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Crusades
World History/Napp
“In 1093, the Byzantine emperor Alexius Comnenus sent an appeal to Robert, Count of
Flanders. The emperor asked for help against the Muslim Turks. They were threatening to
conquer his capital, Constantinople. Pope Urban II also read that letter. Shortly after this
appeal, he issued a call for what he termed a ‘holy war,’ a Crusade, to gain control of the
Holy Land. Over the next 300 years, a number of such Crusades were launched.
Muslims controlled Palestine (the Holy Land) and threatened Constantinople. The
Byzantine emperor in Constantinople appealed to Christians to stop Muslim attacks. In
addition, the pope wanted to reclaim Palestine and reunite Christendom, which had split
into Eastern and Western branches in 1054. Kings and the Church also saw the Crusades
as an opportunity to get rid of quarrelsome knights who fought each other. These knights
threatened the peace of the kingdoms, as well as Church property. Merchants profited by
making cash loans to finance the journey. They also leased their ships for a hefty fee to
transport armies over the Mediterranean Sea. Merchants of Pisa, Genoa, and Venice also
hoped to win control of key trade routes.
Pope Urban’s call brought a tremendous outpouring of religious feeling and support for
the Crusade. According to the pope, those who died on Crusade were assured of a place in
heaven. With red crosses sewn on tunics worn over their armor and the battle cry of ‘God
wills it!’ on their lips, knights and commoners were fired by religious zeal and became
Crusaders. The Crusaders were ill-prepared for war in the First Crusade. Many knew
nothing of the geography, climate, or culture of the Holy Land. They had no grand strategy
to capture Jerusalem. The nobles argued among themselves and couldn’t agree on a leader.
Finally an army of 12,000 (less than one-fourth of the original army) approached
Jerusalem. The Crusaders besieged the city for over a month. On July 15, 1099, they
captured the city. All in all, the Crusaders had won a narrow strip of land. It stretched
about 650 miles from Edessa in the north to Jerusalem in the south. The Crusaders’ states
were extremely vulnerable to Muslim counterattack. In 1144, Edessa was reconquered by
the Turks. The Second Crusade was organized to recapture the city. But its armies
straggled home in defeat. In 1187, Europeans were shocked to learn that Jerusalem itself
had fallen to a Kurdish warrior and Muslim leader Saladin.” ~ World History
Questions:
1- Why did the Byzantine emperor Alexius Comnenus need help?
2- Define Crusade.
3- Identify the causes of the Crusades.
4- Why did many European men join the Crusades?
5- Describe the First Crusade.
6- Why was there more than one Crusade?
7- Who was Saladin and why was he significant?
Dwindling
- In 1204, the Fourth
Crusade to capture
Jerusalem failed
- The knights did not reach
the Holy Land
- Instead, they ended up
looting the city of
Constantinople
- In the 1200s, four more
Crusades to free the holy
land were also unsuccessful
- The religious spirit of the
First Crusade faded, and the
search for personal gain
grew
Children’s Crusades
- The Children’s Crusade
took place in 1212
- Thousands of children set
out to conquer Jerusalem
- One group in France was
led by 12-year-old Stephen
of Cloyes
- An estimated 30,000
children under 18 joined
Reconquista
- In Spain, Muslims (called
Moors) controlled most of
the country until the 1100s
- The Reconquista was a
long effort by the Spanish to
drive the Muslims out
- By the late 1400s, the
Muslims held only the tiny
kingdom of Granada
- In 1492, Granada finally
- They were armed only with fell to Ferdinand and
the belief that God would
Isabella, Spain’s monarchs
give them Jerusalem
- To unify their country and
- On their march south,
increase their power,
many died from cold and
Isabella and Ferdinand
starvation and the rest
made use of the Inquisition
drowned at sea or were sold
into slavery
- This was a Catholic court
to punish heretics
- Heretics were people whose
religious beliefs differed
from the Church
Identify and explain the following terms:
Fourth Crusade
Children’s Crusade
Stephen of Cloyes
Reconquista
Ferdinand and Isabella
Inquisition
Heretic
1492 in Spain
The Crusades are often referred to as “successful failures” – while the Crusaders
ultimately lost permanent control of the Holy Land, Europeans did discover many new
products and ideas from the Muslims. The Muslims had experienced a golden age and
were very advanced in math and science. In addition, the Muslims had preserved Greek
and Roman books in their libraries. Thus, the Crusaders rediscovered their own history in
the libraries of the Middle East. Crusaders also tasted coffee, sugar, raisins and lemons.
The Crusades encouraged Europeans to trade and discover the world around them. Yes,
the Crusaders lost the land but what they gained was perhaps more valuable.
Word Bank:
Crusades,
Palestine,
Urban,
Muslims,
Jerusalem,
Medieval,
Knights,
Roman
Catholic
Church, Pope,
Pilgrims
1. Which statement accurately describes the
actions of Muslims during the Crusades?
1. Most Muslims converted to
Christianity.
2. Muslims attacked and conquered
Constantinople.
3. Muslims defended Jerusalem because
it was sacred to them.
4. Many Muslims visited Europe for the
first time to obtain luxury goods.
2. One long-term effect of the Crusades was
the
1. development of Pax Mongolia
2. fall of the Ming dynasty
3. control of Jerusalem by Europeans
4. growth of trade and towns in western
Europe
3. Base your answer to this question on the
passage below and on your knowledge of
social studies.
The basic idea of this book is simple: to tell
the story of the Crusades as they were seen,
lived, and recorded on ‘the other side’—in
other words, in the Arab camp. Its content
is based almost exclusively on the testimony
of contemporary Arab historians and
chroniclers….
~ Amin Maalouf, The Crusades Through
Arab Eyes, Al Saqi Books
This passage indicates that the author’s
emphasis is on
1. cause and effect
2. chronological order
3. reenactment
4. point of view
Base your answer to questions 4 and 5 on
the speakers’ statements below and on your
knowledge of social studies.
Speaker A: We must fight to keep control
of Jerusalem in the hands of
those who believe in Allah.
Speaker B: Come and battle while there is
still time to protect the Holy
Land where Christ walked.
Speaker C: We must go forth to heal the
split between the churches.
Speaker D: An investment in ships and
knights will yield control of
profitable trade routes.
4. Which speaker is expressing an economic
motive for the Crusades?
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. Which speaker expresses a Muslim
perspective during the Crusades?
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
7. Base your answer to this question on the
statements below and on your knowledge of
social studies.
…For many in the contemporary Arab
world, the Crusades are viewed as having
begun nearly a millennium of conflict with
what would become the West. The Crusades
are seen as representing the constant threat
of Western encroachment [trespassing]. But
many scholars say that is a more recent and
inaccurate view of the Crusades….
~ Mike Shuster, reporter, NPR
The Medieval Crusades were taken and
then turned into something that they never
really were in the first place. They were
turned into a kind of a proto-imperialism,
an attempt to bring the fruits of European
civilization to the Middle East, when, in fact,
during the Middle Ages the great
sophisticated and wealthy power was the
Muslim world. Europe was the Third
World….
~ Thomas Madden, St. Louis University,
History of relations between the West and
Middle East, NPR, All Things Considered,
August 17, 2004
These statements indicate that the history of
the Crusades
1. has been neglected by experts
2. was of little importance
3. is the subject of debate and
interpretation
4. illustrates the importance of
tolerance and understanding
6. What was one direct result of the
Crusades?
1. Trade increased between Europe and
the Middle East.
2. Islamic kingdoms expanded into
Europe.
3. Arabs and Christians divided the city 8. What was one result of large armies
traveling great distances during the
of Jerusalem between them.
Crusades?
4. Alexander the Great became a
1. Europe’s population severely
powerful leader in Eurasia.
declined.
2. Democracy in the Middle East grew.
3. Cultural diffusion increased.
4. Slavery was eliminated.
The Gothic Cathedral
 A new spirit in the church and access to more money from the growing wealth of
towns and from trade helped fuel the building of churches in several European
countries.

