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Transcript
BY: Michael, Jake, Eric Biodiversity is the variety of species in a particular ecosystem or habitat and processes that there a part of 1. Ecosystem Diversity: Many different types of ecosystems. Ex: Marshes, lakes, streams and forests. An ecosystem is all the biotic and abiotic interacting with each other. 2. Community Diversity: Populations of different species within a community 3. Species Diversity: Many variations within a particular species. 4. Genetic Diversity: Variety of genetic materials in all living things 5. Species Distribution Diversity: Plants and animals are not evenly distributed throughout various ecosystems on earth. We find the most biodiversity around the equator and in Tropical rainforests they have the best climate that can host many species that coincide with each other. Coral reefs are called the “Amazons of the ocean” because they are extremely rich in species diversity Where one species depends on another species in its environment. Ex. Food webs, and food chains An important example is elk and wolves. If the wolves do not get enough elk one year. (due to over hunting the wolves) Will die then during the next year. The wolves will die, and when the wolves die the elk will become over populated and eat all the grass and leaves in one area thus causing a rift in the web. Symbiosis is a type of interdependence. An association between members of different species. ◦ ◦ ◦ Commensalism: One organism benefits, and the other does not. Ex: A bird and a tree. The bird uses the tree so it can have a place to live (Benefits) and the tree does nothing. (Doesn’t benefit) Mutualism: Both organism benefits. Ex: A bee and a flower. A bee pollinates the flower and the flower can reproduce. Parasitism: One organism benefits, and the other is harmed. Ex: A mosquito and a human. The mosquito draws blood from the human (Benefits) and the human is harmed, and may get diseases like malaria etc. A niche describes a role of an organism in a ecosystem. What it eats, what eats it, habitat, and nesting sites, etc. Niches allow many species to all live in the same location A Coyote that lives in the mountains fills a niche of a scavenger, due to competition from others. A Coyote that lives in a city fills a niche of a predator, killing cats, dogs, etc. because of no competition from others. Niches of organisms that live in an ecosystem can change during the lifetime of that organism. A Coyote that lives in the mountain could change from a scavenger to a predator during its lifetime. Niches can change in an organisms lifetime. Can also change depending on the environment that it lives in, Also interrelates with other organisms Resource partitioning happens when two or more niches overlap. Then species try and work out an arrangement to reduce niche size so there is no competition. ◦ Two monkeys that live in a tree. They try and make an agreement so there is no competition, So one monkey gets the top portion of the tree, and the other takes the bottom portion of the tree. Variability is important if the environment of a species changes. Environment changes often. If there is variation within species, some members of that species will have some characteristics that will help survive in the environment. When the environment selects which individuals will survive to reproduce. The individuals will have offspring with similar survival characteristics. It relates to variability because natural selection chooses who survives and doesn’t, while variability has some members that have some survival characteristics. Variation is important because if the environment changes members of an ecosystems will get some survival characteristics that will happen them when the environment is harsh. When the environment selects which individuals will survive to reproduce. It relates to variation because they both have the same thing in common. To survive. Its important because it chooses which species to survive or die. Heritable characteristics are passed from generation to generation though sexual reproduction, passed by genetic material Ex: Skin color, Hair color, Eye color Non-Heritable characteristics are acquired and learned, not exactly passed on from generation to generation Ex: Artistic ability, Leadership skills, ability to play an instrument Discrete Variation refers to characteristics. Ex: Being albino or having pigmentation on your skin, Having earlobes that are attached or not, Being able to roll tongue Continuous Variation is when there are many variations in characteristics Ex: Shoe size, Height, Weight, Arm length Asexual reproduction involves only one parent and offspring are identical to parent Binary Fission – Happens only in single celled organisms. Cell splits into two cells, each being identical ◦ Budding – Parent organism produces a bud, and which detaches from parent and becomes self sufficient individual ◦ Ex: Hydra, yeats and coral Spore production – Spores are similar to seads, produced by division of cells in the parent. One parent may produce many spores. Each spore turns into new individual. ◦ Ex: Bacteria, amoeba and algae Ex: Fungi, molds and ferns Vegatative Reproduction – The reproduction of a plant not involving seed. Includes cuttings, runners, suckers and tubers ◦ Ex: Potatoes, strawberries and aspen trees Sexual reproduction usually involves to individual organism. Offspring has mix of characteristics, half are from one parent and half from the other. Gametes. ◦ Gametes are reproductive cells that join with other gametes during reproduction Sexual reproduction in animals involves male gametes called sperm cells and female gametes called egg cells, when the female and male gametes are combined, they form a fertilized combination of cells called “Zygote” Through the process of pollination, male pollen grains are transferred to the stigma of a receptive flower. The pollen then travels down the stigma to the ovule. The male and female gametes combine again to produce a zygote, then finally an embryo. The embryo develops inside a seed, and the helps protects the developing Cross pollination: Occurs when pollen from one plant combines with the ovule of another plant. Resulting plants are not identical to either plant Self pollination: Pollen from the same plants unites with ovule of the same plant, then the plants are identical to the parents Artificial pollination: Flowers pollinated by man Sexual ◦ Advantage: Lots of variation helping it to survive when environment changes ◦ Disadvantage: Takes lots of energy, populations tend to be smaller Asexual: ◦ Advantage: Quick “Doubling of Populations” (Faster), and Less energy required for reproduction. ◦ Disadvantage: Lack of Genetic variation, and Population may go extinct Many plants can. Such as sponges and yeasts can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Aphids are non plant and can reproduce both ways. The End d: