, ipsum may be used substantively.
Ips vdimus.
We saw the man himself.
51
Vocabulary XXVI
Irregular Verbs
e, re, i / v, itum
go
sube, subre, subi / subv, subitum undergo
3rd Declension Nouns
sdus, sderis, n.
star
Intensive Adjective
ipse, ipsa, ipsum
myself, yourself, himself,
herself, itself; ourselves
yourselves, themselves;
in person; very
Exercise XXVI
A.
1.
bant; i; re; visse; itrum esse.
2.
Dxit s ad ipss ports urbis re.
3.
Dxit s ad ipss ports urbis itrum esse.
4.
Ego ipse es vd; vs ips es vdistis.
5.
Ips multa mala nova subvimus.
6.
Fugere nn poterant, quod in urbem ierant.
7.
Ipse in Asiam re nlu. (Cicero Letters to Atticus 3.19.1)
8.
Illa sunt sdera quae vocantur “errantia.”
9.
Ad exercitum Pompeius erat itrus, et statim iit. (Cicero Letters to his Friends 8.4.4)
10.
Edem tempore rgnam ipsam cum comitibus mults vd.
11.
Vdrunt fugients ab urbe celeriter re.
12.
Ad m scrbis t in Asiam nn re cnstituisse.
13.
Audvimus eum ills temporibus nn saepe in sent fuisse.
14.
Cvs rem pblicam ipsam dfendrunt, quam saepe laudvrunt.
15.
Ill serv, qu  domins fgerant, ips poens nn dedrunt.
16.
Postquam Caesar mortuus est, Rmn sdus d cael lapsum per noctem mult cum lce cucurrisse dcbant.
B.
1.
You (sg.) were going; we will go; they are about to go.
2.
We will go to the gates of the city where we will try to inspect the situation.
3.
I fortify myself at these times by the use of gold, not the sword.
4.
You yourselves have read these very words in books written by ancient poets.
5.
Stretching (his) hands toward the stars, he called the gods.
6.
The fates could be discerned in the stars of the sky by the ancient Romans.
7.
During the day the stars themselves cannot be seen by the eyes of men.
8.
While these things were being carried on in the city, all the tribes of Italy had gone to arms themselves.
9.
At night I can see the stars rising out of the very sea and into the sky.
10.
He had undergone many more difficult things than these on behalf of the state.
11.
At this time on account of your letters he perceives that he will be very dear among you.
12.
For he said to me that you (sg) were in Italy and that he was sending the boys to you.
52
Lesson XXVII
READING: DIVIDING THE SENTENCE (2)
Recall the distinction between clauses and phrases:

A phrase is a group of related words not containing a subject and predicate.

A clause is a group of words containing a subject and predicate.
Phrases are often built around prepositions, participles, or infinitives.

A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE consists of a preposition, its object, and any words modifying the
object. A preposition often, but not always, begins its phrase:
ad ltus
magn cum laude

nbscum
pr benefici
A PARTICIPLE PHRASE consists of a noun or pronoun, a participle, and any related words. The
related words often lie between the participle and the word with which it agrees; these
participle sandwiches form a single unit of meaning:
Cpheus maxim gaudi adfectus
Perseus haec audins
An INFINITIVE PHRASE consists of an infinitive and its object or any other words associated with it:
mtrem suam rrsus vidre
Prepositional, participle, and infinitive phrases can be used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs:
(Mtrem suam rrsus vidre) volbat.
Noun phrase (object of volbat)
Tandem igitur (cum uxre su) ( rgn Cphe) discessit.
Adverb phrases
Phrases must be translated as single units. Keep the elements of a phrase together as you translate.
Here are a few sentences [in which every subordinate clause has been put in brackets], every phrase
of more than one word has been put (in parentheses), every verb has been put in bold face type, and
every connecting device in red:
Perseus [postquam (ad ltus) descendit], prmum tlria exuit; tum (ad saxum) vnit [ubi
Andromeda adligta erat]. Ea autem (omnem spem saltis) dposuerat et [ubi Perseus adiit],
terrre paene exanimta erat. Ille vincula statim solvit, et puellam patr reddidit.
53
Vocabulary XXVII
Noun
coniunx, coniugis m. / f. spouse
Adverb
quondam once, at one time, formerly
Adjective
pauc, -ae, -a few
9. The Reward of Valor
Perseus postquam ad ltus descendit, prm tlria exuit; tum ad saxum vnit ubi Andromeda
adligta erat. Ea autem omnem spem saltis dposuerat et ubi Perseus adiit, terrore paene
exanimta erat. Ille vincula statim solvit, et puellam patr reddidit. Cpheus maxim gaudi
adfectus nn modo meritam gratiam pr benefici Perse rettulit, sed etiam Andromedam ipsam e
in mtrimnium dedit. Ille libenter hoc dnum accpit. Paucs anns cum coniuge su in e
regine habitbat, et in magn honre ab omnibus Aethiopibus habbtur. Magnopere tamen
mtrem suam rrsus vidre volbat. Tandem igitur cum uxre su  rgn Cphe discessit.
exu, -ere, exu, extum put or take off
sals, saltis f. safety, escape; freedom
dpon = d + pon
ade = ad + e
paene almost, practically
exanim, re, -v, -tum exhaust
vinculum,  n. bond
solv, -ere, solv, soltum loosen, unbind, release
redd = re + d
adfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum do to, move, affect
gaudium, - n. gladness, joy
meritus, -a, -um deserved, due
gratiam referre, reward
uxor, uxris f. wife
10. Polydectes Is Transformed
Postquam Perseus ad insulam nvem git, s ad locum contulit ubi mter quondam habitverat; sed
domum invnit vacuam et omnn dsertam. Trs dis per ttam insulam mtrem petbat; tandem
quart di ad templum Dinae pervnit. Hc Dana refgerat, quod Polydectem timuit. Perseus
haec audins, r magn commtus est, atque ad rgiam Polydectis sine mor contendit. Ubi e
vnit, statim in trium inrpit. Polydects magn timre adfectus fugere voluit. Perseus tamen
caput Medsae rg fugient ostendit. Ille autem hoc vidns, in saxum mttus est.
confer, -ferre, -tul, colltum bring together;
(with s) take oneself, go
vacuus, -a, -um empty
omnn, adv. entirely
hc, adv. to this place, hither
e, adv. to that place
inrump, -ere, irrp, irruptum burst in
ostend, -ere, ostend, ostentum show, stretch out
before
54
Lesson XXVIII
COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
Latin adverbs have three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative, and superlative.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
fortiter
fortius
fortissim
bravely
more / rather / too bravely
most / very bravely
The comparative is formed by adding –ius to the positive stem of the adjective. This is also the neuter accusative
singular form of the comparative adjective. Adverbs do not decline.
altus, -a, -um deep
miser, misera, -um unhappy
sapins, -ntis wise
facilis, -e easy
cer, cris, cre keen
altmisersapientfacilcr-





altius
miserius
sapientius
facilius
crius
more / rather / too deeply
more / rather / too unhappily
more / rather / too wisely
more / rather / too easily
more / rather / too keenly
The superlative of the adverb is formed by adding - to the superlative stem of the adjective.
altissimus, -a, -um
altissim altissim
most / very deeply
miserrimus, -a, -um
miserrim miserrim
most / very unhappily
sapientissimus, -a, -um
sapientissim-  sapientissim most / very wisely
facillimus, -a, -um
facillim facillim
most / very easily
cerrimus, -a, -um
cerrim cerrim
most / very sharply
Irregular Comparison of Adverbs
The following common adverbs have some irregular forms.
Adjective
bonus, -a, -um
malus, -a, -um
magnus, -a, -um
parvus, -a, -um
multus, -a, -um
Positive Adverb
bene
male
magnopere
parum
multum
di
well
badly
greatly
too little
much
for a long time
Comparative Adverb
melius
peius
magis
minus
pls
ditius
better
worse
more (quality)
less
more (quantity)
for a longer time
Superlative Adverb
optim
pessim
maxim
minim
plrimum
ditissim
best
worst
most / especially
least
most / very much
for the longest time
Peculiarities of Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs
Adjectives whose stems end with a vowel form the comparative with magis and the positive adjective, and the
superlative with maxim and the positive adjective. The adjective of the construction agrees with the word it modifies
in case, number, and gender. The adverbs magis and maxim are indeclinable.
magis idoneus, -a, -um more suitable
maxim idoneus, -a, -um most suitable
When quam precedes a superlative adjective or adverb it shows the highest possible degree of comparison.
quam optimus vir the best possible man / the best man possible / as good a man as possible
quam facillim as easily as possible
55
Vocabulary XXVIII
1st / 2nd Declension Adjective
idoneus, -a, -um
suitable
rd
3 Declension Nouns
mors, mortis, f.
death
pars, partis, f.
part; direction
Adverbs
magis
quam (+ superlative)
ditius
ditissime
more; rather
as...as possible
for a longer time
for the longest time;
for a very long time
Exercise XXVIII
A.
1.
Fortius cnmur, quod contendere ammus.
2.
Melius scrbimus quam vs, nam omns epistuls nostrs legere possunt.
3.
Agricolae in agrs ditius opera faciunt quam in urbibus civs; ditissim autem nautae in nvibus.
4.
Pauc celerius cucurrrunt quam t; ille autem qu celerrim cucurrit ab omnibus laudbitur.
5.
T facillim vidbis m tibi amcum fuisse.
6.
Numa quam sapientissim Rmns regbat et lgs optims es dedit.
7.
Pythagoras et amc in urbe su vtam flcissimam agbant et maxim cum cr cvs docbant.
8.
Flcius mortuus est Augustus quam Gaius, nam Gaium hosts interfcrunt, Augustus autem longam vtam git.
9.
Iter per Asiam fc et vtam miserrimam in omnibus partibus vd.
10.
Ditius in hc urbe nostr manre nn potes, nam scelera tua omnia ferre iam nn possumus.
11.
Rmn dcbant rgem suum Numam Pythagorae discipulum fuisse, sed errbant, nam mults anns ante
Pythagoram rxit Rmns Numa.
12.
Pota Nas s facillim plurima facere posse dixit, nihil autem facilius quam scribere.
B.
1.
I think that you (sg) have written as well as possible.
2.
For I have decided that it is better that I die a good (man) than (that I) live a bad (one).
3.
He lives best who does not want to live for himself but for all.
4.
In all bad matters, it is worse to see (them) than to hear (about them).
5.
For a long time now we have seen him less in the city, for he has done many (things) in the fields.
6.
I can do the same (things), but less well than she (that woman).
7.
These students can hear what the teacher says better than those.
8.
We perceive that you (sg) love the state less than your life.
9.
(Those) who think that the spirit lives after death can die more happily.
10.
Cicero seems to me to have done many things more wisely than Caesar.
11.
What you (sg) sent to me I have now received most keenly; now I write to you as friend (writes) to friend.
12.
The state itself will teach you that I suffer all (things) for it.
56
Lesson XXIX
ADJECTIVES WITH GENITIVE IN -US AND DATIVE IN -
Several 1st / 2nd declension adjectives are regular except for the genitive singular ending in -us and dative singular
ending in -These may be remembered by using the mnemonic NUS NAUTA:

nus, -a, -um one
Neuter, neutra, neutrum neither
Nullus, -a, -um no, none, not any Alius, alia, aliud
another, other
Ullus, -a, -um any
Uter, utra, utrum
which (of two)
Slus, -a, -um alone, only
Ttus, -a, -um
whole, all
Alter, altera, alterum
the other
  

Nom. slus
sla
slum
sl
Gen. slus
slus
slus
slrum
Dat.
sl
sl
sl
sls
Acc. slum
slam
slum
sls
Abl.
sl
sl
sl
sls
Alius, -a, -um normally forms its genitive singular from alter: alterus.


slae
slrum
sls
sls
sls
sla
slrum
sls
sla
sls
Cardinal Numerals
Cardinal numerals are used to count.
Latin cardinal numerals from one to ten are:
nus, duo, trs, quattuor, quinque, sex, septem, oct, novem, decem.
Duo and trs are declined as follows.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.



duo
durum
dubus
dus, duo
dubus
duae
durum
dubus
dus
dubus
duo
durum
dubus
duo
dubus
 Masc. / Fem.
Neuter
trs
trium
tribus
trs, trs
tribus
tria
trium
tribus
tr
tribus
Quattuor, quinque, sex, septem, oct, novem, decem and centum (one hundred) are indeclinable adjectives.
Quattuor flis et quinque flis habe. I have four sons and five daughters.
Centum virs cognsc, sed sl decem sunt amc. I know one hundred men, but only ten are friends.
Ordinal Numerals
Ordinal numerals are used to indicate place in a sequence: first, second, third, etc.
They are 1st / 2nd declension adjectives and agree with the words they modify in case, number, and gender.
Hic est prmus liber, quem lg.
This is the first book which I have read.
Laudmus Numam, rgem secundum Romnum. We praise Numa, the second king of Rome.
57
Vocabulary XXIX
Irregular Adjectives
nus, -a, -um
one
nullus, -a, -um
no, none, not any
ullus, -a, -um
any
slus, -a, -um
only, sole, alone
neuter, neutra, neutrum neither
alter, altera, alterum
the other (of two)
uter, utra, utrum
which (of two)?
ttus, -a, -um
whole, entire
alius, alia, aliud
other, another
Indeclinable Adjectives
quattuor four
quinque five
sex
six
septem
seven
octo
eight
novem
nine
decem
ten
centum
one hundred
1st / 2nd Declension Adjectives
secundus, -a, -um second
tertius, -a, -um
third
duo, duae, duo
two
rd
3 Declension Adjective
trs, tria three
Exercise XXIX
A.
1.
num pr mults dabitur caput. (Vergil Aeneid 5.815)
2.
Neutram in partem movr ml; in hc loc manb.
3.
Ttum s re pblicae dedit.
4.
Uter ex hs sapins tibi vidtur? (Seneca Letters 90.14)
5.
Sub rgibus Rmn neque ull bell neque ab hostibus ulls vict sunt.
6.
Cerberus m tribus ribus et tribus capitibus in umers dubus terret.
7.
Cum omnibus alis magis quam sl interfic volurunt.
8.
Omns, qurum in alterius manibus vtae positae sunt, idem saepe sentiunt.
9.
Mvult m sapientem  vbs quam s pessimum putr.
10.
Ille, magis idneus urb quam bell, novem anns aberat.
11.
Nn null homins putant ftum suum  s cnstittum esse.
B.
1.
One (man) had three books, another had five, but they did not have any letters.
2.
Which (one) is better for me? This book or that (one)?
3.
One ship only can be seen in the whole sea today.
4.
(There) are not three or four friends for you in this city.
5.
Neither (of the) consul(s), frightened by the enemy, was preparing to depart from the city.
6.
In which army was the greater hope?
7.
That wretched (man) kept on shouting that he was a Roman citizen.
8.
Which consul will be sent to which war? Neither!
9.
I alone will defend the head, the reputation and fortunes of another.
10.
After the death of his third wife, he decided not to lead another (woman) into his house.
11.
Only a few of those (men) who had strived very greatly came to the end.
58
Lesson XXX
REVIEW
Vocabulary XXV - XXIX
quondam
sdus
decem
quinque
alius
duo
e
nus
idoneus
tertius
octo
ttus
ipse
slus
trs
uter
pars
ullus
coniunx
sube
tempus
sex
neuter
septem
quattuor
secundus
nullus
magis
novem
quam + superlative
pauc
mors
centum
alter
the other
any
one
five
suitable
go
another
entire
more
death
undergo
third
alone
two
six
none
star
itself
once
eight
neither
time
spouse
four
nine
part
seven
few
myself
three
one hundred
which (of two)
as...as possible
second
ten
I. Translate the underlined words with the appropriate form of the reflexive pronoun or ipse, ipsa, ipsum; include
prepositions where necessary.
1. He is talking about himself.
2. I saw the king himself.
3. I saw the king myself.
6. You will save yourselves.
7. I am talking to myself.
8. They will hurt themselves.
7. You wrote this yourself.
8. The queen came in person.
9. I heard that very song.
II. Give the form of e in the same person, number, tense as the form of veni.
1. venimus
2. venibant
3. vnist
4. venis
5. venit
6. vnimus
7. vneritis
8. venibs
9. vneram
10. vnrunt
III. Complete the comparison of these adverbs with the other two degrees (positive, comparative or superlative).
1. acriter
2. ditius
3. celerrim
4. magis
5. longius
6. multum
7. male
8. sapienter
IV. Write these equations using numerals.
1. nus et novem sunt decem.
4. Quinque et duo sunt septem.
2. Quattuor et sex sunt decem.
5. nus d novem sunt octo.
3. Trs d octo sunt quinque.
6. Sex d novem sunt trs.
V. Put every participle or infinitive phrase in parentheses. Translate the entire sentence.
1. Matrem suam vidre voluit.
3. Puer quam celerrim currents hodi venient.
5. In castra mlits tls vulnerts dcmus.
2. Puellae librs legents sunt flcs.
4. Rx ad Italiam iter facere mvult.
6. Soci bellum in hosts parre incprunt.
59
For Your Information
COMPOUNDS OF E
abe
depart; disappear; die
 vt ab
ade
approach; attack
Ad m adeunt.
exe
pass beyond; exceed; withdraw
Ex oppi exiit.
ine
enter; enter upon
Illus domum  voluist.
pere
perish; be ruined
Pr amcs perre nn timidus erat.
rede
go or come back; return
Sps vtae puer aegr rediit.
sube
enter; approach; undergo
Vbscum omnia subbimus.
trnse
pass over; cross
Terror ad hosts trnsit.
11. The Oracle Fulfilled
Perseus cum uxre ad urbem Acris rediit. Ille autem Perseum vidns, rrsus magn terrre
adfectus est. In Thessaliam igitur ad urbem Lrsam statim refgit, frstr tamen; neque enim
ftum suum vtre poterat. Post paucs anns nnti in omns parts dmiss dxrunt rgem
Larsae luds magns factrum esse. Mult ex omnibus urbibus Graeciae ad luds convnrunt.
Perseus ipse inter alis certmen discrum iniit. At Acrisius, dum inter specttrs eius certminis
stat, disc  Perse abiect forte interfectus est.
rede = re + e
vt (1) avoid, escape
ldus, - m. game, sport
conveni = con + veni, come together
certmen, certminis n. struggle, contest
ine = in + e
discus, , m. discus
abicio, abicere, abieci, abiectum throw
forte, adv. by chance, accidentally
60
Rules of Syntax for New Second Steps in Latin
AGREEMENT
First Rule of Concord. A verb agrees with its subject in person and number.
Ego voc. I call. T vocs. You call. Puer vocat. The boy calls.
1.
A verb with a compound subject (two or more subjects joined by et, -que, ac, or atque) is usually plural.
Puer et puella vocant. The boy and the girl call.
2.
A verb with compound subjects of different persons will generally agree with the lower person
(1st person takes precedence over 2nd and 3rd persons, and 2nd over 3rd ) and will always be plural.
Ego et t vocmus. You and I call. T et puella voctis. You and the girl call.
3.
A verb with singular subjects joined by aut or neque is singular.
Aut puer aut puella vocat. Either the boy or the girl calls.
4.
A verb that belongs to two or more subjects in separate clauses (gapping) will agree with one subject and will
be understood with the other subjects.
Puer vocat, nn puellae. The boy calls, the girls do not (call).
5.
The verb of a relative clause whose subject is the relative pronoun agrees in person and number with the
antecedent of the relative pronoun.
Vs, qu trists estis, ambitis. You, who are sad, will love.
Second Rule of Concord. An adjective (as well as an adjectival pronoun or participle) agrees with the noun it
modifies in case, number, and gender.
bonus nauta, good sailor; illa puella, that girl; capta arma, seized weapons
1.
An attributive adjective that modifies two or more nouns will generally agree with the nearest noun.
cerrima ra et studium the sharpest anger and zeal
2.
A predicate adjective that modifies two or more nouns will generally be plural in number.
It may agree with the nearest or most important noun in gender.
Masculine is the most important gender of nouns with life, neuter of nouns without life.
Puer et puella sunt bon. The boy and girl are good.
Murus et porta d cael tacta sunt. The wall and the gate are struck by lightning.
Third Rule of Concord. The relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in number and gender; its case is
determined by its use in the relative clause.
Puella, quam puer amat, est flix. The girl, whom the boy likes, is happy.
Apposition. An appositive is a noun describing another noun and agrees with it in case.
Hs librs, pulcherrimum dnum, heri accpi. Yesterday I received these books, a very beautiful gift.
Predicate Noun. With sum and other linking verbs, a noun in the predicate which describes the subject will agree
with it in case.
Agricola erat vir fortissimus. The farmer was a very brave man.
Discipulus bonus esse vidtur etiam pius flius. The good student seems a dutiful son also.
62
USES OF CASES
Nominative
1.
Subject. The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case.
Puella vocat. The girl calls.
2.
Predicate. The predicate noun or adjective of a finite form of the verb sum, or of a verb of seeming or
becoming, or of a passive verb of making, choosing, showing, thinking, or calling, is in the nominative case.
Puer servus est. The boy is a slave. Puella vidtur sapins. The girl seems wise.
Ille cnsul factus est. That man was made consul.
Genitive
1.
The Genitive of Possession. A genitive is used to denote the person or thing to whom or which an object,
quality, feeling, or action belongs.
scelera rgis, the crimes of the king / the king’s crimes
Dative
1.
Indirect Object. A noun or pronoun indirectly affected by the action of the verb is in the dative case.
Dux mlit arma dat. The leader gives the arms to the soldier.
2.
Dative with Certain Adjectives. Adjectives expressing ideas like friendliness, fitness, nearness, likeness, and
their opposites may take a dative (e.g. amcus, crus, idneus, proximus, similis and dissimilis, tilis).
Cnsul amcus mihi est. The consul is friendly to me.
Accusative
1.
Direct Object. The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative case.
Urbem capit. He captures the city.
2.
Accusative of Motion Towards or Place To Which. Motion to or towards is expressed by the accusative
case with the prepositions ad or in.
Ad Italiam vnit. He came to Italy.
3.
Accusative of Duration of Time. Duration of time (or time how long) is expressed by the accusative without
a preposition.
Rx decem anns fuit. He was king for ten years.
4.
Double Accusative. Verbs of asking and teaching (rog and doce) may take two accusatives, one of the
person and one of the thing.
T carmen docuit. He taught you a song.
5.
Predicate Accusative. Verbs of calling, choosing, making and thinking (factitive verbs) take two accusatives,
a direct object and its complement. The two accusatives refer to the same person or thing.
Urbem Rmam vocvrunt. They called the city Rome.
6.
Subject Accusative. The subject of an infinitive is regularly in the accusative.
Vult rgnam dcere. He wants the queen to speak.
Audit rgnam dcere. He hears that the queen is speaking.
7.
Accusative with Certain Prepositions. Many prepositions take the accusative (e.g. ad, ante, circum, in,
inter, ob, per, post, propter).
63
Ablative
1.
Ablative of Means or Instrument. The means or instrument by which something is done is expressed by the
ablative without a preposition (answers the question “by or with what?”).
Urbs saxs mnta est. The city was fortified with stones.
2.
Ablative of Personal Agent. The person by whom something is done is expressed by the ablative case with
the preposition  / ab (answers the question “by whom?”).
Urbs  Rmns mnta est. The city was fortified by the Romans.
3.
Ablative of Accompaniment. Accompaniment or association is often expressed by the ablative with the
preposition cum (answers the question “with whom?”). Cum regularly becomes enclitic with m, t, s,
nbs, vbs, qu, qu, quibus.
Cum comitibus iter fcit. He made a journey with his comerades.
Puer mcum veniunt. The boys come with me.
4.
Ablative of Place Where or In Which. Place where or in which is expressed by the ablative with the
prepositions in, pro and sub (and rarely by the accusative with ad).
Fma in cael volvit. Rumor flew in the sky. (Ad flmen stetit. He stood at the river.)
5.
Ablative of Motion Away From or Place From Which. Motion away from or place from which is expressed
by the ablative with the prepositions  / ab, d, or  / ex.
Ex urbe vnit. He came from the city.
6.
Ablative of Time When. Time when is expressed by the ablative without a preposition.
E tempore urbem cpit. At that time he captured the city.
7.
Ablative of Comparison. In comparative constructions without quam, the second of the two things compared
is in the ablative case. The ablative of comparison is used only when the first of the two things compared is in
the nominative or accusative case.
Epistulae eius sunt longirs librs. His letters are longer than his books.
8.
Ablative of Degree of Difference. In comparative constructions, the degree or measure of difference between
the two things compared is expressed by the ablative without a preposition.
Mare est mult altius quam flumen. The sea is much deeper than the river.
9.
Ablative of Cause. The cause or reason for an action or condition may be expressed by the ablative without a
preposition (answers the question “why?”).
Facts laudtur. He is praised for his deeds
10. Ablative of Manner. The manner or way in which an action is done may be expressed by the ablative with the
preposition cum (answers the question “how?”). Cum may be omitted if an adjective modifies the ablative.
Epistula cum cr scripta est. The letter was written with care (carefully).
Epistula magn cr scripta est. The letter was written with great care (very carefully).
11. Ablative with Certain Prepositions. Many prepositions take the ablative (e.g. , ab, cum, d, , ex, pr,
sine, sub).
64
VERB TENSES
The Present Tense expresses a continuous or ongoing action in the present or states something that applies to all time.
Vocat. He is calling / calls / does call. Malum est mentr. It is bad to lie.
1.
When dum takes the present indicative it may express past action.
Dum ducem petit, mlits pugnvrunt. While he was seeking the leader, the soldiers fought.
The Imperfect Tense expresses continuous, repeated, or habitual action in the past.
Vocbat. He was calling / kept calling / used to call.
The Future Tense expresses continuous or indefinite action in the future.
Vocbit. He will call / is going to call.
The Perfect Tense expresses completed action. Although it has one form, it has two separate uses.
1.
The Perfect expresses a completed action with continuing effect in the present. It corresponds to the English
present perfect and is translated with the auxiliary verb “has / have”.
Vocvit. He has called.
2.
The Aorist expresses a simple completed action.
Vocvit. He called / did call.
The Pluperfect Tense expresses an action completed in the past and is used of an action completed before another
action was begun. It corresponds to the English past perfect and is translated with the auxiliary verb “had”.
Vocverat. He had called.
The Future Perfect Tense expresses an action completed in the future. It is translated with the auxiliary verbs “will /
shall have.”
Vocverit. He will have called.
VERB MOODS
The Indicative Mood is used to state a fact or ask a question.
Puella vocat. The girl is calling. Utra puella vocbat? Which girl was calling?
A Participle is a verbal adjective. As a verb, it may take an object; as an adjective, it agrees with the word it modifies in
case, number, and gender, and may be used substantively.
1.
The Present Active Participle expresses action taking place at the same time as the main verb.
Puellam sedentem in silv vd. I saw the girl sitting in the forest.
2.
The Perfect Passive Participle expresses action completed before the time of the main verb.
Puella, in silv vsa, puerum vocvit. The girl, seen in the forest, called the boy.
3.
The Future Active Participle expresses action that will be completed after the time of the main verb.
Puella, in silv moritra, caput txit. The girl, about to die in the forest, covered her head.
The Infinitive is a verbal noun. It is always neuter, always singular, and either nominative or accusative.
1.
Complementary Infinitive. The complementary infinitive completes the meaning of another verb. The following
verbs of wishing, trying, deciding, beginning, fearing, being able, etc. may take a complementary infinitive
cnor, cnstitu, contend, incipi, ml, nl, parpossum, tend, time, vereor, vol;
and in the passive: dc, put, vide.
Puella vidre potest. The girl is able to see.
65
2.
Infinitive of Indirect Statement. Verbs of saying, thinking, knowing, telling, perceiving, and showing
introduce the accusative and infinitive of indirect statement.
The Present Infinitive expresses action taking place at the same time as the main verb.
Dcit rgnam esse fortem. He says (that) the queen is brave.
Dixit rgnam esse fortem. He said (that) the queen was brave.
The Perfect Infinitive expresses action completed before the time of the main verb.
Dcit rgnam fuisse fortem. He says (that) the queen was brave.
Dixit rgnam fuisse fortem. He said (that) the queen had been brave.
The Future Infinitive expresses action that will be completed after the time of the main verb.
Dcit rgnam futram esse fortem. He says (that) the queen will be brave.
Dixit rgnam futram esse fortem. He said (that) the queen would be brave.
3.
The Infinitive as Subject or Object. The infinitive may be used as a neuter singular noun in the nominative
or accusative.
tile est bons amcs habre. It is useful to have good friends.
Am cantre. I like to sing.
66
REGULAR VERBS – INDICATIVE ACTIVE
Present
First
Second
Third
Third I-stem
Fourth
am
mone
dc
capi
audi
ams
mons
dcis
capis
auds
amat
monet

capit
audit
ammus
monmus



amtis
montis



amant
monent

capiunt
audiunt
ambam
ams
mon
mons

bs


audi

ba

bat


ammus
amtis
monmus
montis
bmus
btis





ba
bant


am


capi
audi
ambis
mons



ambit


capiet

ammus
monmus



amtis
montis



ambunt


capient

am
amvist
monu
mon




aud
aud

monuit

cpit
audvit
amvimus
amtis
monuimus
mon











am
am
mon
monuers


cperam

aud
audvers




audverat
am
am
monus
mon
m
tis


audvermus
audvertis




audverant
amver
mon

cper
aud
amveris
monueris


audveris
amverit



audverit
am
monus


audverimus
am
mon


audveritis
amverint



audverint
Imperfect
Future
Perfect
Pluperfect
Future Perfect
67
REGULAR VERBS – INDICATIVE PASSIVE
Present
First
Second
Third
Third I-stem
Fourth
am
mone
dc
capior
audi
amris
monris
dceris
caperis
audris



