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Ch.12: DNA and RNA
Ch.12-3: RNA
12-3: RNA and Protein Synthesis
Objective #1: Know that proteins differ in the number and sequence of amino acids and know why different
proteins have different shapes and properties
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------• genes: ________________________________________________________________
• genetic messages can be decoded by ________ part of the nucleotide sequence from ____
into ____
• RNA molecules carry out the process of making proteins
* What is a Protein?
1. Monomer = Amino Acids
- many amino acids put together make a protein
- there are 20 different amino acids
2. Polypeptides
- long chains of amino acids
3. How are proteins different from one another?
- they very in length (50-3,000 amino acids)
- the types, sequences, and numbers of amino acids are different
Objective #2: Know the difference between the structure of DNA and RNA
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A. The Structure of RNA
• RNA consists of __ ____ _________ ___ __________________
• each nucleotide is made up of __ __ ______ ______, __ __________ ____ __ ________
• there are three main differences between RNA and DNA:
1) ___________________________________________________
2) _________________________________________
3) ________________________________________________
Objective #3: Know the three types of RNA and their functions in protein synthesis
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------B. Types of RNA
• there are three main types of RNA:
1) _______________ RNA
2) _______________ RNA
3) _______________ RNA
• messenger RNA (mRNA) carries copies of instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins
• ribosomes are made up of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• during protein construction, transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers each amino acid to the ribosome
Objective # 4: Know base-pairing rules to explain transcription from
DNA to mRNA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------C. Transcription (DNA → mRNA)
• transcription: _________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
• transcription requires what enzyme? _______ ________________
• during transcription, ____ ___________ binds to _____ and ____________ the DNA strands
• role of RNA polymerase? ________________________________________________________
______________________________
• RNA polymerase _______only to regions of DNA known as _____________. Promoters are
__________ in ______ that indicate to the enzyme where to bind to make RNA.
NEED TO KNOW! 1) location = nucleus, 2) H-bonds are split, 3) mRNA leaves through nuclear pores
D. RNA Editing
• the DNA of eukaryotic genes contains sequences of nucleotides, called introns that are not
involved in coding for proteins
• the DNA sequences that code for proteins are called ________
• when RNA molecules are formed, introns and exons are copied from DNA
• the __________ are _______ out of RNA molecules (look at fig. 12-15)
• the ____________ are then ____________ together to form the final _______ molecule
Objective # 5: Know how to predict the sequence of amino acid from a sequence of codons in mRNA
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------E. The Genetic Code
• the genetic code is the “language” of ________ instructions
• the code is written using four “letters” (the bases: A,T,C and G)
• a ________ consists of 3 consecutive ____________ on mRNA that specify a particular _____
______; the amino acids will be linked together to form a polypeptide chain
• example:
RNA sequence: UCGCACGGU
the sequence is read 3 bases at a time: UCG-CAC-GGU
the codons represent the different amino acids: _______ - ________ - ________
(use fig. 12-17)
• _______ amino acids can be specified by _______ than one ________
• there is one codon _____ that can either specify the amino acid ___________ or serve as a
“_______” codon for protein synthesis
• there are three “_____” codons that do not code for any amino acid. These “stop” codons
signify the ____ of a polypeptide.
Objective # 6: Understand how mRNA is translated into a protein
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------F. Translation (mRNA → protein)
• translation: __________ of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (_______)
- takes place where? translation takes place on ___________
• during translation, the cell uses information from mRNA to produce _________
• ___________ RNA is transcribed in the nucleus, and then enters the
_________where it ___________ to a _____________
• translation begins when an mRNA molecule attaches to a ____________
• as each _______ of the mRNA molecule moves through the ribosome, the proper
________ ________ is brought into the ribosome by _______
• in the ____________, the amino acid is transferred to the growing polypeptide chain
• each _____ molecule carries only ____ kind of amino acid
• in addition to an amino acid, each _____ molecule has _____ unpaired bases
• these bases, called the _________, are complementary to one of the _______ codons
• the ribosome moves along the _____, binding new ______ and amino acids
• the chain continues to grow until the ribosome reaches a _____ codon
G. The Roles of RNA and DNA
• the cell uses the DNA “master plan” to prepare RNA “blueprints.” The ____ stays in the
_________
• the RNA molecules go to the _________ building sites in the _________ - the __________
H. Genes and Proteins
• genes contain ______________ for assembling __________
• many proteins are __________ which _____________ and regulate chemical reactions
• in short, ____________ are the keys to almost everything that living cells do
12-4: Mutations
Objective # 7: Know the DNA sequence of a gene may affect the
expression of a gene or the sequence
of amino acids in the protein
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------• mutations: ___________________________
• gene mutations: changes in a single gene
• chromosome mutations: __________________________
A. Kinds of Mutations
1. Gene Mutations
• point mutations: ______________________________________________________
 Substitution mutations: ___________________________________________________
• frameshift mutations: _________________________________________________;
________________________________________________________
 insertion mutation:
____________________________________________________________________
 deletion mutation:
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Chromosomal Mutations
• chromosomal mutations involve changes in the _________ or
_________of chromosomes
• chromosomal mutations include _________, ___________, ________
and _______________
1) deletion mutations: ______________________________________
2) duplication mutations: ___________________________________
___________________
3) inversions mutations: ________________________________________
____________________________
4) translocation mutations: occurs when part of one chromosome breaks
off and attaches to another.