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BY:
Michael, Jake, Eric
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Biodiversity is the variety of species in a particular
ecosystem or habitat and processes that there a
part of
1. Ecosystem Diversity: Many different types of ecosystems. Ex: Marshes,
lakes, streams and forests. An ecosystem is all the biotic and abiotic
interacting with each other.
2. Community Diversity: Populations of different species within a
community
3. Species Diversity: Many variations within a particular species.
4. Genetic Diversity: Variety of genetic materials in all living things
5. Species Distribution Diversity: Plants and animals are not evenly
distributed throughout various ecosystems on earth.
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We find the most biodiversity around the equator
and in Tropical rainforests they have the best
climate that can host many species that coincide
with each other.
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Coral reefs are called the “Amazons of the ocean”
because they are extremely rich in species
diversity
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Where one species depends on another species in
its environment. Ex. Food webs, and food chains
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An important example is elk and wolves. If the
wolves do not get enough elk one year. (due to
over hunting the wolves) Will die then during the
next year. The wolves will die, and when the
wolves die the elk will become over populated and
eat all the grass and leaves in one area thus
causing a rift in the web.
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Symbiosis is a type of interdependence. An association between members of
different species.
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Commensalism: One organism benefits, and the other does not. Ex: A bird and a tree. The bird uses
the tree so it can have a place to live (Benefits) and the tree does nothing. (Doesn’t benefit)
Mutualism: Both organism benefits. Ex: A bee and a flower. A bee pollinates the flower and the
flower can reproduce.
Parasitism: One organism benefits, and the other is harmed. Ex: A mosquito and a human. The
mosquito draws blood from the human (Benefits) and the human is harmed, and may get diseases
like malaria etc.
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A niche describes a role of an organism in a
ecosystem. What it eats, what eats it, habitat,
and nesting sites, etc.
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Niches allow many species to all live in the
same location
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A Coyote that lives in the mountains fills a
niche of a scavenger, due to competition
from others. A Coyote that lives in a city fills
a niche of a predator, killing cats, dogs, etc.
because of no competition from others.
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Niches of organisms that live in an ecosystem
can change during the lifetime of that
organism. A Coyote that lives in the mountain
could change from a scavenger to a predator
during its lifetime.
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Niches can change in an organisms lifetime.
Can also change depending on the
environment that it lives in, Also interrelates
with other organisms
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Resource partitioning happens when two or
more niches overlap. Then species try and
work out an arrangement to reduce niche size
so there is no competition.
◦ Two monkeys that live in a tree. They try and make
an agreement so there is no competition, So one
monkey gets the top portion of the tree, and the
other takes the bottom portion of the tree.
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Variability is important if the environment of
a species changes. Environment changes
often. If there is variation within species,
some members of that species will have some
characteristics that will help survive in the
environment.
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When the environment selects which
individuals will survive to reproduce. The
individuals will have offspring with similar
survival characteristics. It relates to variability
because natural selection chooses who
survives and doesn’t, while variability has
some members that have some survival
characteristics.
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Variation is important because if the
environment changes members of an
ecosystems will get some survival
characteristics that will happen them when
the environment is harsh.
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When the environment selects which
individuals will survive to reproduce. It
relates to variation because they both have
the same thing in common. To survive. Its
important because it chooses which species
to survive or die.
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Heritable characteristics are passed from
generation to generation though sexual
reproduction, passed by genetic material
Ex: Skin color, Hair color, Eye color
Non-Heritable characteristics are acquired
and learned, not exactly passed on from
generation to generation
Ex: Artistic ability, Leadership skills, ability to
play an instrument
Discrete Variation refers to characteristics.
Ex: Being albino or having pigmentation on your skin, Having earlobes
that are attached or not, Being able to roll tongue
Continuous Variation is when there are many variations in
characteristics
Ex: Shoe size, Height, Weight, Arm length
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Asexual reproduction involves only one parent and offspring are identical to
parent
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Binary Fission – Happens only in single celled organisms. Cell splits into two cells,
each being identical
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Budding – Parent organism produces a bud, and which detaches from parent and
becomes self sufficient individual
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Ex: Hydra, yeats and coral
Spore production – Spores are similar to seads, produced by division of cells
in the parent. One parent may produce many spores. Each spore turns into
new individual.
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Ex: Bacteria, amoeba and algae
Ex: Fungi, molds and ferns
Vegatative Reproduction – The reproduction of a plant not involving seed.
Includes cuttings, runners, suckers and tubers
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Ex: Potatoes, strawberries and aspen trees
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Sexual reproduction usually involves to individual
organism. Offspring has mix of characteristics, half
are from one parent and half from the other.
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Gametes.
◦ Gametes are reproductive cells that join with other
gametes during reproduction
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Sexual reproduction in animals involves male
gametes called sperm cells and female
gametes called egg cells, when the female
and male gametes are combined, they form a
fertilized combination of cells called “Zygote”
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Through the process of pollination, male pollen
grains are transferred to the stigma of a
receptive flower. The pollen then travels down
the stigma to the ovule. The male and female
gametes combine again to produce a zygote,
then finally an embryo. The embryo develops
inside a seed, and the helps protects the
developing
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Cross pollination: Occurs when pollen from
one plant combines with the ovule of another
plant. Resulting plants are not identical to
either plant
Self pollination: Pollen from the same plants
unites with ovule of the same plant, then the
plants are identical to the parents
Artificial pollination: Flowers pollinated by
man
Sexual
◦ Advantage: Lots of variation helping it to survive when
environment changes
◦ Disadvantage: Takes lots of energy, populations tend to be
smaller
Asexual:
◦ Advantage: Quick “Doubling of Populations” (Faster), and
Less energy required for reproduction.
◦ Disadvantage: Lack of Genetic variation, and Population
may go extinct
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Many plants can. Such as sponges and yeasts
can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
Aphids are non plant and can reproduce both
ways.
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