capitur
auditur
ammur
monmur



ammin
monmin



amantur
monentur

capiuntur
audiuntur
ambar
amris
mon
monris

bris
capibar
ris
audi

b




ammur
ammin
monmur
monmin
bmur
bmin





ba
bantur
bantur

am


capiar
audi
amberis
mon



ambitur




ammur
monmur



ammin
monmin
min


ambuntur




amtus, -a sum
amtus, -a es
monitus, -a sum
monitus, -a es
ductus, -a sum
ductus, -a es
captus, -a sum
captus, -a es
audtus, -a sum
audtus, -a es
amtus, -a, -um est
monitus, -a, -um est
ductus, -a, -um est
captus, -a, -um est
audtus, -a, -um est
amt, -ae sumus
amt, -ae estis
monit, -ae sumus
monit, -ae estis
duct, -ae sumus
duct, -ae estis
capt, -ae sumus
capt, -ae estis
audt, -ae sumus
audt, -ae estis
amt, -ae, -a sunt
monit, -ae, -a sunt
duct, -ae, -a sunt
capt, -ae, -a sunt
audt, -ae, -a sunt
amtus, -a eram
amtus, -a ers
monitus, -a eram
monitus, -a ers
ductus, -a eram
ductus, -a ers
captus, -a eram
captus, -a ers
audtus, -a eram
audtus, -a ers
amtus, -a, -um erat
monitus, -a, -um erat
ductus, -a, -um erat
captus, -a, -um erat
audtus, -a, -um erat
amt, -ae ermus
amt, -ae ertis
monit, -ae ermus
monit, -ae ertis
duct, -ae ermus
duct, -ae ertis
capt, -ae ermus
capt, -ae ertis
audt, -ae ermus
audt, -ae ertis
amt, -ae, -a erant
monit, -ae, -a erant
duct, -ae, -a erant
capt, -ae, -a erant
audt, -ae, -a erant
amtus, -a er
amtus, -a eris
monitus, -a er
monitus, -a eris
ductus, -a er
ductus, -a eris
captus, -a er
captus, -a eris
audtus, -a er
audtus, -a eris
amtus, -a, -um erit
monitus, -a, -um erit
ductus, -a, -um erit
captus, -a, -um erit
audtus, -a, -um erit
amt, -ae erimus
amt, -ae eritis
monit, -ae erimus
monit, -ae eritis
duct, -ae erimus
duct, -ae eritis
capt, -ae erimus
capt, -ae eritis
audt, -ae erimus
audt, -ae eritis
amt, -ae, -a erunt
monit, -ae, -a erunt
duct, -ae, -a erunt
capt, -ae, -a erunt
audt, -ae, -a erunt
Imperfect
Future
Perfect
Pluperfect
Future Perfect
68
REGULAR VERBS - PARTICIPLES, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
Active
First
pres. amns, -ntis
—
perf.
fut. amtrus, -a, -um
Passive
—
pres.
perf. amtus, -a, -um
—
fut.
Second
monns, -ntis
—
monitrus, -a, -um
Third
dcns, -ntis
—
ductrus, -a, -um
—
monitus, -a, -um
—
—
ductus, -a, -um
—
Third I-stem
Fourth
capins, -ntis
—
audins, -ntis
—
captrus, -a, -um
audtrus, -a, -um
—
captus, -a, -um
—
audtus, -a, -um
—
—
REGULAR VERBS - INFINITIVES, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
Active
First
pres. amre
perf. amvisse
fut. amtrus, -a, -um esse
Passive
pres. amr
perf. amtus, -a, -um esse
fut. amtum r
Second
Third
Third I-stem
Fourth
monre
monuisse
dcere
dxisse
capere
cp
audre
audvisse
monitrus, -a, -um esse
ductrus, -a, -um esse
captrus, -a, -um esse
audtrus, -a, -um esse
monr
monitus esse
dc
ductus, -a, -um esse
cap
captus, -a, -um esse
audr
audtus, -a, -um esse
monitum r
ductum r
captum r
audtum r
69
IRREGULAR VERBS
Present
Sum
Vol
Nl
Ml
E
Fer
sum
vol
nl
ml
e
fer
feror
es
vs
nn vs
mvs
s
fers
ferris
est
vult
nn vult
mvult
it
fert
fertur
sumus
volumus
nlumus
mlumus
mus
ferimus
ferimur
estis
vultis
nn vultis
mvultis
tis
fertis
ferimin
sunt
volunt
nlunt
mlunt
eunt
ferunt
feruntur
eram
volbam
nlbam
mlbam
bam
ferbam
ferbar
ers
volbs
nlbs
mlbs
bs
ferbs
ferbris
erat
volbat
nlbat
mlbat
bat
ferbat
ferbtur
ermus
volbmus
nlbmus
mlbmus
bmus
ferbmus
ferbmur
ertis
volbtis
nlbtis
mlbtis
btis
ferbtis
ferbmin
erant
volbant
nlbant
mlbant
bant
ferbant
ferbantur
er
volam
nlam
mlam
b
feram
ferar
eris
vols
nls
mls
bis
fers
ferris
erit
volet
nlet
mlet
bit
feret
fertur
erimus
volmus
nlmus
mlmus
bimus
fermus
fermur
eritis
voltis
nltis
mltis
bitis
fertis
fermin
erunt
volent
nolent
mlent
bunt
ferent
ferentur
fu
volu
nlu
mlu
i
tul
ltus, -a sum
fuist
voluist
nluist
mluist
st
tulist
ltus, -a es
fuit
voluit
nluit
mluit
iit
tulit
ltus, -a, -um est
fuimus
voluimus
nluimus
mluimus
iimus
tulimus
lt, -ae sumus
fuistis
voluistis
nluistis
mluistis
stis
tulistis
lt, -ae estis
furunt
volurunt
nlurunt
mlurunt
irunt
tulrunt
lt, -ae, -a sunt
fueram
volueram
nlueram
mlueram
ieram
tuleram
ltus, -a eram
fuers
voluers
nluers
mluers
iers
tulers
ltus, -a ers
fuerat
voluerat
nluerat
mluerat
ierat
tulerat
ltus, -a, -um erat
fuermus
voluermus
nluermus
mluermus
iermus
tulermus
lt, -ae ermus
fuertis
voluertis
nluertis
mluertis
iertis
tulertis
lt, -ae ertis
fuerant
voluerant
nluerant
mluerant
ierant
tulerant
lt, -ae, -a erant
fuer
voluer
nluer
mluer
ier
tuler
ltus, -a er
fueris
volueris
nlueris
mlueris
ieris
tuleris
ltus, -a eris
fuerit
voluerit
nluerit
mluerit
ierit
tulerit
ltus, -a, -um erit
fuerimus
voluerimus
nluerimus
maluerimus
ierimus
tulerimus
lt, -ae erimus
fueritis
volueritis
nlueritis
mlueritis
ieritis
tuleritis
lt, -ae eritis
fuerint
voluerint
nluerint
mluerint
ierint
tulerint
lt, -ae, -a erunt
Imperfect
Future
Perfect
Pluperfect
Future Perfect
70
PARTICIPLES – IRREGULAR VERBS
Active
Sum
Vol
Nl
Ml
pres.
—
volns, -ntis
perf.
—
—
—
—
—
fut.
futrus, -a, -um
—
—
—
itrus, -a, -um
pres.
—
—
—
—
—
perf.
—
—
—
—
—
fut.
—
—
—
—
—
—
nlns, -ntis
E
ins, euntis
Fer
ferns, -ntis
—
ltrus, -a, -um
Passive
—
ltus, -a, -um
—
INFINITIVES – IRREGULAR VERBS
Active
Sum
Vol
Nl
Ml
E
Fer
pres.
esse
velle
nlle
mlle
re
ferre
perf.
fuisse
voluisse
nluisse
mluisse
sse
tulisse
fut.
futrus, -a, -um esse
—
—
—
itrus, -a, -um esse
ltrus, -a, -um esse
r
ferr
Passive
pres.
—
—
—
—
perf.
—
—
—
—
fut.
—
—
—
—
71
—
itum r
ltus, -a, -um esse
ltum r
DEPONENT VERBS - INDICATIVE
Present
First
Second
Third
Third I-stem
Fourth
cnor
vereor
sequor
patior
mentior
cnris
verris
sequeris
pateris
mentris
cntur
vertur
sequitur
patitur
menttur
cnmur
vermur
sequimur
patimur
mentmur
cnmin
vermin
sequimin
patimin
mentmin
cnantur
verentur
sequuntur
patiuntur
mentiuntur
cnbar
verbar
sequbar
patibar
mentibar
cnbris
verbris
sequbris
patibris
mentibris
cnbtur
verbtur
sequbtur
patibtur
mentibtur
cnbmur
verbmur
sequbmur
patibmur
mentibmur
cnbmin
verbmin
sequbmin
patibmin
mentibmin
cnbantur
verbantur
sequbantur
patibantur
mentibantur
cnbor
verbor
sequar
patiar
mentiar
cnberis
verberis
sequris
patiris
mentiris
cnbitur
verbitur
sequtur
patitur
mentitur
cnbimur
verbimur
sequmur
patimur
mentimur
cnbimin
verbimin
sequmin
patimin
mentimin
cnbuntur
verbuntur
sequentur
patientur
mentientur
cntus, -a sum
veritus, -a sum
sectus, -a sum
passus, -a sum
menttus, -a sum
cntus, -a es
veritus, -a es
sectus, -a es
passus, -a es
menttus, -a es
cntus, -a, -um est
veritus, -a, -um est
sectus, -a, -um est
passus, -a, -um est
menttus, -a, -um est
cnt, -ae sumus
verit, -ae sumus
sect, -ae sumus
pass, -ae sumus
mentt, -ae sumus
cnt, -ae estis
verit, -ae estis
sect, -ae estis
pass, -ae estis
mentt, -ae estis
cnt, -ae, -a sunt
verit, -ae, -a sunt
sect, -ae, -a sunt
pass, -ae, -a sunt
mentt, -ae, -a sunt
cntus, -a eram
veritus, -a eram
sectus, -a eram
passus, -a eram
menttus, -a eram
cntus, -a ers
veritus, -a ers
sectus, -a ers
passus, -a ers
menttus, -a ers
cntus, -a, -um erat
veritus, -a, -um erat
sectus, -a, -um erat
passus, -a, -um erat
menttus, -a, -um erat
cnt, -ae ermus
verit, -ae ermus
sect, -a ermus
pass, -ae ermus
mentt, -ae ermus
cnt, -ae ertis
verit, -ae ertis
sect, -ae ertis
pass, -ae ertis
mentt, -ae ertis
cnt, -ae, -a erant
verit, -ae, -a erant
sect, -ae, -a erant
pass, -ae, -a erant
mentt, -ae, -a erant
cntus, -a er
veritus, -a er
sectus, -a er
passus, -a er
menttus, -a er
cntus, -a eris
veritus, -a eris
sectus, -a eris
passus, -a eris
menttus, -a eris
cntus, -a, -um erit
veritus, -a, -um erit
sectus, -a, -um erit
passus, -a, -um erit
menttus, -a, -um erit
cnt, -ae erimus
verit, -ae erimus
sect, -ae erimus
pass, -ae erimus
mentt, -ae erimus
cnt, -ae eritis
verit, -ae eritis
sect, -ae eritis
pass, -ae eritis
mentt, -ae eritis
cnt, -e, -a erunt
verit, -ae, -a erunt
sect, -ae, -a erunt
pass, -ae, -a erunt
mentt, -ae, -a erunt
Imperfect
Future
Perfect
Pluperfect
Future Perfect
DEPONENT VERBS - PARTICIPLES
72
First
Second
Third
Third I-stem
Fourth
pres.
cnns, -ntis
verns, -ntis
sequns, -ntis
patins, -ntis
mentins, -ntis
perf.
cntus, -a, -um
veritus, -a, -um
sectus, -a, -um
passus, -a, -um
menttus, -a, -um
cntrus, -a, -um
veritrus, -a, -um
sectrus, -a, -um
passrus, -a, -um
menttrus, -a, -um
fut.
DEPONENT VERBS - INFINITIVES
First
Second
Third
Third I-stem
Fourth
pres.
cnr
verr
sequ
pat
mentr
perf.
cntus, -a, -um esse
veritus, -a, -um esse
sectus, -a, -um esse
passus, -a, -um esse
menttus, -a, -um esse
cntrus, -a, -um esse
veritrus, -a, -um esse
sectrus, -a, -um esse
passrus, -a, -um esse
menttrus, -a, -um esse
fut.
73
FIVE NOUN DECLENSIONS
Singular
First
Second
Third
Third I-stem
Fourth
Fifth
(F / M)
(M / N)
(M / F / N)
(M / F / N)
(M / N)
(M / F)
F
M
N
M
N
F
N
M
N
F
Nom.
puella
dominus
verbum

opus
nvis
mare
gradus
corn
s
Gen.
puellae
domin
verb

operis
nvis
maris
grads

re
Dat.
puellae
domin
verb

oper
nv
mar
grad
corn
re
Acc.
puellam
dominum
verbum

opus
nvem
mare
grad
corn
rm
Abl.
puell
domin
verb

opere
nve
mar
grad
corn
r
Nom.
puellae
domin
verba

opera
nvs
maria
grads
corn
rs
Gen.
puellrum
dominrum
verbrum

operum
nvium
marium
grad
corn

Dat.
puells
domins
verbs

operibus
nvibus
maribus
grad
corn
rbus
Acc.
puells
domins
verba

opera
nvs
maria
grads
corn
rs
Abl.
puells
domins
verbs

operibus
nvibus
maribus
grad
corn
rbus
Plural
ADJECTIVE DECLENSIONS
First and Second Declension
Singular
Plural
M
F
N
F
N
bonus
bona
bonum
bon
bonae
bona
Gen.
bon
bonae
bon
bonrum
bonrum
bonrum
Dat.
bon
bonae
bon
bons
bons
bons
Acc.
bonum
bonam
bonum
bons

bona
Abl.
bon
bon
bon
bons
bons
bons
Nom.
M
Singular
M
Plural
F
N
F
N
Nom.
sacer
sacra
sacrum
sacr
M
sacrae
sacra
Gen.
sacr
sacrae
sacr
sacrrum
sacrrum
sacrrum
Dat.
sacr
sacrae
sacr
sacrs
sacr
sacrs
Acc.
sacrum
sacram
sacrum
sacrs
sacrs
sacr
Abl.


