* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Ch16_EcosystemsStudentNotes[1] - Mrs-Lamberts-Biology
Survey
Document related concepts
Soundscape ecology wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project wikipedia , lookup
Pleistocene Park wikipedia , lookup
River ecosystem wikipedia , lookup
Triclocarban wikipedia , lookup
Nitrogen cycle wikipedia , lookup
Ecological resilience wikipedia , lookup
Sustainable agriculture wikipedia , lookup
Restoration ecology wikipedia , lookup
Microbial metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Ecosystem services wikipedia , lookup
Theoretical ecology wikipedia , lookup
Renewable resource wikipedia , lookup
Human impact on the nitrogen cycle wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
#___Name: ____________________________________ Date: _____________________ Period______ Ecology & Ecosystems Note-taking Sheet (Keep in your notebook) Interactions of Organisms and Their Environment • Ecology is the study of the_________________ - of living organisms with one another and with their physical ____________- (soil, water, climate, and so on). • The place where a particular population of a species lives is its ________________-. • The many different species that live ___________________in a _____________________are called a __________________. • An ___________, or ecological system, consists of a _____________and all the _________aspects of its habitat, such as the soil, water, and weather. • The ______________ l aspects of a habitat are called ______________________factors. • The _______________________in a habitat are called ______________________factors. Levels of Organization Diverse Communities in Ecosystems • The ____________________of species living within an ecosystem is a __________of its _________diversity. • The more ___________________a community has, the more ___________________the community is. Ecosystem Inhabitants • Most ecosystems contain a ___________ large animals and ___________ smaller animals. • Ecosystems tend to contain _____________________________________than animal life. • The most _____________________organisms in an ecosystem are usually microscopic ___________________and ___________. Ecosystem Boundaries • The physical __________________________of an ecosystem are not always obvious, and they depend on _________________the ecosystem is _______________________________. • Often individual fields, _______, or lakes are studied as __________________ecosystems. • Of course,____ location is _____ totally ______. Even oceanic islands get occasional ___________________visitors, such as _________________blown off course. Change of Ecosystems over Time • When a volcano forms a new ____________, a ___________________recedes and exposes bare rock, or a __________ burns all of the vegetation in an area, a new ____________ is _____________. • This change sets off a process of ___________________and ecosystem __________ • The first organisms to live in a new habitat are small, fast-growing plants, called ____________species. Succession • A somewhat regular ____________________of species _________is called succession. • ______________________that occurs where plants have _____grown before is called_________________ succession. • Succession that occurs in areas where there has been _________________growth, such as in abandoned fields or forest clearings, is called ______________________succession. 1 of 4 Introduction to Ecology & Ecosystems Mrs. Lambert Glacier Bay: an Example of Succession • A good example of primary succession is a ___________________glacier because land is continually being exposed as the face of the glacier moves back. • The seeds and spores of _____________________species are carried in by the________. Alders, grasses, and shrubs later take over from pioneer plants. • As the amount of_____ increases, spruce and hemlock____ become plentiful. Movement of Energy Through Ecosystems Primary Energy Source • The rate at which organic material is produced by _______________________organisms in an ecosystem is called primary ____________. • ________________________that first capture solar energy, the ___________, include ____________, some kinds of bacteria, and _________. • Consumers are those organisms that ____________________plants or other organisms to obtain the energy necessary to build their molecules. Trophic Levels • Ecologists study how______________________________ through an ecosystem by assigning organisms in that ecosystem to a specific level, called a _________________level, in a ___________________organizer based on the organism’s ____________of ______________. • _________________moves from one trophic level to_________________. Trophic Levels: First Level • The __________________of _____________________through the trophic levels of an ecosystem is called a food __________. • The ____________________trophic level of any ecosystem is occupied by the ______________, such as _______________, algae, and ___________________. • Producers use the energy of the sun to build ______________-rich _______________________. Food Chain in an Antarctic Ecosystem Trophic Levels: Second Level • At the second trophic level are __________________-, animals that eat plants or other primary________________. They are the ______________________consumers. • A _____________________must be able to break down a plant’s molecules into usable compounds. • Most herbivores rely on___________________, such as ____________________and protists, in their ____________to help digest _____________________________. Trophic Levels: Third Level • At the ____________________trophic level are secondary consumers, ______________________that eat ___________. These animals are called __________________ • Some animals, such as bears, are both herbivores and carnivores; they are called_____________________________. • ______________________are organisms that obtain their energy from the organic _________________and ____________bodies that are produced at _____________________- trophic levels. Trophic Levels: Third Level • Bacteria and fungi are known as ________because they ________________________. • ______________________of bodies and wastes releases __________________back into the environment to be ___________by other organisms. • In most ecosystems, energy does____ follow simple __________________paths because animals often feed at _______________________ levels. This creates an ___________________group of food chains called a food _____. 2 of 4 Introduction to Ecology & Ecosystems Mrs. Lambert Food Web in an Antarctic Ecosystem – Which is a producer? ________________________ Which are primary consumers? ___________________________________________________________________ Secondary consumers? __________________________________________________________________________. Loss of Energy in a Food Chain Energy Transfer • During every ___________________of energy within an ecosystem, energy is lost as___________________ • Thus, the amount of useful energy available to do work _________________as _________________passes through an ecosystem. • The _____________of useful __________________________________the number of trophic levels an ecosystem can support. Food Chains and Energy Transfer Energy Transfer through Trophic Levels Energy Pyramid Limitations of Trophic Levels • Most terrestrial ecosystems involve only _________________________or, on rare instances, four trophic levels. Too much ________________________is ____________________at each level to ______________________________more levels. • The ___________________of individuals in a trophic level may ________________________be an accurate indicator of the amount of energy in that level. Some organisms are much ___________________than others and therefore ___________________more __________________________. • Because of this, the number of organisms often does _________________form a _________________when one compares different trophic levels. Limitations of Trophic Levels • To better determine the ____________________ present in trophic levels, ecologists measure ________________________ • Biomass is the dry _________of ______________________and other organic matter found in a specific ecosystem. • Each _____________________level on the pyramid contains only ____ percent of the biomass found in the trophic level below it. 3 of 4 Introduction to Ecology & Ecosystems Mrs. Lambert Biogeochemical Cycles • The physical parts of the ecosystems ________________constantly. • The paths of water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus _____________from the ____________living environment to _______________organisms, and then _______________________________to the nonliving environment. These paths form closed circles, or _______________, called _________________chemical cycles. • In each biogeochemical cycle, a _________________________forms when a substance enters living ______________________________such as trees from the atmosphere, water, or soil; stays for a time in the living organism; then ___________________________to the _______________________environment. The Water Cycle • In the nonliving portion of the water cycle, water _________________________in the atmosphere ____________________-and falls to the Earth’s surface as rain or snow. • Some of this water seeps into the soil and becomes part of the _________________-water, which is water ___________________________ __________________________the surface of the Earth. • Most of the remaining water that falls to the Earth does not remain at the surface. Instead, __________________by the sun, it reenters the atmosphere by _____________________. • In the __________________________portion of the water cycle, much water is taken up by the roots of __________________. • After passing through a plant, the water moves into the ___________________________by evaporating from the leaves, a process called______________________. • Transpiration is also a _____________-driven process. The sun heats the Earth’s atmosphere, creating _________________________currents that draw _________________________from the tiny openings in the ______________________________of plants. The Carbon Cycle In the carbon cycle, carbon atoms may return to the pool of carbon ________________in the air and water in ___________________________ways: 1. Respiration Carbon dioxide is a __________________________of cellular___________________. 2. Combustion Carbon also returns to the atmosphere through ___________________or ___________________. 3. Erosion As the _____________________becomes exposed and erodes, the ______________________________in it becomes available to other organisms The Phosphorous and Nitrogen Cycle • Organisms need ___________________and phosphorus to build ______________________________and nucleic acids. • ______________________________is an essential part of both ______________________________and DNA. • Phosphorus is usually present in soil and rock as _______phosphate, which dissolves in water to form phosphate ions. • The ______________________________is 79 percent ___________________gas, N2. • The two nitrogen atoms in a molecule of nitrogen gas are connected by a strong triple___________________bond that is very ______________________________to break. However, a few ______________________________have enzymes that can break it, and they _________________nitrogen atoms to ______________________________to form ___________________ • The process of combining nitrogen with hydrogen to form ammonia is called nitrogen _____________. Nitrogen Fixation • The nitrogen cycle is a complex process with four important stages: 1.________________________is the absorption and incorporation of ______________________________into ______________________________and animal compounds. 2. Ammonification is the production of ___________________by bacteria during the ___________________of nitrogen-containing urea. 3. Nitrification is the production of ______________________________from ammonia. 4. ___________________nitrification is the conversion of nitrate to nitrogen ___________________. 4 of 4 Introduction to Ecology & Ecosystems Mrs. Lambert