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Chapter Twenty-Two Notes “Plant Diversity” 22-1 Objectives: 1. Explain _____________________________________________________________. 2. Describe ____________________________________________________________. 3. Describe ____________________________________________________________. Chapter 22, Section 1 Introduction to Plants A. What Is a Plant? 1. Plants provide the _________________________________________________ ; they also provide ________________________________________________ 2. The oldest fossil evidence of plants dates from about _________________________ 3. Plants are members of the ____________________________________ 4. Plants are ____________________________________ that have cell walls made of ___________________. They develop from multicellular embryos and carry out photosynthesis using the green pigments, chlorophyll a and b. 5. Plants include _________________________________, as well as other organisms, such as ____________________________________. 6. Most plants are _____________________, although a few are parasites or saprobes that live on decaying material B. The Plant Life Cycle 1. The plant life cycle has ________________________, a diploid (2N) phase and a haploid (N) phase, known as ____________________________________. 2. ____________ ____________ __(diploid (2N) phase) forms _________________, which are _________________(N), by meiosis 3. Spores grow into ________________________. 4. ________________________ plant (N phase) forms _______________ by mitosis 5. Gametes fuse during fertilization to produce _______________________________. 6. ________________________—diploid (2N) phase; spore-producing plant 7. ________________________—haploid (N) phase; gamete-producing plant C. What Plants Need to Survive 1. ____________________________________________________________ 2. ____________________________________________________________ 3. ____________________________________________________________ 4. ____________________________________________________________ D. Early Plants 1. Origins in the Water a) The first green plants evolved from an organism _________________________ __________________________________________________________. b) Multicellular green algae have the __________________________________. c) They also have __________________________ similar to plants, along with cell walls and photosynthetic pigments. 2. The First Plants a) The oldest known fossils of plants date to nearly ________________________. b) It shows that the earliest plants were similar to ________________________. c) From these plant pioneers, ______________________________________. E. Overview of the Plant Kingdom 1. Botantists divided the plant kingdom into ___________ groups based on three important features: a) ________________________________________________ b) ________________________________________________ c) ________________________________________________ 2. The four groups are the following, with ________________________ plants consisting of almost ______% of all living species of plants. a) ____________ ___________________ ____________ (235,000 species) b) ____________ ___________________ ____________ (15,600 species) c) ____________ ____________________ ____________ (11,000 species) d) ____________ ____________ ____________ _________(760 species) 22-2 Objectives: 1. Describe ____________________________________________________________. 2. Identify ____________________________________________________________. 3. Explain _____________________________________________________________. Chapter 22, Section 2 Bryophytes A. Characteristics of Bryophytes 1. ________________________—do not have vascular tissues, or specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients 2. Have life cycles that ________________________________________________ 3. Draw up water by _______________ only a _________________ above the ground 4. Stay relatively ________________________________________________. B. Groups of Bryophytes 1. ________________________ a) ________________________________________________ b) Grow abundantly in _______________________________________— swamps and bogs, ____________________________________ c) Since they are nonvascular plants, they ___________________________; instead they have a ________________ (long, thin cells that anchor them in the ground and absorb water and minerals) 2. ________________________ a) Get their name from the fact that some species _____________________ b) Gametophytes form broad and thin structures that __________________ ______________________________________________________. c) When the plants mature, the gametophytes produce structures that look like tiny green umbrellas. These “umbrellas” __________________________ ______________________________________________________. d) Some reproduce ___________________by means of _____________— small multicellular reproductive structures. e) In some species of liverworts, gemmae are produced in ________________ called ______________________________. f) When washed out of the gemma cup, the gemmae can ________________ __________________________________________________. 3. ________________________ a) Found only in soil that is ______________________________ b) Their gametophytes ________________________________________. c) The hornwort ____________________________________________. C. Life Cycle of Bryophytes 1. The ______________________________ is the dominant, recognizable stage of the life cycle and is the stage that _________________________________________. 2. The ____________________ is dependent on the gametophyte for ____________ ____________________________________________________________. 3. Dependence on Water a) For fertilization to occur, the ___________________________________ ________________________________________________________. b) Bryophytes must live in habitats where water is available ________________ ________________________________________________________. D. Human Use of Mosses 1. Peat moss can be used for ____________________ because it ________________ ______________________________________________________________. 2. Peat moss also has a _______________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________. 22-3 Objectives: 1. Explain _____________________________________________________________. 2. Describe ____________________________________________________________. 3. Identify ____________________________________________________________. Chapter 22, Section 3 Seedless Vascular Plants A. Evolution of Vascular Tissue: A Transport System 1. _________________________—specialized to conduct water and nutrients throughout the plant 2. ______________—hollow cells with thick cell walls that resist pressure in plant tissue 3. ______________—carries water upward from the roots to the plant parts 4. ______________—carries nutrients and minerals from the soil to the plant parts 5. Both forms of vascular tissue—xylem and phloem—can _______________________ ______________________________________________________________. 6. ______________—substance that makes cell walls rigid, enabling vascular plants to ______________________________________________________________. B. Plant Structures 1. ____________________—underground organs that absorb water and minerals 2. ____________________—photosynthetic organs that have vascular tissues 3. ____________________—bundles of xylem and phloem 4. ____________________—supporting structures that connect roots and leaves, and carry water and nutrients C. Ferns and Their Relatives 1. ____________________________ a) ________________________________________________________ b) Look like _________________________________________________ 2. ____________________________ a) Scale-like leaves arranged in distinctive whorls at joints along the stem b) Stems look similar to ____________________________ c) During colonial times, horsetails were used to ______________________ 3. ____________________________ a) ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ b) ______________—underground stems c) ______________—large leaves d) Most abundant in ____________________________ 22-4 Objectives: 1. Describe ____________________________________________________________. 2. Describe ____________________________________________________________. 3. Identify ____________________________________________________________. Chapter 22, Section 4 Seed Plants A. ____________________________ 1. ________________________________________________________ 2. Include conifers like __________________________________________ B. ____________________________ 1. ____________________________ that have seeds ______________________ __________________________________________ 2. Include ________________________________________________________. C. Reproduction Free From Water 1. Cones and Flowers a) ______________—Holds the seeds in gymnosperms (seed-bearing structure in gymnosperms) b) ______________—holds the seeds in angiosperms (seed-bearing structure in angiosperms) 2. Pollen a) ____________________________—Male gametophyte with sperm b) ____________________________—transfer of pollen from male to female reproductive parts by wind, insects, or small animals 3. Seeds a) ________________________________________________________ b) _____________________—surrounds and protects the embryo and keeps the seed moist 22-5 Objectives: 1. Identify ____________________________________________________________. 2. Explain _____________________________________________________________. 3. Describe ____________________________________________________________. Chapter 22, Section 5 Angiosperms—Flowering Plants A. Flowers and Fruits 1. ______________—has ovaries which surround and protect seeds 2. ______________—wall of tissue surrounding the seed B. Diversity of Angiosperms 1. Monocots and Dicots—named for the ____________________________, or ____________________________ a) ______________—have ______________seed leaf b) ______________—have ______________ seed leaves 2. Woody and Herbaceous Plants a) ____________________________—made primarily of cells with thick cell walls that support the plant body; include __________________________ b) ____________________________—has smooth and nonwoody plant stems; do not produce wood as they grow; include _____________________ ________________________________________________________ 3. Three Categories of Life Spans: a) ______________—complete life cycle in _________ growing season; include many garden plants such as ________________________________ b) ______________—complete life cycle in ______________; include ______ ________________________________________________________ c) ______________—live for ________________; include _____________ ________________________________________________________