sacr
s
sacrs
sacrs
Singular
Plural
M
F
Nom.
miser
misera
miserum
N
miser
miserae
misera
Gen.
miser
miserae
miser
miserrum
miserrum
miserrum
Dat.
miser
miserae
miser
misers
misers
misers
Acc.
miserum
miseram
miserum
s
s
misera
Abl.
miser
miser
miser
misers
misers
misers
74
M
F
N
Third Declension
Three Terminations
Singular
M
F
Plural
N
M
F
N
Nom.
cer
cris
cre
crs
crs
cria
Gen.
cris
cris
cris
crium
crium
crium
Dat.
cr
cr
cr
cr
cr
cr
Acc.
crem
crem
cre
crs, -s
crs, -s
cria
cr
cr
cr
cr
cr
Abl.
cr
Two Terminations
One Termination
Singular
M/F
Plural
N
Singular
M/F
N
M/F
Nom.
Plural
N
M/F
N
Nom.
omnis
omne
omns
omnia
flx
flx
flcs
flcia
Gen.
omnis
omnis
omnium
omnium
Gen.
flcis
flcis
flcium
flcium
Dat.
omn
omn
omnibus
omnibus
Dat.
flc
flc
flc
flc
Acc.
omnem
omne
omns, -s
omnia
Acc.
lcem
flx
flcs, -s
flcia
Abl.
omn
omn
omnibus
omnibus
Abl.
flc
lc
flc
flc
Participle Declensions
First Conjugation
Singular
M/F
Second Conjugation
Plural
N
M/F
Singular
N
M/F
Plural
N
M/F
N
Nom.
amns
amns
amants
amantia
monns
monns
monents
monentia
Gen.
amantis
amantis
amantium
amantium
monentis
monentis
monentium
monentium
Dat.
amant
amant
amantibus
amantibus
monent
monent
monentibus
monentibus
Acc.
amantem
amns
amants, -s
amantia
monentem
monns
monents, -s
monentia
Abl.
amant
amant
amantibus
amantibus
monent
monent
monentibus
monentibus
Third Conjugation
Singular
M/F
Third Conjugation I-stem
Plural
N
M/F
Singular
N
M/F
Plural
N
M/F
N
Nom.
dcns
dcns
dcents
dcentia
capins
capins
capients
capientia
Gen.
dcentis
dcentis
dcentium
dcentium
capientis
capientis
capientium
capientium
Dat.
dcent
dcent
dcentibus
dcentibus
capient
capient
capientibus
capientibus
Acc.
dcentem
dcens
dcents, -s
dcentia
capients
capins
capients, -s
capientia
Abl.
dcent
dcent
dcentibus
dcentibus
capient
capient
capientibus
capientibus
Fourth Conjugation
Singular
M/F
Plural
N
M/F
N
Nom.
audins
audins
audients
audientia
Gen.
audientis
audientis
audientium
audientium
Dat.
audient
audient
audientibus
audientibus
Acc.
audients
audins
audients, -s
audientia
Abl.
audient
audient
audientibus
audientibus
75
Comparative Adjective
Singular
M/F
Plural
N
M/F
N
longior
longius
longirs
longira
Gen.
longiris
longiris
longirum
longirum
Dat.
longir
longir
longiribus
longiribus
Acc.
longirem
longius
longirs
longira
Abl.
longire
longire
longiribus
longiribus
Nom.
Irregular Comparison of Adjectives
Positive
Comparative
bonus, -a, -um good
malus, -a, -um bad
magnus, -a, -um great
parvus, -a, -um small
multus, -a, -um much, many
melior, melius better
peior, peius worse
maior, maius greater
minor, minus smaller
sg. pls (neuter noun only) more
pl. plrs, plra several, more
Superlative
optimus, -a, -um
pessimus, -a, -um
maximus, -a, -um
minimus, -a, -um
plrimus, -a, -um
best
worst
greatest
smallest
most, very many
COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
Regular Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Adverb
criter keenly
alt deeply
facile easily
miser unhappily
sapienter wisely
Comparative Adverb
crius more keenly
altius more deeply
facilius more easily
miserius more unhappily
sapientius more wisely
Superlative Adverb
cerrim very keenly
altissim very deeply
facillim very easily
miserrim very unhappily
sapientissim very wisely
Irregular Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Adverb
bene well
male badly
magnopere greatly
parum too little
multum much
di for a long time
Comparative Adverb
melius better
peius worse
magis more (quality)
minus less
pls more (quantity)
ditius for a longer time
76
Superlative Adverb
optim best
pessim worst
maxim most, especially
minim least
plrimum most , very much
ditissim for the longest time
PRONOUN DECLENSIONS
Personal Pronouns
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Singular Nom.
ego
t
is
ea
id
Gen.
me
tu
eius
eius
eius
Dat.
mihi
tibi
e
e
e
Acc.
m
t
eum
eam
id
Abl.
m
t
e
e
e
Nom.
ns
vs
e
eae
ea
Gen.
nostrum, nostr
vestrum, vestr
erum
erum
erum
Plural
Dat.
nbs
vbs
es
es
es
Acc.
ns
vs
es
es
ea
Abl.
nbs
vbs
es
es
es
Reflexive Pronouns
1st person
Singular
Plural
2nd person
3rd person
Nom.
—
—
—
Gen.
me
tu
su
Dat.
mihi
tibi
sibi
Acc.
m
t
s (ss)
Abl.
m
t
s (ss)
Nom.
—
—
—
Gen.
nostr
vestr
su
Dat.
nbs
vbs
sibi
Acc.
ns
vs
s (ss)
Abl.
nbs
vbs
s (ss)
Relative Pronoun
Singular
M
Nom.
Plural
F
N
M
F
N
qu
quae
quod
qu
quae
quae
Gen.
cuius
cuius
cuius
qurum
qurum
qurum
Dat.
cu
cu
cu
quibus
quibus
quibus
Acc.
quem
quam
quod
qus
qus
quae
Abl.
qu
qu
qu
quibus
quibus
quibus
DEMONSTRATIVES
Hic, Haec, Hoc
M
Nom.
Singular
F
N
Plural
F
M
N
hic
haec
hoc
h
hae
haec
Gen.
huius
huius
huius
hrum
hrum
hrum
Dat.
huic
huic
huic
hs
hs
hs
Acc.
hunc
hanc
hoc
hs
hs
haec
Abl.
hc
hc
hc
hs
hs
hs
77
Ille, Illa, Illud
Singular
M
Nom.
Plural
F
N
M
F
N
ille
illa
illud
ill
illae
illa
Gen.
illus
illus
illus
illrum
illrum
illrum
Dat.
ill
ill
ill
ills
ills
ills
Acc.
illum
illam
illud
ills
ills
illa
Abl.
ill
ill
ill
ills
ills
ills
Is, Ea, Id
Singular
M
Nom.
Plural
F
N
M
F
N
is
ea
id
e
eae
ea
Gen.
eius
eius
eius
erum
erum
erum
Dat.
e
e
e
es
es
es
Acc.
eum
eam
id
es
es
ea
Abl.
e
e
e
es
es
es
dem, Eadem, Idem
Singular
M
F
Plural
N
M
F
N
dem
eadem
idem
edem
eaedem
eadem
Gen.
eiusdem
eiusdem
eiusdem
erundem
erundem
erundem
Dat.
edem
edem
edem
esdem
esdem
esdem
Acc.
eundem
eandem
idem
esdem
esdem
eadem
Abl.
edem
edem
edem
esdem
esdem
esdem
Nom.
Iste, Ista, Istud
Singular
M
Nom.
Plural
F
N
M
F
N
iste
ista
istud
ist
istae
ista
Gen.
istus
istus
istus
istrum
istrum
istrum
Da.t.
ist
ist
ist
ists
ists
ists
Acc.
istum
istam
istud
ists
ists
ista
Abl.
ist
ist
ist
ists
ists
ists
Intensive
Ipse, Ipsa, Ipsum
Singular
M
Nom.
Plural
F
N
M
F
N
ipse
ipsa
ipsum
ips
ipsae
ipsa
Gen.
ipsus
ipsus
ipsus
ipsrum
ipsrum
ipsrum
Dat.
ips
ips
ips
ipss
ipss
ipss
Acc.
ipsum
ipsam
ipsum
ipss
ipss
ipsa
Abl.
ips
ips
ips
ipss
ipss
ipss
78
NUMERALS
Arabic
Roman Numeral
Cardinal
Ordinal
1
I
nus, -a, -um
prmus, -a, -um
2
II
duo, duae, duo
secundus, -a, -um
3
III
trs, tria
tertius, -a, -um
4
IV
quattuor
qurtus, -a, -um
5
V
quinque
quntus, -a, -um
6
VI
sex
sextus, -a, -um
7
VII
septem
septimus, -a, -um
8
VIII
octo
octvus, -a, -um
9
IX
novem
nnus, -a, -um
10
X
decem
decimus, -a, -um
100
C
centum
centsimus, -a, -um
79
CLASSIFIED VOCABULARY
incd, incdere, incess, incessum, go in
lbor, lb, lapsus sum, collapse, slip
leg, legere, lg, lectum, choose, pick out, read
mitt, mittere, ms, missum, send
pet, petere, petiv, pettum, seek, ask for
pn, pnere, posu, positum, place, put, set up
reg, regere, rx, rctum, rule
relinqu, relinquere, relqu, relictum, leave behind, leave
scrb, scrbere, scrps, scrptum, write
sequor, sequ, secutus sum, follow
surg, surgere, surrx, surrctum, rise, stretch upward,
swell
teg, tegere, tx, tectum, cover, conceal, shelter
tend, tendere, tetend, tentum, extend, proceed, stretch out
trah, trahere, trx, trctum, drag
vinc, vincere, vc, victum, conquer, defeat
vv, vvere, vx, vctum, live
volv, volvere, volv, voltum, roll
VERBS
1st Conjugation
am, amre, amv, amtum, like, love
cnor, cnr, cntus sum, try, attempt
cant, cantre, cantv, canttum, sing
clm, clmre, clmv, clmtum, shout
err, errre, errv, errtum, make a mistake, wander
laud, laudre, laudv, laudtum, praise
monstr, monstrre, monstrv, monstrtum, show
nunti, nuntire, nuntiv, nuntitum, announce, report
par, parre, parv, partum, prepare
port, portre, portv, porttum, carry
pugn, pugnre, pugnv, pugntum, fight
put, putre, putv, puttum, think, consider
rog, rogre, rogv, rogtum, ask
serv, servre, servv, servtum, save, guard,
watch over
st, stre, stet, statum, stand
vet, vetre, vetu, vetitum, forbid, order . . . not
voc, vocre, vocv, voctum, call
vulner, vulnerre, vulnerv, vulnertum, wound, hurt
3rd Conjugation I-stem
accipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum, receive
capi, capere, cp, captum, take, capture, seize,
faci, facere, fc, factum, do, make
fugi, fugere, fg, fugitrus, flee, avoid, run away
incipi, incipere, incp, inceptum, begin
inspici, inspicere, inspex, inspectum, look into or
upon
interficio, -ficere, -fc, -fectum, kill
morior, mor, mortuus sum, die
patior, pat, passus sum, endure, experience, suffer
2nd Conjugation
arde, ardre, ars, arsrus, burn, be inflamed, blaze
dle, dlre, dlv, dltum, destroy
doce, docre, docu, doctum, teach
habe, habre, habu, habitum, have, hold; consider
iube, iubre, iuss, iussum, order, command, bid
mane, manre, mns, mnsum, remain, stay
mone, monre, monu, monitum, advise, warn
move, movre, mv, mtum, move
sede, sedre, sd, sessum, sit
tene, tenre, tenu, tentum, hold, contain
terre, terrre, terru, territum, frighten
time, timre, timu, —, be afraid of, fear
vereor, verr, veritus sum, fear, respect
vide, vidre, vd, vsum, see; (pass.) seem, appear, be
seen
4th Conjugation
audi, audre, audv, audtum, hear, listen to
mentior, mentr, menttus sum, tell a lie
mni, munre, munv, muntum, fortify
pni, pnre, pnv, pnitum, punish
senti, sentre, sns, snsum, feel, perceive
veni, venre, vn, ventum, come
Irregular
absum, abesse, fu, futrus, be away
adsum, adesse, adfu, adfutrus, be present
do, dare, ded, datum, give
e, re, i(v), itum, go
fer, ferre, tul, ltum, bear, bring, carry, endure
ml, mlle, mlu, —, prefer
nl, nlle, nlu, —, be unwilling, not to want,
not to wish
possum, posse, potu, —, be able, can
refer, referre, rettul, relatum, bring back, refer
sube, subre, subi (subv), subitum, undergo
sum, esse, fu, futrus, be
vol, velle, volu, —, want, wish
rd
3 Conjugation
ag, agere, g, actum, drive, do, treat, deal with
cern, cernere, crv, crtum, decide, discern, perceive
cnsist, -ere, cnstit, cnstitum, stop
cnstitu, -ere, cnstitu, cnstittum, decide,
determine, establish
contend, contendere, contend, contentum, compete,
hurry, make effort, march, strive
curr, -ere, cucurr, cursum, run, hasten
dc, dcere, dx, dictum, say, speak, tell
dc, dcere, dx, ductum, lead
excd, excdere, excess, excessum, depart, go out
ger, gerere, gess, gestum, carry on, conduct
80
somnus, - m., sleep
umerus, - m., shoulder
ventus, - m., wind
vir, vir m., man
NOUNS
st
1 Declension: Feminine
aqua, -ae f., water
cra, -ae f., care, concern, worry
dea, -ae f., goddess
epistula, -ae f., letter
fma, -ae f., rumor, reputation, glory
flia, -ae f., daughter
flamma, -ae f., flame
fortna, -ae f., fortune, luck
fuga, -ae f., escape, flight
gratia, -ae f., favor; (pl.) thanks
hra, -ae f., hour
invidia, -ae f., envy, hatred
ra, -ae f., anger, wrath
lacrima, -ae f., tear
ra, -ae f., shore, edge, rim
patria, -ae, native land
poena, -ae f., punishment
porta, -ae f., gate
puella, -ae f., girl
rgna, -ae f., queen
silva, -ae f., forest, woods
terra, -ae f., country, earth, land
umbra, -ae f., shadow, ghost
via, -ae f., road, way, life
2nd Declension: Neuter
aurum, - n., gold
bellum, - n., war
caelum, - n., heaven, sky
donum, - n., gift
factum, - n., deed
ftum, - n., fate
ferrum, - n., iron, sword
imperium, - n., power, rule
rgnum, - n., kingdom
saxum, - n., rock, stone
tlum, - n., javelin, weapon
verbum, - n., word
2nd Declension: Neuter Plurals
arma, -rum n. pl., arms
castra, -rum n. pl., camp
3rd Declension: Masculine
cnsul, cnsulis m., consul
dux, ducis m., leader
fnis, -is (-ium) m., end; (pl.) territory
frter, frtris m., brother
furor, -ris m., rage, fury
hom, hominis m., human, man
hostis, hostis (-ium) m., enemy
ignis, -is (-ium) m., fire
labor, labris m., work, hardship, labor
mles, mlitis m., soldier
mns, montis (-ium) m., mountain
nm, nminis m., no one, nobody
pater, patris m., father
ps, pedis m., foot
pns, pontis (-ium) m., bridge
rx, rgis m., king
1st Declension: Masculine
agricola, -ae m., farmer
incola, -ae m., inhabitant
nauta, -ae m., sailor
prta, -ae m., pirate
pota, -ae m., poet
scrba, -ae m., secretary, writer
2nd Declension: Masculine
ager, agr m., field
animus, - m., spirit, mind, (pl.) bravery
annus, - m., year
campus, - m., field, plain, playing field
deus, - m., god
discipulus, - m., student
dominus, - m., master
equus,  m., horse
flius, - m., son
liber, libr m, book
locus, - m (loca, -rum n. pl.), place
magister, magistr m., teacher
mrus, - m., wall
nuntius, - m., messenger
oculus, - m., eye
puer, puer m., boy
servus, - m., slave
socius, - m., ally
3rd Declension: Feminine
gns, gentis (-ium) f., nation, tribe
lx, lgis f., law
lx, lcis f., light
mter, mtris f., mother
mns, mentis (-ium) f., mind, intention
mors, mortis f. (-ium), death
nvis, nvis (-ium) f., ship
nox, noctis (-ium) f., night
pars, partis f., (-ium), part, direction
soror, sorris f., sister
urbs, urbis (-ium) f., city
virg, virginis f., maiden
vx, vcis f., voice
81
Proper Nouns
Asia, -ae f., Asia Minor (modern Turkey)
Augustus, - m., Augustus Caesar
Caesar, Caesaris m., Gaius Julius Casear
Cicer, Ciceronis m., Marcus Tullius Cicero
Gaius, - m., Gaius Caesar
Italia, -ae f., Italy
