* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download 1 - Khayelitsha Commission of Inquiry
Intelligence-led policing wikipedia , lookup
California Proposition 36, 2012 wikipedia , lookup
Zero tolerance wikipedia , lookup
Crime prevention through environmental design wikipedia , lookup
Juvenile delinquency wikipedia , lookup
History of criminal justice wikipedia , lookup
Feminist school of criminology wikipedia , lookup
Immigration and crime wikipedia , lookup
Social disorganization theory wikipedia , lookup
Broken windows theory wikipedia , lookup
Sex differences in crime wikipedia , lookup
Quantitative methods in criminology wikipedia , lookup
Crime hotspots wikipedia , lookup
Critical criminology wikipedia , lookup
Crime concentration wikipedia , lookup
Criminalization wikipedia , lookup
Criminology wikipedia , lookup
KHAYELITSHA COMMUNITY SAFETY AUDIT Compiled for: Department of Community Safety Prepared by: Mission Communications and Kakora & Associates TABLE OF CONTENTS 1:1 1:2 1:3 1:4 2. 3. 4. 1. Introduction ……………………………...……………………..….……. 1 Contexualistion of present study within the Cape Renewal Strategy ..…………………………………………………....……... 3 Rationale of the present study .…….……………………..……… 4 Aims of the present study ..……..…….……………………..…… 5 Outline of the report …………..…..……………………………. 5 Literature Review …..………………………………….……..……….… 7 2:1 Contextualising crime in South Africa …..………..………….… 2:2 Factors contributing to crime …..…………….….………………. 8 2:3 Crime trends in South Africa ………………..……………….… 11 2:4 Problems with crime statistics …………….……………………… 12 2:5 Crime in the Western Cape ……………….………………….... 13 2:6 Contexualising Khayelitsha ………………………..…………..…. 15 2:7 Criminal Justice System ……………………………..…….……... 16 2:8 Crime prevention ……………………………….…………….….. 18 2:9 National Crime Prevention Strategies ………….………….…….. Methodology ……………………………………………………….……. 29 3:1 Methodological framework ……………………………………… 29 3:2 Sample ……………………………………………………….…… 30 3:3 Procedure ………………………………………………………… 34 3:4 Instrument ………………………………………………………… 35 3:5 Supervision …………………………………………….…………. 36 3:6 Ethical considerations ……………………………………………. 37 7 24 Results and discussions ………………………………….…………….. 38 4.1 Selected crime statistics of 2002 ………………..……………… 39 4.2 Results of Qualitative study ……………………………………… 43 4.3 Qualitative study ……………………………………….………… 56 4.4 Evaluation of policing service …………………………….……… 71 4.5 Physical characteristics …………………………………………… 75 4.6 Social characteristics …………………………………..…………. 94 4.7 Community Police Forum ………………………………………. 99 1 5. Recommendations and conclusions …………………………. 104 5.1 Building on existing functions ……………………………… 104 5.2 SAPS …………………………………………………..…….. 105 5.3 Law Enforcement ………………………………………….… 105 5.4 The CPF and Neighbourwood Watch Association…………. 106 5.5 Aligning local government with crime prevention principles. 107 5.6 Beyond local government activities and towards partnership 110 5.7 Activities that negatively impact on safety …………………. 110 5.8 Priority crimes ………………………………………….…. 112 6. Strengths and limitations of the study …………….……...…… 116 7. Recommendations for future research ………………………… 117 8. Concluding remarks …………………………………………….. 118 Reference list …………………………………………..………… 119 Appendix 1 Interview questions …………………………………….… 122 Appendix 2 Safety audit Questionnaire …………………………….... 125 Appendix 3 List of shebeens …………………………………..……… 145 Appendix 4 Where lighting not functioning ..………………………… 147 Appendix 5 Traffic calming measures ………………………………… 148 Appendix 6 List of crime prevention organisations ………………..… 149 2 Appendix 7 Research team ……………………………….…..……… 150 1. INTRODUCTION Crime affects all South Africans irrespective of race, gender or creed. Crime instills fear in South Africans and impacts on the development and growth of the country. The policies of the previous dispensation have lead to the destruction of social and community cohesion. This together with the strains of transitional adaptation, urban decay and material deprivation, have created a predisposition towards social disintegration, which has manifested in the escalation of crime in South Africa (Human Sciences Research Discussion Document, 1997). Thus reducing crime and building safer communities should be the priority to all South African citizens. Crime prevention strategies are key to building safer communities. The present study aims to provide information for the development of crime prevention strategy in Khayelitsha. 3 1.1 Contextualisation of present study within the Cape Renewal strategy The Cape renewal strategy was unveiled on the 16 February 2001 by the provincial ministry for Community safety as a three pronged renewal strategy for the Cape Flats. The strategy focuses on law enforcement, urban/ economic renewal and social renewal. The main objectives of the urban renewal strategy are the reduction and prevention of crime, reviving neighbourhoods through proper maintenance, reducing the opportunity, ability and the desire to commit crimes and reducing fear of crimes. Certain areas were identified as areas for renewal including Khayelitsha. In view of this and in line with the National Crime Prevention Strategy (NCPS) (discussed in the literature review) the need for the present study becomes essential. 