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GUIDED READING: CHAPTER 7.2 HOW DOES EVOLUTION HAPPEN Directions: Read pages 158-163 of your textbook and complete the following reading notes. Draw pictures to help you remember each vocabulary word. The early 1800’s was a time of: great scientific discovery CHARLES DARWIN Claim to fame: proposed the “Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection” Name of ship & years of voyage: Sailed on the HMS Beagle from 1831-1836 Type of scientist (name & explain): naturalist – a scientist who studies nature During his voyage Darwin thousands of plant & animal samples; he kept detailed notes of his observations collected: Islands he visited: (name & location) Darwin’s observations about the plants & animals he saw: Darwin’s specific observations about finches there were: Darwin thought the finches were descendents of: Darwin thought that over many generations the birds had: Galapagos Islands (965 km west of Ecuador in South America) animals & plants on the Galapagos Islands were very similar, yet not identical to those on the nearby South American mainland the finches on the islands were different not only than those in Ecuador but also from each other the South American mainland finches (blown over by a storm) adapted to the various ways of living on the Island (took many generations) DARWIN LEARNED FROM: 1.) Farmers & Animal/Plant Breeders A trait is: (define & draw) Selective breeding is: (define and draw) a distinguishing quality that can be passed from generation to generation the breeding of organisms for certain desirable traits (i.e. plump popcorn kernels) direct and shape these traits & make dramatic farmers & breeders had the changes in animals & plants in just a few short ability to: generations Darwin was impressed that He thought wild animals could change in similar ways but: the process would take much longer because variations would be due to chance 2.) Geologists Geologosist had evidence that the Earth was: From Lyell’s book, Principles of Geology, Darwin learned: This info. was important to Darwin because: Earth was much older than anyone had imagined Earth had been formed by natural processes over a long period of time he thought that populations of organisms changed very slowly, requiring a lot of time 3.) Thomas Malthus In an essay called, Essay on the Principles of Population, Malthus proposed: humans have the potential to reproduce beyond the capacity of their food supplies Things that affect the size of the human population: From this principle, Darwin realized: death caused by starvation, disease and war other animal species were also capable of producing too many offspring Things that affect the size of animal populations: death caused by starvation, disease and predators Because of these things, only a limited number survive to reproduce offspring of the survivors inherit traits that help them survive in their environment Darwin reasoned: Natural selection is: (define with glossary and draw) List & Describe the four steps of Natural Selection the process by which organisms with favorable traits survive & reproduce at a higher rate than organisms without favorable traits 1.) OVERPRODUCTION – each species produces more offspring than will survive to maturity 2.) GENETIC VARIATION – individuals within a population are slightly different than one another; each individual has a unique combination of traits. Some traits increase chances of survival, other decrease chances of survival. (Variations are genetic & can be inherited.) 3.) STRUGGLE TO SURVIVE – natural environment doesn’t have enough food, water, and other resources to support all organisms; others are killed by other organisms. Only some organisms survive into adulthood. 4.) SUCCESSFUL REPRODUCTION – Key to natural selection! Individuals that are well adapted to their environment (better traits for the environment) are more likely to survive and reproduce; those not well adapted are more likely to die early or produce few offspring OTHER EVIDENCE: Scientists in the 1930’s & 1940’s combined principles of: the principles of genetic variation with Darwin’s theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. The combination of principles explained: A mutation is: (define with glossary & draw) that the variations Darwin observed within a species are caused by mutation a change in the order of the bases in an organism’s DNA; deletion, insertion, or substitution GUIDED READING: CHAPTER 7.3 NATURAL SELECTION IN ACTION Directions: Read pages 164-167 of your textbook and complete the following reading notes. Draw pictures to help you remember each vocabulary word. The theory of Natural Selection explains: how a population changes over many generations in response to its environment (members tend to be well adapted to the environment because of natural selection) EXAMPLES: 1. Insecticide resistance: Insecticides that once worked to kill insects no longer do. There are over 500 species that have become resistant Reason they quickly develop it: produce many offspring & usually have a short generation time Generation time is: (define with glossary & draw) 2. Adaptation to pollution Summarize why the peppered moth is an example of this: the period between the birth of one generation and the birth of the next generation pollution changed the environment – from light to dark background. The dark pepper moths were able to blend in to their environment – light peppered were not. Population changed from white being the highest percent to dark being the highest percentage. FORMATION of NEW SPECIES Speciation is: (define with glossary & draw) Three steps of speciation: (name & describe) the process by which two populations of the same species become so different that they can no longer interbreed. (DNA different) 1.) Separation – portion of the species becomes isolated (newly formed canyon, mountain range, river changing, storms) Example: Darwin’s finches 2.) Adaptation – when a single population becomes divided, the groups may evolve separately due to differences in the environment and may form separate species due to natural selection. 3.) Division – over a very LONG period of time (thousands or millions of years) the two populations may become so different that they can no longer interbreed – two different species!)