Iuppiter, Iovis m., Jupiter
Livius, Livi m., Titus Livius
Ns, Nsnis m., Publius Ovidius Naso (Ovid)
Numa, -ae m., Numa Pompilius
Olympus, - m., Mount Olympus
Pompeius, Pompei m., Pompey
Pythagoras, -ae m., Pythagoras
Rma, -ae f., Rome
Vergilius, Vergili m., Publius Vergilius Maro (Vergil)
3rd Declension: Masculine and Feminine
cvis, cvis (-ium) m. / f., citizen
comes, comitis m. / f., companion
coniunx, coniugis m. / f., spouse
3rd Declension: Neuter
agmen, agminis n., column (of men)
caput, capitis n., head
carmen, carminis n, song
corpus, corporis n., body
genus, -eris n., kind, sort
iter, itineris n., journey, road, way
is, iris n., law, right
ltus, ltoris n., shore, beach, coast
lmen, lminis n., light
mare, maris (-ium) n., sea
moenia, -ium n. pl., walls
nmen, nminis n., name
onus, oneris n., burden
opus, operis n., task, work
s, oris n., mouth
pectus, pectoris n., breast, chest, heart
scelus, sceleris n., crime
sdus, sderis n., star
tempus, tempris n., time
ADJECTIVES
4th Declension: Masculine
csus, -s m., chance, fall, misfortune
exercitus, -s m., army
flctus, -s m., wave, flood, sea
fructus, -s m., benefit, enjoyment, fruit
gradus, -s m., step
ictus, -s m., blow, strike
sentus, -s m., senate
sus, -s m., application, practice, use, skill
st
1 and 2nd Declension
aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick
alius, -a, -um, another, other
alter, altera, alterum, the other ( of two)
altus, -a, -um, deep, high, tall
amicus, -a, -um, friendly
antquus, -a, -um, ancient
ter, tra, trum, black, dark
bonus, -a, -um, good
crus, -a, -um, dear
fessus, -a, -um, exhausted, tired
idneus, -a, -um, suitable
rtus, -a, -um, angry
laetus, -a, -um, happy, joyful
lber, lbera, lberum, free
longus, -a, -um, long
magnus, -a, -um, large
malus, -a, -um, bad, evil
maximus, -a, -um, most
meus, -a, -um, mine, my
minimus, -a, -um, smallest, least
miser, misera, miserum, unhappy, wretched
multus, -a, -um, much, many
neuter, neutra, neutrum, neither
noster, nostra, nostrum, our
novus, -a, -um, new
4th Declension: Feminine
domus, -s, f., home, household
manus, -s f., hand
4th Declension: Neuter
corn, -s n., horn
5th Declension
dis, - m., day
fids, -e f., loyalty, faith
rs, re f., thing, affair, matter
rs pblica, re pblicae f., state, republic
specis, - f., appearance, sight
sps, spe f., hope
Indeclinable
nihil n., nothing
82
nullus, -a, -um, no, not any
optimus, -a, -um, best, excellent
parvus, -a, -um, little, small
pauc, -ae, -a, few
pessimus, -a, -um, worst
pius, -a, -um, devoted, dutiful, loyal
plurimus, -a, -um , most, very many
prmus, -a, -um, first
proximus, -a, -um, next, nearest
pblicus, -a, -um, public
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful
sacer, sacra, sacrum, holy
secundus, -a, -um, second
slus, -a, -um, alone, only, sole
suus, -a, -um, his, her, its, their (own)
tertius, -a, -um, third
ttus, -a, -um, entire, whole
tuus, -a, -um, your, yours
ullus, -a, -um, any
nus, -a, -um, one
uter, utra, utrum, which (of two)
vacuus, -a, -um, empty
vester, vestra, vestrum, your, yours
Proper Adjectives
Gallus, -a, -um, Gaul, Gallic
Rmnus, -a, -um, Roman
PRONOUNS
Personal and Reflexive
ego, me I
is, ea, id, he, she, it
ns, nostrum / nostr we
su (gen.), himself, herself, itself, themselves
t, tu you (sg.)
vs, vestrum / vestr you (pl.)
Relative
qu, quae, quod, who, which, that
Demonstrative
hic, haec, hoc, this, these
dem, eadem, idem, same
ille, illa, illud, that, those
is, ea, id, that, this
iste, ista, istud, that (of yours)
Intensive
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, himself, herself, itself, themselves,
myself, yourself, ourselves, yourselves; in
person; very
3rd Declension: 3 Terminations
cer, cris, cre, fierce, keen, sharp
celer, celeris, celere, quick, swift
ADVERBS
3rd Declension: 2 Terminations
brevis, -e, brief, short
difficilis, -e, difficult
dissimilis, -e, dissimilar, unlike
dulcis, -e, sweet
facilis, -e, easy
fortis, -e, strong, brave
gracilis, -e, graceful, slender
gravis, -e, heavy, serious
humilis, -e, humble, low
maior, maius, greater
melior, melius, better
minor, minus, smaller, less
omnis, -e, all, every
peior, peius, worse
similis, -e, like, similar
trstis, -e, sad
tilis, -e, useful
aegr, painfully, with difficulty
bene, well
crs, tomorrow
di, for a long time
heri, yesterday
hc, here
hodi, today
ib, there
long, far
magis (compar. of magnopere), more
magnopere, greatly
maxim, very greatly
modo, just, only
nn, not
numquam, never
nunc, now
parum, too little
prm, at first
quam, than, (+ superlative), as…as possible
quondam, at one time, formerly, once
saepe, often
semper, always
statim, at once, immediately
subit, suddenly
3rd Declension: 1 Termination
audx, audcis, bold
flx, flcis, happy
ingns, ingentis, huge, vast
sapins, sapientis, wise
83
tamen, nevertheless, yet
tandem, at length, finally
tum, at that time, then
tunc, at that time, then
vix, hardly, scarcely
tamen, nevertheless, yet
ubi, when, where
ut (+ ind.), as
PREPOSITIONS
With the Ablative
, away from, by, from
ab, away from, by, from
cum, with, along with
d, down from, about, concerning
, from, out of
ex, from, out of
in, in, on
pr, in front of, on behalf of
sine, without
sub, under
NUMERALS
Cardinals
nus, -a, -um, one
duo, duae, duo, two
trs, tria, three
quattuor, four
quinque, five
sex, six
septem, seven
octo, eight
novem, nine
decem, ten
centum, hundred
With the Accusative
ad, at, to, towards
ante, before
circum, around
in, against, into, onto
inter, among, between
ob, because of, on account of
per, through
post, behind, after
propter, on account of, because of
Ordinals
prmus,-a,-um, first
secundus, -a, -um, second
IDIOMS
CONJUNCTIONS
bellum gerere, wage war
d (+ abl.) agere, talk about
gratis agere (+ dat.), thank, give thanks
vtam agere, lead a life
iter facere, make a journey, march
poens dare, pay the penalty
ac, and
antequam, before
atque, and
aut, or
aut…aut, either…or
autem, but, however, moreover
dum, while
enim, for
et, and
etiam, also, even
igitur, therefore
iam, already, now
nam, for
nec, and…not, nor
neque, and…not, nor
neque…neque, neither…nor
nn modo … sed etiam, not only … but also
postquam, after
-que, and
quod, because
sed, but
84
VOCABULARY
Nouns: The nominative singular of each noun is given followed by the genitive singular. For regular nouns of
the first, second, fourth and fifth declension, only the genitive singular ending is given (e.g. mrus, -). Where the stem
cannot be determined from the nominative singular form, as in some second declension nouns and in the third
declension, the full form of the genitive singular is given. Third I-stem nouns are indicated in the lists by (-ium).
Adjectives: Adjectives whose stems can be determined from the nominative singular masculine form appear as
the nominative masculine singular with the endings for the other genders (e.g., bonus, -a, -um; trstis, -e). Adjectives
whose stems cannot be determined from the nominative singular masculine are written out fully: all three genders in the
case of the adjectives of three or two terminations (e.g., ter, tris, tre; melior, melius); the nominative and genitive
singulars in the case of adjectives of one termination (e.g.,flx, flcis).
Verbs: The first person singular present indicative active of each verb is listed. If the verb is regular (i.e. forms
its stems like am, mone, or audi), a numeral follows to indicate its conjugation (laud (1), I praise). If the verb is
irregular, its principal parts are given.
Words introduced in New First Steps In Latin are followed by an asterisk (*). Words introduced in New
Second Steps in Latin chapters are marked with the lesson number in Roman numerals in square brackets [I]. Words
used in the reading lessons are shown as “P” and the paragraph number in which they occur [P1].
LATIN – ENGLISH VOCABULARY
agmen, agminis n., column (of men) [XVI]
A
ag, agere, g, actum, drive, do, treat, deal with [III]
 (+ abl.), away from, by, from *
d (+abl.) agere, talk about, debate about [III]
ab (+ abl.), away, by, from *
gratis agere (+ dat.), thank [III]
abscd, -ere, -cd, -csum, cut away, cut off [P5]
vtam agere, lead a life [III]
absum, abesse, fu, futrus, be away [XXIV]
agricola, -ae m., farmer *
ac, conj., and [XVII]
alius, -a, -um, another, other [XXIX]
accd, -ere, access, accessum, approach, come up to
alter, altera, alterum, the other (of two) [XXIX]
[P7]
altus, -a, -um, deep, high, tall *
accipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum, receive *
amcus, -a, -um, friendly *
accurr, accurrere, accurs, accursum, run to [P7]
amcus, -I, m., friend *
cer, cris, cre, fierce, keen, sharp *
am (1), like, love *
Acrisius, - m., Acrisius, king of Argos
Andromeda, -ae f., Andromeda, daughter of Cepheus and
ad (+ acc.), to, towards, at *
Cassiope, saved by Perseus
addc, -ere, addx, adductum, lead to [P2]
anguis, -is m., -f., serpent, snake [P4]
ade, adre, adi (-v), aditum, go to, go toward [P9]
animus, - m., mind, spirit; (pl.) bravery [XIII]
adfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum, affect, do to, move [P9]
annus, - m., year *
adhc, adv., still, to this point, yet [P1]
ante (+ acc.), before [VIII]
adlig (1), bind, tie [P7]
antequam, adv., before [VII]
adsum, adesse, adfu, adfutrus, be present [XXIV]
antquus, -a, -um, ancient [XXIV]
adulscns, adulscentis m./f., youth [P3]
Apollo, Apollinis m., Apollo, the god of prophecy
aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick *
aqua, -ae f., water *
aegr, adv., painfully, with difficulty [VI]
arca, -ae f., box, chest [P1]
aes, aeris n., bronze, copper [P4]
arde, ardre, ars, arsrus, burn, be inflamed, blaze [I]
Aethiops, -pis m., Ethiopian, people of inland Africa
arma, -rum n. pl., arms [IV]
ager, agr m., field *
ascend, -ere, ascend, ascnsum, ascend,
85
Asia, -ae f., Asia Minor, (modern Turkey)
cter, -ae, -a, the remaining, the rest [P4]
at, but [XVII]
Cicer, Cicernis m., Marcus Tullius Cicero, Roman
ter, tra, trum, black, dark *
statesman and orator (106-43 B.C.)
atque, conj., and [XVII]
circum (+ acc.), around [VIII]
audx, audcis, bold *
cvis, cvis (-ium) m. / f., citizen *
audi (4), hear, listen to *
clm (1), shout [XXII]
Augustus, - m., Augustus Caesar, Roman emperor (63
cog, cogere, cog, coactum, compel, drive together,
B.C. - A.D. 14)
force, gather [V]
aurum, - n., gold [XXIII]
collum, - n., neck [P8]
aut, conj., or [II]
comes, comitis m., / f., companion [VI]
aut…aut, conj., either…or [II]
comprehend, -ere, -hend, -hensum, grasp, seize [P1]
autem, conj., however, but, moreover [I]
confer, conferre, contul, colltum, bring together;
(with s) take onesself , go [P10]
avus, - m., grandfather [P1]
conici, conicere, conic, coniectum, cast, hurl, throw,
B
throw together [P1]
betus, -a, -um, blessed, happy [P3]
coniunx, coniugis m. / f., spouse, husbadn, wife [XXVII]
bellum,  n., war *
cnor, cnr, cntus sum, try, attempt [XVIII]
bellum gerere, wage war *
cnsilium, - n., plan [P3]
bene, adv., well [VI]
cnsist, -ere, cnstit, cnstitum, stop [XI]
beneficium, - n., kindness, service, benefit [P2]
cnspectus, -s m., sight [P5]
bonus, -a, -um, good *
cnstitu, -ere, cnstitu, cnstittum, decide, determine,
brevis, -e, brief, short *
establish [IV]
cnsul, cnsulis m., consul [XIX]
C
cnsul, -ere, cnsulu, cnsultum, consult, resolve [P3]
caelum, - n., sky, heaven [XXIII]
contend, contendere, contend, contentum, compete,
Caesar, Caesaris m., Gaius Julius Caesar, Roman
hasten, hurry, make effort, march, strive [XVI]
statesman and general (102-44 B.C.)
continns, continentis f., mainland [P4]
campus, - m., field, plain, playing field *
conveni, -re, convn, conventum, come together,
cant (1), sing *
convene [P11]
capi, capere, cp, captum, capture, seize, take *
corn, -s n., horn *
caput, capitis n., head *
corpus, corporis n., body *
carmen, carminis n., song *
cottdi, adv., daily [P6]
crus, -a, -um, dear *
crs, adv., tomorrow [III]
castra, -rum, n. pl., camp [IV]
cum (+ abl.), with, along with *
csus, -s m., chance, fall, misfortune *
cra, -ae f., care, concern, worry [XIX]
causa, -ae f., cause, reason [P5]
curr, -ere, cucurr, cursum, run, hasten [XXII]
celer, celeris, celere, quick, swift *
centum, hundred [XXIX]
D
Cepheus, - m., Cepheus, king of Cephenes in Ethiopia
Dana, Danas f., Danaë, mother of Perseus, daughter of
Cerberus, -, m., Cerberus, 3-headed dog, guardian of the
Acrisius
Underworld [XXIX]
d (+ abl.), down from, about, concerning *
cern, cernere, crv, crtum, decide, discern, perceive *
dea, -ae f., (dat. / abl. pl. debus), goddess *
certmen, certminis n., contest, struggle [P11]
decem, ten [XXIX]
certus, -a, -um, certain [P7]
ddc, -ere, ddx, dductum, lead away, remove [P7]
86
dfend, dfendere, dfend, dfensum, defend [XVI]
enim, conj., for [I]