1.2 Rationale for the present study Crime in South Africa is complex and the causes are multi-faceted, thus a uniform crime prevention strategy cannot be implemented in all 4 communities. Thus strategies will differ from community to community given the different crime patterns and opportunities that promote criminal activity. The NCPS provides a broad policy framework and acknowledges that crimes in communities are not single factored and developing tailor-made safety strategies are essential. This project is aimed at developing a crime prevention strategy for Khayelitsha. The present study is located within pillar 2 and 3 of the NCPS. The present study is designed to provide baseline information on the crime patterns, priority crimes, social and physical characteristics and victims at risk in the community of Khayelitsha. 1.3 Aims of the present study To identify crime problems in the area of Khayelitsha. To specify organizations involved in crime prevention and programmes currently operational in Khayelitsha. To analyse social and physical characteristics of Khayelitsha and the victims at risk. To prioritise crime problems in each area to provide the basis for crime prevention strategies. 5 1.4 Outline of the report Section 1 provided a brief overview of the need for the present study, rationale and aims. Section 2 provides a synopsis of literature relating to crime and crime prevention both nationally and internationally. It also outlines the NCPS and makes reference to cities such as Durban that have begun implementing it. Section 3 focuses on the methodologies employed in the present study Section 4 includes the results and discussion of the study. It is divided into 3 subsections. Subsection 1 includes crime statistics for period 2000, 2001 & 2002 and analysis of the priority crimes from the perspectives of the SAPS, the other stakeholders and the broader community. Subsection 2 includes the results of the qualitative study conducted with the stakeholders working in field of crime prevention. Subsection 3 includes the results of survey conducted with the broader community focuses on policing, physical environment and social characteristics of community. This section is interspersed with 6 information from Census1 and a feasibility study conducted by AHT international (2002) and other sources of information for the support of the Khayelitsha Urban Renewal Programme. Section 4 includes the final conclusions and recommendations as well as commenting on the priority crimes for the area. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW The ensuing section provides a theoretical overview of crime in South Africa, with specific reference to the Western Cape and the identified area of Mitchell’s Plain. Furthermore, it examines crime prevention both 1 Note: Information received from Census is outdated. The new Census results were not available at time of finalisation of this report. 7 internationally and locally and the National Crime Prevention Strategy (NCPS) legislated in 1996. 2.1 Contextualising crime in South Africa According to Shaw (2002) the levels of crime under apartheid was high, although it remained unseen disadvantaged communities. and unrecorded in poor historically South Africa has a unique history and thus makes the analysis of crime problems all that more complicated (Marsh, 1999). It can be argued that the apartheid government was built on the foundation of violence, brutality and repression and this bred crime. Apartheid has acted as a major generator of criminal victimization and violence through policies, which have resulted in massive social dislocation. Evidence suggests that the increase in crime from 1960 onwards was dramatic. From 1960-1977 homicide tripled (Shaw, 2002). The high levels of crime can be attributed to the economic decay and structural change engendered by apartheid (Shaw, 2002). During apartheid around three and a half million people were forcibly removed and resettled which impacted on the disintegration of the social fabric of communities and poverty. The policy of apartheid was in many respects applied with great success. In the area of 8 policing the nature and quality of the police work in designated ‘white’ areas were far better than in ‘black’ areas (Shaw, 2002; Cartwright, 1999). ‘Whites’ were provided with the illusion of living in a first world country. This was achieved because of the brutal policing and surveillance underpinned by pass laws and legislative separation and