In the early 1100s, a new style of architecture, known as Gothic, evolved throughout
medieval Europe. The term Gothic comes from a Germanic tribe named the Goths.
Unlike the heavy, gloomy Romanesque buildings, Gothic cathedrals thrust upward
as if reaching toward heaven. Light streamed in through huge stained glass
windows.

Other arts of the medieval world were evident around or in the Gothic cathedral –
sculpture, woodcarvings, and stained glass windows. All of these elements were
meant to inspire the worshiper with the magnificence of God.

Soon Gothic cathedrals were built in many towns of France. In Paris, the vaulted
ceiling of the Cathedral of Notre Dame eventually rose to more than 100 feet. Then
Chartres, Reims, Amiens, and Beauvais built even taller cathedrals. In all, nearly
500 Gothic churches were built between 1170 and 1270.
- Which of the following do you think best represents the spirit of the Age of Faith – the
Crusades, or the Gothic cathedrals? Explain.
Many achievements of Islamic civilization
reached European society by way of the
1. Crusades and eastern Mediterranean
trading networks
2. merchant guilds and the Industrial
Revolution
3. Middle Passage and the Columbian
Exchange
4. conquests of the Germanic tribes and
trade along the Silk Road
One result of the Crusades was an increase
in trade between the Middle East and
1. East Asia
2. Africa
3. North America
4. Europe
Base your answer on the quotation and on
your knowledge of social studies.
"Come then, with all your people and give
battle with all your strength, so that all this
treasure shall not fall into the hands of the
Turks…. Therefore act while there is still
time lest the kingdom of the Christians shall
vanish from your sight…. And in your
coming you will find your reward in
heaven…."
~ Emperor Alexius Comnenus, quoted in
The Dream and the Tomb
Which event is referred to in this quotation?
1. Enlightenment
2. French Revolution
3. Glorious Revolution
4. Crusades
In Europe, a long-term effect of the
Crusades was
1. the strengthening of the feudal
system
2. the adoption of Islamic religious
practices
3. an increased demand for goods from
the East
4. increased European isolation
Which heading would be best for the partial
outline below?
I. _____________________________
A. Desire to be released from feudal
obligations
B. Defense of the Holy Land
C. Forgiveness of sins
D. Desire for wealth from the Middle East
1. Reasons for the Reformation
2. European Motives for Fighting the
Crusades
3. Causes of the Fall of the Roman
Empire
4. Reasons for the Split Between the
Eastern and Western Churches
One way in which the Seljuk Turks,
Mongols, and Crusaders were similar is that
they all
1. invaded the Middle East and affected
its culture
2. succeeded in bringing democracy to
the Middle East
3. moved through the Middle East as
nomadic groups
4. established permanent empires in the
Middle East
Which is the most valid generalization about
the Crusades?
1. The Crusades strengthened the
power of the serfs in Europe.
2. The Crusades increased trade
between Europe and Asia.
3. The Crusades brought European
influence to Africa.
4. The Crusades supported the idea of
religious tolerance.