dle, dlre, dlv, dltum, destroy *
e, adv., to that place [P10]
dplr (1), lament, mourn [P7]
e, re, i / v, itum, go [XXVI]
dpn, -ere, dposu, dpositum, put down [P9]
epistula, -ae f., letter *
dscend, -ere, dscend, dscnsum, descend
equus,  m., horse [I]
dsertus, -a, -um, deserted [P10]
err (1), make a mistake, wander *
dsuper, adv., above, from above [P7]
et, conj., and *
deus, - m., god *
etiam, conj., also, even [I]
dvor (1), devour, swallow [P6]
nn modo … sed etiam, conj., not only … but also [II]
Diana, -ae f., Diana, goddess of the moon and the hunt
ex,  (+ abl.) from, out of *
dc, dcere, dx, dictum, say, speak, tell *
exanim (1), exhaust [P9]
dis, - m., day *
excd, excdere, excess, excessum, go out, depart [XI]
difficilis, -e, difficult *
excit (1), awaken, rouse [P5]
dmitt, -ere,dms, dmissum, send away, dismiss [P3]
exercitus, -s m., army *
discd, -ere, discess, discessum, depart, withdraw,
exg, exgere, exg, exactum, drive out [V]
leave [P4]
exspect (1), look out [P7]
discipulus, - m., student [XIII]
extrah, extrahere, extrx, extrctum, drag out [P6]
discus,  m., discus [P11]
exu, exuere, exu, extum, put off, take off [P9]
dissimilis, -e, dissimilar, unlike [IX]
F
di, adv., for a long time [XII]
ditius, adv. (compar. of di), for a longer time [XXVIII]
facilis, -e, easy *
ditissim, adv., (superl. of di), for the longest time,
faci, facere, fc, factum, do, make *
iter facere, make a journey, march *
for a very long time [XXVIII]
factum, - n., deed *
do, dare, ded, datum, give *
falx, falcis, f., sickle, sword (curved) [P4]
poens dare, pay the penalty [XIX]
doce, docre, docu, doctum, teach *
fma, -ae f., rumor, reputation, glory [III]
dolor, dolris m., grief, pain [P6]
ftum, - n., fate [XXIII]
dominus, - m., master *
flx, flcis, happy *
domus, -s, f, home, household *
fer, ferre, tul, ltum, bear, bring, carry, endure [XIX]
dnum, - n., gift *
ferrum, - n., iron, sword [XXIII]
dormi, - re, dormi / dormv, dormtum, sleep [P1]
fessus, -a, -um, exhausted, tired *
dc, dcere, dx, ductum, lead *
fids, -e f., loyalty, faith *
flia, -ae f., (dat. / abl. pl. flibus) daughter *
in mtrimnium dcere, marry [P3]
dulcis, -e, sweet *
flius, - m., son *
dum, while [II]
fnis, -is (-ium) m., end, (pl.) territory [II]
duo, duae, duo, two [XXIX]
flamma, -ae f., flame [III]
dux, ducis m., leader *
flctus, -s m., wave, flood, sea*
forte, adv., accidentally, by chance [P11]
E
fortis, -e, strong, brave *
, ex (+ abl.), from, out of *
fortna, -ae f., fortune, luck [III]
d, dere, did, ditum, give out [P8]
frter, frtris m., brother *
dc, dcere, dx, ductum, lead out,
fremitus, -s m., groan, roar, rumble [P7]
unsheath [P8]
fructus, -s m., benefit, enjoyment, fruit [XXI]
ego, me, I [II]
frustr, adv., in vain [P4]
87
I
fuga, -ae f., flight, escape [III]
fugi, fugere, fg, fugitrus, flee, run away, avoid *
iam, adv., already, now [XXII]
furor, -ris m., rage, fury [XIX]
ibi, adv., there [XII]
ictus, -s m., blow, strike [XXI]
G
dem, eadem, idem, same [I]
Gaius, Gai m., common Roman name; Gaius Caesar,
idneus, -a, -um, suitable [XXVIII]
Roman emperor (A.D.12 - 41)
igitur, conj., therefore [VII]
galea, -ae f., helmet [P4]
ignvus, -a, -um, idle, lazy [P3]
gaudium,  n., joy, gladness [P9]
ignis, -is (-ium) m., fire [II]
gns, gentis (-ium) f., nation, tribe *
ignr (1), have no knowledge of [P4]
genus, -eris n., kind, sort [VIII]
ille, illa, illud, that, those [XI]
ger, gerere, gess, gestum, carry on, conduct *
imperium, - n., power, rule [XXIII]
bellum gerere, wage war *
impetus, -s m., attack [P8]
gladius, - m., sword [P8]
in (+ abl.), in, on *
Gorgo(n), Gorgonis f., Gorgon, three monstrous
in (+ acc.), into, onto, against *
daughters of Phorcys and Ceto with hair of
incd, incdere, incess, incessum, go in [XI]
snakes
incipi, incipere, incp, inceptum, begin [IV]
gracilis, -e, graceful, slender [IX]
incld, includere, incls, inclsum, enclose, imprison,
gradus, -s m., step *
shut up [P1]
Graeae, -arum f., Graeae, three sisters of the Gorgons
incola, -ae m., inhabitant *
gratia, -ae f., favor; in plural, thanks [III]
indu, induere, indu, indtum, clothe, put on [P4]
gratis agere (+ dat.), thank, give thanks [III]
ine, inre, ini (inv), initum, go in [P11]
grtus, -a, -um, pleasing [P3]
infans, infantis (-ium) m. / f., infant [P1]
gravis, -e, heavy, serious *
infici, inficere, infc, infectum, dye, stain [P8]
graviter, seriously
ingns, ingentis, huge, vast *
inrump, inrumpere, inrp, inruptum, burst in [P10]
H
inspici, inspicere, inspex, inspectum, look into or upon
habe (2), have, hold; consider [I]
[XVII]
habit (1), dwell, live [P3]
insula, -ae f., island [P2]
Hammon, Hammonis, m., Hammon, Egyptian god
inter (+ acc.), among, between [VIII]
harna, -ae f., sand [P2]
interficio, -ficere, -fc, -fectum, kill *
heri, adv., yesterday [III]
inveni, invenre, invn, invntum, come upon, find [P2]
hc, adv., here [XII]
invidia, -ae f., envy, hatred, jealousy [III]
hic, haec, hoc, this, these [VI]
Iove, (abl. of Iuppiter)
hodi, adv., today [III]
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,
hom, hominis m., human, man [XVII]
ourselves, yourselves, themselves; in person; very
honor, honris m., honor, office
[XXVI]
hra, -ae f., hour *
ra, -ae f., anger, wrath *
horribilis, -e, horrible [P4]
rtus, -a, -um, angry *
hostis, hostis (-ium) m., enemy [II]
is, ea, id, he, she, it, that, this, them, those, these [I]
hc, adv., hither, to this place [P10]
iste, ista, istud, that (of yours), those ( of yours) [XI]
humilis, -e, humble, low [IX]
Italia, -ae f., Italy
iter, itineris n., journey, road, way *
iter facere, make a journey, march *
88
iterum, adv., again [P8]
iube, iubre, iuss, iussum, order, command, bid [XIII]
Iuppiter, Iovis m., Jupiter [P1]
maximus, -a, -um, (superl. of magnus) most, greatest [XXVIII]
is, iris n., law, right *
melior, melius (compar. of bonus), better [VIII]
iuvenis, -is m., youth [P3]
mns, mentis (-ium) f., mind, intention [II]
Medsa, -ae f., Medusa, one of the Gorgons, whose gaze
turned people to stone
mentior, mentr, menttus sum, lie, tell a lie [XVIII]
L
merg, mergere, mers, mersum, plunge, sink [P8]
labor, labris m., work, labor, hardship [XIX]
meritus, -a, -um, deserved, due [P9]
lbor, lb, lapsus sum, collapse, slip [XVIII]
meus, -a, -um, my, mine *
lacrima, -ae f., tear [XIX]
mles, mlitis m., soldier *
laetus, -a, -um, happy, joyful [XXIV]
Minerva, -ae f., Minerva, goddess of wisdom, war and
Larisa, -ae f., Larisa, city in Thessaly
weaving
laud (1), praise *
minimus, -a, -um (superl. of parvus), smallest, least [IX]
leg, legere, lg, lectum, choose, pick out, read [XXIII]
minor, minus (compar. of parvus), smaller, less [VIII]
lx, lgis f., law *
miser, misera, miserum, unhappy, wretched *
libenter, adv., freely, willingly [P2]
mitt, mittere, ms, missum, send *
lber, lbera, lberum, free *
modo, adv., only, just [II]
liber, libr m., book *
nn modo … sed etiam, conj., not only … but also [II]
ligneus, -a, -um, wooden [P1]
modus, - m., manner, way [P5]
ltus, ltoris n., shore, coast, beach *
moenia, -ium n. pl., walls [IV]
Livius, -, m., Titus Livius (Livy), Roman historian (59
mone (2), advise, warn *
B.C.- A.D. 17)
mns, montis (-ium) m., mountain *
locus, - m. (loca, -rum n. pl.), place [IV]
mnstr (1), show *
long, adv., far [VI]
mnstrum, - n., monster [P6]
longus, -a, -um, long *
mora, -ae f., delay [P8]
ldus, - m., game, sport [P11]
morior, mor, mortuus sum, die [XVIII]
lmen, lminis n., light [XVI]
mors, mortis (-ium) f., death [XXVIII]
lx, lcis f., light *
move, movre, mv, mtum, move *
mox, adv., soon [P8]
M
multum, adv., much [VI]
magicus, -a, -um, magical [P4]
multus, -a, -um, much, many *
magis, adv., (compar. of magnopere), more; rather
mni (4), fortify *
[XXVIII]
mrus, - m., wall *
magister, magistr m., teacher *
mt (1), change, transform [P5]
magnopere, adv., greatly [VI]
magnus, -a, -um, large, great *
N
maior, maius (compar. of magnus), greater [VIII]
nam, conj., for [I]
ml, mlle, mlu, —, prefer [XXI]
nrr (1), tell [P1]
malus, -a, -um, bad, evil, wicked *
Ns, Nsnis m., Publius Ovidius Naso (Ovid), Roman
mane, manre, mns, mnsum, remain, stay *
poet (43 B.C. – A.D. 17)
manus, -s f., hand *
ntra, -ae f., nature [P4]
mare, maris (-ium) n., sea *
nauta, -ae m., sailor *
mter, mtris f., mother *
nvis, nvis (-ium) f., ship *
maxim, adv. (superl. of magnopere) very greatly [XXVIII]
nec, conj., and…not, nor [XXII]
89
nm, nminis m., no one, nobody [XIV]
ostend, ostendere, ostend, ostentum, show, stretch out
Neptnus, - m., Neptune, god of the sea
before [P10]
neque, conj., and…not, nor [XXII]
P
neque…neque, conj., neither…nor [XXII]
neuter, neutra, neutrum, neither [XXIX]
paene, adv., almost, practically [P9]
numquam, adv., never [XIV]
par (1), prepare *
nihil (indecl.) n., nothing [XIV]
pars, partis (-ium) f., part, direction [XXVIII]
nl, nlle, nlu, —, be unwilling, not want, not wish
parum, adv., too little [VI]
parvus, -a, -um, little, small *
[XXI]
nmen, nminis n., name *
pater, patris m., father *
nn, adv., not *
patior, pat, passus sum, endure, experience, suffer [XVIII]
nn modo … sed etiam, conj., not only … but
patria, -ae, native land *
also [II]
pauc, -ae, -a, few [XXVII]
ns, nostrum / nostr, we, [II]
pavor, pavris m., panic, terror [P6]
noster, nostra, nostrum, our *
pectus, pectoris n., breast, chest, heart *
novem, nine [XXIX]
peior, peius (compar. of malus), worse, rather bad [IX]
novus, -a, -um, new [XXIV]
per (+ acc.), through [VIII]
nox, noctis (-ium) f., night *
perdc, perdcere, perdx, perductum, lead through [P2]
nullus, -a, -um, no, not any, none [XXIX]
perculum, - n., danger, peril [P6]
Numa, -ae m., Numa Pompilius, legendary second king
Perseus, - m., Perseus, son of Zeus and Danaë
perveni, pervenre, pervn, perventum, arrive [P4]
of Rome (8th-7th century B.C.)
numquam, adv., never [XIV]
ps, pedis m., foot [IX]
nunc, adv., now [VII]
pessimus, -a, -um (superl. of malus), worst, very bad [IX]
nunti (1), announce, report *
pet, petere, petiv, pettum, seek, ask for [III]
nuntius, - m., messenger *
prta, -ae m., pirate *
pisctor, pisctoris m., fisherman [P2]
O
pius, -a, -um, devoted, dutiful, loyal *
ob (+ acc.), because of, on account of [VII]
plurimus, -a, -um (superl. of multus), most, very many
occup (1), seize [P6]
[IX]
octo, eight [XXIX]
poena, -ae f., punishment [XIX]
oculus, - m., eye [IX]
poens dare, pay the penalty
offend, offendere, offend, offnsum, offend [P6]
pota, -ae m., poet *
Olympus, - m., Mount Olympus, mountain on the
Polydects, -is, m., Polydectes, king of Seriphos
border of Thessaly and Macedonia, home of
Pompeius, - m., Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, Roman general
the gods and goddesses
and statesman (106 B.C.-48 B.C.)
omnn, entirely [P10]
pn, pnere, posu, positum, place, put, set up *
omnis, -e, all, every *
pns, pontis (-ium) m., bridge *
onus, oneris n., burden *
porta, -ae f., gate *
optimus, -a, -um (superl. of bonus), best, excellent [IX]
port (1), carry *
opt (1), desire [P6]
possum, posse, potu, —, be able, can [XIII]
opus, operis n., task, work *
post (+ acc.), after, behind [VIII]
ra, -ae f., shore, edge, rim *
poste, adv., afterwards [P8]
rculum, - n., oracle [P1]
postquam, conj., after [VII]
s, oris n., mouth [VIII]
praest, praestre, praestit, praesttum, exhibit, show [P3]
90
prm, adv., at first [VI]
Rmnus, -a, -um, Roman
prmus, -a, -um, first *
rrsus, adv., again [P8]
pr (+ abl.), in front of, on behalf of *
S
prgredior, prgred, prgressus sum, advance, go
sacer, sacra, sacrum, holy *
forward, march forward [P7]
propter (+ acc.), on account of, because of [VII]
saepe, adv., often [XIV]
proximus, -a, -um, next, nearest *
sals, saltis f., safety [P9]
pblicus, -a, -um, public [XXIV]
sanguis, sanguinis m., blood [P8]
puella, -ae f., girl *
sapins, sapientis, wise *
puer, puer m, boy *
saxum, - n., rock, stone [XVII]
pugn (1), fight *
scelus, sceleris n., crime [VIII]
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful *
scrba, -ae m., secretary, writer *
puni (4), punish *
scrb, scrbere, scrps, scrptum, write *
put (1), think, consider [IV]
s (acc. / abl. of su), himself, herself, itself, themselves
[XIV]
Pythagoras, -ae m., Pythagoras, Greek
secundus, -a, -um, second [XXIX]
Q
sed, conj., but *
quam, conj., than, rather than [VIII]
nn modo … sed etiam, conj., not only … but
quam (+ superlative), adv., as…as possible [XXVIII]
also [II]
quattuor, four [XXIX]
sede, sedre, sd, sessum, sit *
-que, adv., and *
sds, sdis f., abode, seat [P2]
qu, quae, quod, who, which, that, what [XVI]
semper, adv., always [XIV]
quis, quitis f., quiet, rest, sleep [P2]
sentus, -s m., senate [XXI]
quinque, five [XXIX]
Seneca, -ae m., Lucius Annaeus Seneca (ca. 2 B.C.-A.D.
quod, conj., because *
65) philosopher and advisor to Nero
quondam, adv., at one time, formerly, once [XXVII]
senti, sentre, sns, snsum, feel, perceive [XXII]
septem, seven [XXIX]
R
sequor, sequ, sectus sum, follow [XVIII]
redd, reddere, reddid, redditum, give back [P9]
Serphs, - f., Seriphos, island in the Cyclades
rede, redre, redi / redv, reditum, go back [P11]
serv (1), save, guard, watch over *
redg, redgere, redg, redactum, drive back [V]
servus, - m., slave *
reditus, -s m., return [P8]
sex, six [XXIX]
refer, referre, rettul, reltum, bring back, refer [XIX]
sibi (dat. of reflexive su), himself, herself, itself,
rgia, -ae f., palace [P3]
themselves [XIV]
rgna, -ae f., queen *
sdus, sderis n., star [XXVI]
rgnum, - n., kingdom *
silva, -ae f., forest, woods *
reg, regere, rx, rctum, rule *
similis, -e, like, similar *
relinqu, relinquere, relqu, relictum, leave behind,
sine (+ abl.), without *
leave [XI]
sinus, -s m., bosom, embrace [P1]
rs, re f., thing, affair, matter *
socius, - m., ally [I]
rs pblica, re pblicae, f. state, republic [XXIV]
slus, -a, -um, alone, only, sole [XXIX]
rx, rgis m., king *
solv, solvere, solv, soltum, loosen, release,
rog (1), ask *
unbind [P9]
Rma, -ae f., Rome
somnus, - m., sleep *
91
soror, sorris f., sister *
tunc, adv.,at that time, then [VII]
specis, - f., appearance, sight *
turb (1), disturb, stir up [P1]
speculum, - n., mirror, looking glass [P4]
turpis, -e, disgraceful [P3]
sps, spe f., hope *
ttus, -a, -um, safe [P2]
statim, adv., at once, immediately [XVII]
tuus, -a, -um, your, yours *
st, stre, stet, statum, stand *
U
sub (+ abl.), under *
sube, subre, subi / subv, subitum, undergo [XXVI]
ubi, adv., when, where [XII]
subit, adv., suddenly [XXII]
ullus, -a, -um, any [XXIX]
su (gen.), himself, herself, itself, themselves [XIV]
umbra, -ae f., shadow, ghost *
sum, esse, fu, futrus, be *
umerus, - m., shoulder [XIII]
surg, surgere, surrx, surrctum, rise, stretch upward,
unda, -ae f., wave [P8]
undique, adv., on all sides [P8]
swell *
nus, -a, -um, one [XXIX]
suus, -a, -um, his, her, its, their (own) [XIV]
urbs, urbis (-ium) f., city *
sus, -s m., use, application, practice, skill [XXI]
T
tlria, -ium n. pl., winged sandals [P4]
ut (+ ind.), conj., as [XIX]
tamen, conj., nevertheless, yet [VII]
uter, utra, utrum, which (of two) [XXIX]
tandem, adv., at length, finally [XII]
tilis, -e, useful *
teg, tegere, tx, tectum, cover, conceal, shelter *
uxor, uxris f., wife [P9]
tlum, - n., javelin, weapon *
V
tempests, tempesttis f., storm, tempest, weather [P1]
tempus, temporis n., time [XXVI]
vacuus, -a, -um, empty [P9]
tend, tendere, tetend, tentum, extend, proceed, stretch
vts, vtis m., seer, prophet [P6]
veni, venre, vn, ventum, come *
out *
tene, tenre, tenu, tentum, hold, contain *
ventus, - m., wind *
tergum, - n., back [P5]
verbum, - n., word *
terra, -ae f., land, earth, country *
vereor, verr, veritus sum, fear, respect [XVIII]
terre (2), frighten *
Vergilius, - m., Publius Vergilius Maro (Vergil), Roman
poet (70-19 B.C.)
terror, terrris m., fear, terror [P9]
tertius, -a, -um, third [XXIX]
vert, vertere, vert, versum, turn [P5]
time, timre, timu, —, be afraid of, fear *
vester, vestra, vestrum, your, yours *
toll, tollere, sustul, subltum, lift, raise [P8]
vet, vetre, vetu, vetitum, forbid, order . . . not [XIII]
ttus, -a, -um, entire, whole [XXIX]
via, -ae f., road, way [XII]
trd, trdere, trdid, trditum, hand across, hand
vide, vidre, vd, vsum, see, (pass.) seem, appear, be
seen
down [P6]
trah, trahere, trx, trctum, drag [XI]
vinc, vincere, vc, victum, conquer, defeat [XVI]
tranquillus, -a, -um, calm, tranquil [P2]
vinculum, - n., bond [P9]
trnsg, trnsgere, trnsg, trnsactum, accomplish,
vir, vir m., man *
virg, virginis f., maiden [XVII]
finish, pierce, run through [V]
trs, tria, three [XXIX]
virts, virttis f., courage [P3]
trstis, -e, sad *
vta, -ae f., life [III]
vtam agere , lead a life [III]
t, you (sg.) [II]
vt (1), avoid, escape [P11]
tum, adv., at that time, then [VII]
92
vv, vvere, vx, vctum, live [XI]
vix, adv., hardly, scarcely [XIX]
voc (1), call *
vol (1), fly [P4]
vol, velle, volu, —, want, wish [XXI]
volv, volvere, volv, voltum, roll *
vs, vestrum / vestr, you (pl.) [II]
vx, vcis f., voice *
vulner (1), wound, hurt *
93
ENGLISH – LATIN VOCABULARY
away from, , ab (+ abl.) *
A
about, d (+ abl.) *
B
accomplish, trnsg, trnsgere, trnsg, trnsactum [V]
bad, malus, -a, -um *
advise, mone (2) *
be, sum, esse, fu, futrus *
affair, rs, re f. *
be able, possum, posse, potu, — [XIII]
after, post (+ acc.) [VII]; (adv.), postquam [VII]
be afraid of, time, timre, timu, — *
against, in (+ acc.) *
be away, absum, abesse, fu, futrus [XXIV]
all, omnis, -e *
be inflamed, arde, ardre, ars, arsrus [I]
ally, socius, - m. [I]
be present, adsum, adesse, adfu, adfutrus [XXIV]
alone, slus, -a, -um [XXIX]
be seen, vide, vidre, vd, vsum, (pass.) *
along with, cum (+ abl.) *
be unwilling, nl, nlle, nlu, — [XXI]
already, iam, conj. [XXII]
beach, ltus, ltoris n. *
also, etiam, conj. [I]
bear, fer, ferre, tul, ltum [XIX]
always, semper [XIV]
beautiful, pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum *
among, inter (+ acc.) [VIII]
because, quod, conj. *
ancient, antquus, -a, -um [XXIV]
because of, ob (+ acc.), propter (+ acc.) [VII]
and, ac, atque [XVII], et, -que *
before, ante (+ acc.) [VIII]
and…not, nec, neque [XXII]
before, antequam, adv. [VII]
anger, ra, -ae f. *
begin, incipi, incipere, incp, inceptum [IV]
angry, rtus, -a, -um *
behind, post (+ acc.) [VIII]
announce, nunti (1) *
benefit, fructus, -s m. [XXI]
another, alius, -a, -um [XXIX]
best, optimus, -a, -um (superl. of bonus) [IX]
any, ullus, -a, -um [XXIX]
better, melior, melius (compar. of bonus) [VIII]
appear, vide, vidre, vd, vsum (pass.) *
between, inter (+ acc.) [VIII]
appearance, specis, - f. *
bid, iube, iubre, iuss, iussum [XIII]
application, sus, -s m. [XXI]
black, ter, tra, trum *
arms, arma, -rum n. pl. [IV]
blaze, arde, ardre, ars, arsrus [I]
army, exercitus, -s m. *
blow, ictus, -s m. [XXI]
around, circum (+ acc.) [VIII]
body, corpus, corporis n. *
as, ut (+ind.) [XIX]
bold, audx, audcis *
as…as possible, quam (+ superlative), adv. [XXVIII]
book, liber, libr m. *
ascend, ascend, -ere, ascend, ascnsum
boy, puer, puer m.*
ask, rog (1) *
brave, fortis, -e *
ask for, pet, petere, petv, pettum [III]
bravery, animus, - m. (pl.) [XIII]
at, ad (+ acc.) *
breast, pectus, pectoris n. *
at first, prm, adv. [VI]
bridge, pns, pontis (-ium) m. *
at length, tandem, adv. [XII]
brief, brevis, -e *
at once, statim, adv. [XVII]
bring, fer, ferre, tul, ltum [XIX]
at one time, quondam, adv. [XXVII]
bring back, refer, referre, rettul, reltum [XIX]
at that time, tum, tunc, adv. [VII]
brother, frter, frtris m. *
attempt, cnor, cnr, cntus sum [XVIII]
burden, onus, oneris n. *
avoid, fugi, fugere, fg, fugitrus *
burn, arde, ardre, ars, arsrus [I]
away, , ab (+ abl.) *
but, at, [XVII], autem, conj. [I], sed, conj. *
94
not only … but also, nn modo … sed etiam, conj. [II]
decide, cern, cernere, crv, crtum *; cnstitu, -ere,
by, , ab (+ abl.) *
cnstitu, cnstittum [IV]
deed, factum, - n. *
C
deep, altus, -a, -um *
Caesar, Caesar, Caesaris m.
defeat, vinc, vincere, vc, victum [XVI]
call, voc (1) *
depart, excd, excdere, excess, excessum [XI]
camp, castra, -rum n. pl. [IV]
descend, dscend, -ere, dscend, dscnsum,
can, possum, posse, potu, — [XIII]
destroy, dle, dlre, dlv, dltum *
capture, capi, capere, cp, captum *
determine, cnstitu, -ere, cnstitu, cnstittum [IV]
care, cra, -ae f. [XIX]
devoted, pius, -a, -um *
carry, fer, ferre, tul, ltum [XIX], port (1) *
die, morior, mor, mortuus sum [XVIII]
carry on, ger, gerere, gess, gestum *
difficult, difficilis, -e *
chance, csus, -s m. *
direction, pars, partis f. (-ium) [XXVIII]
chest, pectus, pectoris n. *.
discern, cern, cernere, crv, crtum *
choose, leg, legere, lg, lectum [XXIII]
dissimilar, dissimilis, -e [IX]
citizen, cvis, cvis (-ium) m. / f. *
divine, dvus, -a, -um [XXIV]
city, urbs, urbis (-ium) f. *
do, ag, agere, g, actum [III]; faci, facere, fc,
coast, ltus, ltoris n. *
factum *
collapse, lbor, lb, lapsus sum [XVIII]
down from, d (+ abl.) *
column (of men), agmen, agminis n. [XVI]
drag, trah, trahere, trx, trctum [XI]
come, veni, venre, vn, ventum *
drive, ag, agere, g, actum [III]
command, iube, iubre, iuss, iussum [XIII]
dutiful, pius, -a, -um *
companion, comes, comitis m. / f. [VI]
E
compel, cog, cogere, cog, coactum [V]
compete, contend, contendere, contend, contentum
earth, terra, -ae f. *
[XVI]
easy, facilis, -e *
conceal, teg, tegere, tx, tectum *
edge, ra, -ae f. *
concern, cra, -ae f. [XIX]
eight, octo [XXIX]
concerning, d (+ abl.) *
either…or, aut…aut, conj. [II]
conduct, gero, gerere, gess, gestum *
end, fnis, -is (-ium) m. [IV]
conquer, vinc, vincere, vc, victum [XVI]
endure, fer, ferre, tul, ltum [XIX]
consider, habe (2) [I], put (1) [IV]
endure, patior, pat, passus sum [XVIII]
consul, cnsul, cnsulis m. [XIX]
enemy, hostis, hostis (-ium) m. (usually pl. in Latin) [II]
contain, tene, tenre, tenu, tentum *
enjoyment, fructus, -s m. [XXI]
country, terra, -ae f. *
entire, ttus, -a, -um [XXIX]
cover, teg, tegere, tx, tectum *
envy, invidia, -ae f. [III]
crime, scelus, sceleris n. [VIII]
escape, fuga, -ae f. [III]
establish, cnstitu, -ere, cnstitu, cnstittum [IV]
D
even, etiam, conj. [I]
dark, ter, tra, trum *
every, omnis, -e *
daughter, flia, -ae f. (dat. / abl. pl. flibus) *
evil, malus, -a, -um *
day, dis, - m *
excellent, optimus, -a, -um (superl. of bonus) [IX]
deal with, ag, agere, g, actum [III]
exhausted, fessus, -a, -um *
dear, crus, -a, -um *
experience, patior, pat, passus sum [XVIII]
death, mors, mortis f. (-ium) [XXVIII]
extend, tend, tendere, tetend, tentum *
debate about, d (+ abl.) agere [III]
eye, oculus, - m. [IX]
95
F
G
faith, fids, -e f. *
gate, porta, -ae f. *
fall, csus, -s m. *
gather, cog, cogere, cog, coactum [V]
far, long, adv. [VI]
ghost, umbra, -ae f. *
farmer, agricola, -ae m. *
gift, dnum, - n. *
fate, ftum, - n. [XXIII]
girl, puella, -ae f. *
father, pater, patris m. *
give, d, dare, ded, datum *
favor, gratia, -ae f. [III]
give thanks, gratis agere (+ dat.) [III]
fear (verb), time, timre, timu, —*; vereor, verr,
go, e, re, i / v, itum [XXVI]
veritus sum [XVIII]
go in, incd, incdere, incess, incessum [XI]
feel, senti, sentre, sns, snsum [XXII]
go out, excd, excdere, excess, excessum [XI]
few, pauc, -ae, -a [XXVII]
god, deus, - m. *
field, ager, agr m. *
goddess, dea, -ae f. (dat. / abl. pl. debus) *
field, campus, - m. *
gold, aurum, - n. [XXIII]
fierce, cer, cris, cre *
good, bonus, -a, -um *
fight, pugn (1) *
graceful, gracilis, -e [IX]
finally, tandem, adv. [XII]
great, magnus, -a, -um *
fire, ignis, -is (-ium) m. [II]
greater, maior, maius (compar. of magnus) [VIII]
first, prmus, -a, -um *
greatly, magnopere, adv. [VI]
five, quinque [XXIX]
guard, serv (1) *
flame, flamma, -ae f. [III]
H
flee, fugi, fugere, fg, fugitrus *
flight, fuga, -ae f. [III]
hand, manus, -s f. *
flood, flctus, -s m. *
happy, flx, flcis *
follow, sequor, sequ, sectus sum [XVIII]
happy, laetus, -a, -um [XXIV]
foot, ps, pedis m. [IX]
hardly, vix, adv. [XIX]
for, enim (postpositive), conj., [I], nam, conj. [I]
hardship, labor, labris m. [XIX]
for a long time, di, adv. [XII]
hasten, contend, -ere, contend, contentum [XVI]
for a longer time, ditius (compar. of di), adv. [XXVIII]
hatred, invidia, -ae f. [III]
for the longest / a very long time, ditissim (superl. of
have, habe (2) [I]
he, she, it, is, ea, id [I]
di), adv. [XXVIII]
forbid, vet, vetre, vetu, vetitum [XIII]
head, caput, capitis n. *
force, cog, cogere, cog, coactum [V]
hear, audi (4) *
forest, silva, -ae f. *
heart, pectus, pectoris n. *
formerly, quondam, adv. [XXVII]
heaven, caelum, - n. [XXIII]
fortify, mni (4) *
heavy, gravis, -e *
fortune, fortna, -ae f. [III]
here, hc, adv. [XII]
four, quattuor [XXIX]
herself (intensive) ipse, ipsa, ipsum [XXVI]
free, lber, lbera, lberum *
herself (reflexive) su, sibi, s, s [XIV]
friend, amcus, -, m. *
high, altus, -a, -um *
friendly, amcus, -a, -um *
himself (intensive), ipse, ipsa, ipsum [XXVI]
frighten, terre (2) *
himself (reflexive), su, sibi, s, s [XIV]
from, , ab (+ abl.) *; , ex (+ abl.) *
his, her, its(own), suus, -a, -um [XIV]
fruit, fructus, -s m. [XXI]
hold, habe (2) [I]
fury, furor, -ris m. [XIX]
hold, tene, tenre, tenu, tentum *
holy, sacer, sacra, sacrum *
96
home, domus, -s, f *
law, lx, lgis f. *
honor, honor, honris m.
lead, dc, dcere, dx, ductum *
hope, sps, spe f. *
lead a life, vtam agere [III]
horn, corn, -s n *
leader, dux, ducis m. *
horse, equus,  m. [I]
least, minimus, -a, -um [IX]
hour, hra, -ae f. *
leave, relinqu, relinquere, relqu, relictum [XI]
house, household, domus, -s f *
leave behind, excd, excedere, excess, excessum [XI]
however, autem, conj. [I]
less, minor, minus [IX]
huge, ingns, ingentis *
letter, epistula, -ae f. *
human, hom, hominis m. [XVII]
lie, mentior, mentr, menttus sum [XVIII]
humble, humilis, -e [IX]
life, vta, -ae f. [III]
hundred, centum [XXIX]
light, lmen, lminis n. [XVI]; lx, lcis f. *
hurry, contend, contendere, contend, contentum [XVI]
like (adj.), similis, -e *
hurt, vulner (1) *
like (verb), am (1) *
listen to, audi (4) *
I
little, parvus, -a, -um *
I, ego, me [II]
live, vv, vvere, vx, vctum [XI]
immediately, statim, adv. [XVII]
long, longus, -a, -um *
in, in (+ abl.) *
look into or upon, inspici, inspicere, inspex,
in front of, pr (+ abl.) *
inspectum [XVII]
inhabitant, incola, -ae m. *
love, am (1) *
intention, mns, mentis (-ium) f. [II]
low, humilis, -e [IX]
into, in (+ acc.) *
loyal, pius, -a, -um *
iron, ferrum, - n. [XXIII]
loyalty, fids, -e f. *
Italy, Italia, -ae f.
luck, fortna, -ae f. [III]
itself (intensive), ipse, ipsa, ipsum [XXVI]
M
itself (reflexive), su, sibi, s, s [XIV]
maiden, virg, virginis f. [XVII]
J
make, faci, facere, fc, factum *
javelin, tlum, - n. *
make a journey, iter facere *
jealousy, invidia, -ae, f. [III]
make a mistake, err (1) *
journey, iter, itineris n. *
make an effort, contend, contendere, contend,
joyful, laetus, -a, -um [XXIV]
contentum [XVI]
just, modo, adv. [II]
man, hom, hominis m [XVII], vir, vir m. *
many, multus, -a, -um *
K
march, contend, contendere, contend, contentum [XVI]
keen, cer, cris, cre *
march, iter facere *
kill, interficio, -ficere, -fc, -fectum *
master, dominus, - m. *
kind, genus, -eris n. [VIII]
matter, rs, re f. *
king, rx, rgis m. *
messenger, nuntius, - m. *
kingdom, rgnum, - n. *
mind, animus, - m. [XIII]; mns, mentis (-ium) f. [II]
mine, meus, -a, -um *
L
labor, labor, labris m. [XIX]
misfortune, csus, -s m. *
land, terra, -ae f. *
more, magis (compar. of magnopere) [XXVIII]
large, magnus, -a, -um *
moreover, autem [I]
law, is, iris n. *
most(adv.), maxim [XXVIII]
97
most(adj.), plrimus, -a, -um (superl. of multus) [IX]
or, aut, conj. [II]
mother, mter, mtris f. *
order, iube, iubre, iuss, iussum [XIII]
mountain, mns, montis (-ium) m. *
order . . . not, vet, vetre, vetu, vetitum [XIII]
mouth, s, oris n. [VIII]
other, alius, -a, -um [XXIX]
move, move, movre, mv, mtum *
our, noster, nostra, nostrum *
much, multum, adv. [VI]
ourselves (intensive) ips, ipsae, ipsa [XXVI]
much, multus, -a, -um *
ourselves (reflexive) nostr, nbs, ns, nbis [XIV]
my, meus, -a, -um *
out of, , ex (+ abl.) *
myself (intensive) ipse, ipsa, ipsum [XXVI]
P
myself (reflexive) me, mihi, m, m [XIV]
painfully, aegr, adv. [VI]
N
part, pars, partis (-ium) f. [XXVIII]
name, nmen, nminis n. *
pay the penalty, poens dare
nation, gns, gentis (-ium) f. *
perceive, cern, cernere, crv, crtum *; senti,
native land, patria, -ae *
sentre, sns, snsum [XXII]
nearest, proximus, -a, -um *
pick out, leg, legere, lg, lectum [XXIII]
neither, neuter, neutra, neutrum [XXIX]
pirate, prta, -ae m. *
neither…nor, neque…neque, conj. [XXII]
place (noun), locus, - m. (loca, -rum n. pl.) [IV]
never, numquam, conj. [XIV]
place (verb), pn, pnere, posu, positum *
nevertheless, tamen, conj. [VII]
plain, campus, - m. *
new, novus, -a, -um [XXIV]
playing field, campus, - m. *
next, proximus, -a, -um *
poet, pota, -ae m. *
night, nox, noctis (-ium) f. *
power, imperium, - n. [XXIII]
nine, novem [XXIX]
practice, sus, -s m. [XXI]
no, nullus, -a, -um [XXIX]
praise, laud (1) *
none, nullus, -a, -um [XXIX]
prefer, ml, mlle, mlu, — [XXI]
no one, nm, nminis m. / f. [XIV]
prepare, par (1) *
nobody, nm, nminis m. / f. [XIV]
proceed, tend, tendere, tetend, tentum *
nor, nec, neque, conj. [XXII]
public, pblicus, -a, -um [XXIV]
not, nn, adv. *
punish, puni (4) *
not any, nullus, -a, -um [XXIX]
punishment, poena, -ae f. [XIX]
not only … but also, nn modo … sed etiam, conj. [II]
put, pn, pnere, posu, positum *
not want, nl, nlle, nlu, — [XXI]
Q
not wish, nl, nlle, nlu, — [XXI]
nothing, nihil (indecl.) n. [XIV]
queen, rgna, -ae f. *
now, iam, conj. [XXII]; nunc, adv. [VII]
quick, celer, celeris, celere *
R
O
often, saepe, adv. [XIV]
rage, furor, -ris m. [XIX]
on, in (+ abl.) *
rather, magis, adv. [XXVIII]
on account of, ob (+ acc.); propter (+ acc.) [VII]
rather than, quam, conj. [VIII]
on behalf of, pr (+ abl.) *
read, leg, legere, lg, lectum [XXIII]
once, quondam, adv. [XXVII]
receive, accipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum *
one, nus, -a, -um [XXIX]
refer, refero, referre, rettul, reltum [XIX]
only, modo, adv. [II], slus, -a, -um [XXIX]
remain, mane, manre, mns, mnsum *
onto, in (+ acc.) *
report, nnti (1) *
98
republic, rs pblica, re pblicae f. [XXIV]
show, monstr (1) *
reputation, fma, -ae f. [III]
sick, aeger, aegra, aegrum *
respect, vereor, verr, veritus sum [XVIII]
sight, specis, - f. *
right, is, iris n. *
similar, similis, -e *
rim, ra, -ae f. *
sing, cant (1) *
rise, surg, surgere, surrx, surrctum *
sister, soror, sorris f. *
road, iter, itineris n. *; via, -ae f. [XII]
sit, sede, sedre, sd, sessum *
rock, saxum, - n. [XVII]
situation, rs, re, f.*
roll, volv, volvere, volv, voltum *
six, sex [XXIX]
Roman, Rmnus, -a, -um
skill, sus, -s m. [XXI]
Rome, Rma, -ae f.
sky, caelum, - n. [XXIII]
rule (noun), imperium, - n. [XXIII]
slave, servus, - m. *
rule (verb), reg, regere, rx, rctum *
sleep, somnus, - m. *
rumor, fma, -ae f. [III]
slender, gracilis, -e [IX]
run, curr, -ere, cucurr, cursum [XXII]
slip, lbor, lb, lapsus sum [XVIII]
run away, fugi, fugere, fg, fugitrus *
small, parvus, -a, -um *
run through, trnsg, trnsgere, trnsg, trnsactum [V]
smaller, minor, minus (compar. of parvus) [VIII]
smallest, minimus, -a, -um (superl. of parvus) [IX]
S
soldier, mles, mlitis m. *
sad, trstis, -e *
sole, slus, -a, -um [XXIX]
sailor, nauta, -ae m. *
son, flius, - m. *
same, dem, eadem, idem [I]
song, carmen, carminis n. *
save, serv (1) *
sort, genus, -eris n. [VIII]
say, dc, dcere, dx, dictum *
speak, dc, dcere, dx, dictum *
scarcely, vix, adv. [XIX]
spirit, animus, - m. [XIII]
sea, flctus, -s m. *, mare, maris (-ium) n. *
spouse, coniunx, coniugis m. / f. [XXVII]
second, secundus, -a, -um [XXIX]
stand, st, stre, stet, statum *
secretary, scrba, -ae m. *
star, sdus, sderis n. [XXVI]
see, vide, vidre, vd, vsum *
state, rs pblica, re pblicae f. [XXIV]
seek, pet, petere, petv, pettum [III]
stay, mane, manre, mns, mnsum *
seem, vide, vidre, vd, vsum, (pass.) *
step, gradus, -s m. *
seize, capi, capere, cp, captum *
stone, saxum, - n. [XVII]
senate, sentus, -s m. [XXI]
stop, cnsist, -ere, cnstit, — [XI]
send, mitt, mittere, ms, missum *
stretch out, tend, tendere, tetend, tentum *
serious, gravis, -e *
stretch upward, surg, surgere, surrx, surrctum *
seriously, graviter, adv.
strike, ictus, -s m. [XXI]
set up, pn, pnere, posu, positum *
strive, contend, contendere, contend, contentum [XVI]
seven, septem [XXIX]
strong, fortis, -e *
shadow, umbra, -ae f. *
student, discipulus, - m. [XIII]
sharp, cer, cris, cre *
suddenly, subit, adv. [XXII]
shelter, teg, tegere, tx, tectum *
suffer, patior, pat, passus sum [XVIII]
ship, nvis, nvis (-ium) f. *
suitable, idneus, -a, -um [XXVIII]
shore, ltus, ltoris n. *; ra, -ae f. *
sweet, dulcis, -e *
short, brevis, -e *
swell, surg, surgere, surrx, surrctum *
shoulder, umerus, - m. [XIII]
swift, celer, celeris, celere *
shout, clm (1) [XXII]
sword, ferrum, - n. [XXIII]
99
T
U
take, capi, capere, cp, captum *
under, sub (+ abl.) *
talk about, d (+ dat.) agere [III]
undergo, sube, subre, subi (subv), subitum [XXVI]
tall, altus, -a, -um *
unhappy, miser, misera, miserum *
task, opus, operis n. *
unlike, dissimilis, -e [IX]
teach, doce, docre, docu, doctum *
use, sus, -s m. [XXI]
teacher, magister, magistr m. *
useful, tilis, -e *
tear, lacrima, -ae f. [XIX]
V
tell, dc, dcere, dx, dictum *
tell a lie, mentior, mentr, menttus sum [XVIII]
vast, ingns, ingentis *
ten, decem [XXIX]
very bad, pessimus, -a, -um (superl. of malus) [IX]
territory (pl.), fns, fnium, m. [IV]
very badly, pessim (superl. of male), adv. [XXVIII]
than, quam [VIII]
very good, optimus, -a, -um (superl. of bonus) [IX]
thank, gratis agere (+ dat.) [III]
very greatly, maxim (superl. of magnopere), adv.
[XXVIII]
thanks (pl.), gratiae, -rum f. [III]
that, ille, illa, illud [XI]; is, ea, id [I]
very many, plurimus, -a, -um (superl. of multus) [IX]
that, qu, quae, quod [XVI]
very well, optim (superl. of bene), adv. [XXVIII]
that (of yours), iste, ista, istud [XI]
voice, vx, vcis f. *
the other( of two), alter, altera, alterum [XXIX]
W
their (own), suus, -a, -um [XIV]
wage war, bellum gerere *
themselves (intensive) ips, ipsae, ipsum [XXVI]
wall, mrus, - m. *
themselves (reflexive) su, sibi, s, s [XIV]
walls, moenia, -ium n. pl. [IV]
then, tum, tunc, adv. [VII]
wander, err (1) *
there, ibi, adv. [XII]
want, vol, velle, volu, — [XXI]
therefore, igitur, conj. [VII]
war, bellum,  n. *
these (pl.), hic, haec, hoc [VI]
warn, mone (2) *
thing, rs, re f. *
watch over, serv (1) *
think, put (1) [IV]
water, aqua, -ae f. *
third, tertius, -a, -um [XXIX]
way, iter, itineris n. *; via, -ae f. [XII]
this, hic, haec, hoc [VI], is, ea, id [I]
we, ns [II]
those (pl.), ille, illa, illud [XI]
weapon, tlum, - n. *
three, trs, tria [XXIX]
well, bene, adv. [VI]
through, per (+ acc.) [VIII]
what, qu, quae, quod [XVI]
time, tempus, tempris n. [XXVI]
when, ubi, adv. [XII]
tired, fessus, -a, -um *
where, ubi, adv. [XII]
to, ad (+ acc.) *
which, qu, quae, quod [XVI]
today, hodi, adv. [III]
which (of two), uter, utra, utrum [XXIX]
tomorrow, crs, adv. [III]
while, dum, conj. (with present indicative) [II]
too little, parum, adv. [VI]
who, which, that (rel. pron.), qu, quae, quod [XVI]
towards, ad (+ acc.) *
whole, ttus, -a, -um [XXIX]
treat, ag, agere, g, actum [III]
wicked, malus, -a, -um *
tribe, gns, gentis (-ium) f. *
wife, coniunx, coniugis, f. [XXVII]
try, cnor, cnr, cntus sum [XVIII]
wind, ventus, - m. *
two, duo, duae, duo [XXIX]
wise, sapins, sapientis *
wish, vol, velle, volu, — [XXI]
100
with, cum (+ abl.) *
with difficulty, aegr [VI]
without, sine (+ abl.) *
woods, silva, -ae f. *
word, verbum, - n. *
work, labor, labris m. [XIX], opus, operis n. *
worry, cra, -ae f. [XIX]
worse, peior, peius (compar. of malus) [IX]
worst, pessimus, -a, -um (superl. of malus) [IX]
wound, vulner (1) *
wrath, ra, -ae f. *
wretched, miser, misera, miserum *
write, scrb, scrbere, scrps, scrptum *
writer, scrba, -ae m. *
Y
year, annus, - m. *
yesterday, heri, adv. [III]
yet, tamen, conj. [VII]
you (pl.), vs, vestrum / vestr [II]
you (sg.), t, tu [II]
your(sg.), tuus, -a, -um *
your(pl.), vester, vestra, vestrum *
yours(sg.), tuus, -a, -um *
yours(pl.), vester, vestra, vestrum *
yourself (intensive) ipse, ipsa, ipsum [XXVI]
yourself (reflexive) tu, tibi, t, t, (pl.) vestr, vbs,
vs, vbis
101
INDEX
Ablative:
Accompaniment, 1
Cause, 22
Comparison, 16
Degree of Difference, 18
Manner, 38
Means or Instrument, 1
Motion away from or Place to Which, 1
Personal Agent, 1
Place Where, 1
Time When, 1
with prepositions, 1
Accusative and Infinitive with iube and vet, 26
Accusative and Infinitive of Indirect Statement: 44, 46
Adjectives:
Regular Comparison, 14
Irregular Comparison, 16
Adverbs:
Formation, 12
Comparison, 56
Antecedent: 32
Cause: 22
Clauses: definition, main, subordinate: 44
Comparison:
Adjectives: 14, 16
Adverbs: 56
Complementary Infinitive: 8, 26, 42
Compounds:
Ag: 11
Dis-, ante-, post-: 21
E: 61
Fer: 41
Ml: 51
Nl: 51
Possum: 31
Sequor: 41
Sum: 51
Compound Subjects: 4
Con junctions: subordinate and coordinate: 44
Connected Prose: 14
Cum as Enclitic: 4, 28, 32
Dative in -: 2, 22, 32, 52, 58
Demonstratives: 2, 12, 22
Deponent Verbs: 36
Eius, erum, erum: 2, 28
Enclitic cum: 4, 28, 32
E: 52, 61
Fer: 38, 41
Finite Verb: 8
Genitive in -ius: 2, 14, 22, 32, 52, 58
Hic, haec, hoc: 12
dem, eadem, idem: 2
Indirect Statement: 46, 48
Infinitives:
Complementary: 8, 26, 42
Object, Subject: 8
Infinitive Phrase: 54
Intensive: 52
Ipse, ipsa, ipsum: 52
Is, ea, id: 2
Iste, ista, istud: 22
Magis: 56
Maxim: 56
Ml: 42, 51
Nol: 42, 51
Numbers, Cardinal and Ordinal 58
Ob, cause: 22
Participles: 6
Participle Phrases: 54
Perseus 1 and 2: 15
Perseus 3 and 4: 25
Perseus 5 and 6: 35
Perseus 7 and 8: 45
Perseus 9 and 10: 55
Perseus 11: 61
Phrase: 44
Possum: 26, 30
Prepositional Phrase: 54
Pronouns:
Demonstrative, 2, 12, 22
Intensive, 52
Reflexive, 28
Relative, 32
Propter, cause: 22
Quam:
with Comparison: 16
with Superlative: 56
Qu, quae, quod: 32
Reading: 14, 24, 34, 44, 54
Reflexive: Adjective, Pronoun: 28
Relative Pronoun: 32
Review Lessons: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60
Third Rule of Concord: 32
Vol: 42, 51
102
103