control. Thus crime statistics under the apartheid law was inadequate and misleading (Cartwright, 1999). Behaviour considered normal in free society was criminalized in South Africa. As the legitimacy of the previous government declined, and the opposition to its policies intensified the distinction between political and criminal behaviour became blurred. Both the state and opponents to the apartheid state used violence as a means to achieve political and personal aims (Schonteich, 2001/2). This then legitimized the use of violence in order to solve conflicts. Arguably, for the first time in four decades the ‘real’ state of crime is recorded. Given the level of media attention, it is not surprising that the general public perceptions of the problem have been affected (Marsh, 1999). 2.2 Factors contributing to crime Understanding crime in South Africa is complex and multidimensional. There are no isolated factors that one could pinpoint as the cause of crime. Thus 9 various factors impact on the existence and maintenance of crime levels. In the ensuing discussion some of the factors will be highlighted. 2.2.1 Period of transition Shaw (1997) argues that the increased visibility of crime from 1990 onwards was consistent with the experiences of other countries undergoing transitions to democracy. Naude (2000) argues that the shift from politics of confrontation and resistance to a negotiated democratic political system and the dismantling of apartheid resulted in the breakdown of social control methods without them being replaced by legitimate alternatives. Thus the period of transition for South Africa was largely over-regulated, undemocratic and unaccountable. However, as change occurs and democratization processes proceed, society and it instruments for social control are reshaped thus opening up new areas for the development of crime (Schoenteich & Louw, 2001). 2.2.2 Culture of violence The culture of violence is inextricably linked with the political history of South Africa. Institutional violence in the apartheid era impacted on fragmentation of family systems and condoned the use of violence as a means of control. 10 This continued exposure to violence has produced communities with destructive cultures (Schoenteich & Louw, 2001). 2.2.3 Poverty Historically blacks have been positioned in unemployment and povertystricken situations due to apartheid policies. Schonteich (2001/2) and Naude (2000) argue that poverty and unemployment are not necessarily linked to high crime levels. For example, Gauteng, where unemployment levels are low by South African standards, crime is high. Whereas the Eastern Cape has some of the country’s poorest yet crime levels are below the national averages. Thus unemployment must be understood within the context of a range of socio-political factors such as repression, inequality and discrimination (Naude, 2000). Furthermore, internationally poverty per se does not increase crime but rather how people experience their economic deprivation particularly if the disparities are racially based. Examples of this can be seen in America and Australia (Naude, 2000). Similar, trends have been witnessed in South Africa. 2.2.4 Age of perpetrators and risk of victimisation Schonteich and Louw (2001) argue that there is a strong relationship between crime and age. This link can be seen in criminal conviction records. 11 Henderson (2000/1) argues that 25% of people in prison on 28 th February 2001 were between 21 and 25 while 16% were under the age of 21. Furthermore almost one third of victimization of violent crime is the age group of 26 to 35 and then declines (Schonteich & Louw, 2001). Gray (1999) argues that crime prevention strategies in South Africa needs to focus on juvenile crime prevention given that they represent 32.5% of the economically active. 2.2.5 Urbanisation Another factor contributing to crime is the high levels of urbanization without the state being able to provide the necessary infrastructure such as houses, schools, hospitals etc. results in an increase of all levels of crime (Naude, 2000). Certain types of crime such as gang-related murder, vehicle hijacking, armed robbery and burglary of business premises are more likely to occur in urban cities rather than rural areas (Schonteich, 2001/2). The above are some of the factors that influence the continued existence of crime in South Africa. The causes of crime in South Africa are deep rooted and related to its history and socioeconomic realities. Thus solutions to crime are not simplistic. 12 2.3 Crime trends in South Africa National figures in 2001 indicated that the total number of crimes increased by 24% between 1994 and 2000. According to the South African Police Crime Bulletin Report (2000) the overall trends in S.A. of violent crimes and arson are decreasing, social fabric crimes are stabilizing and property related crimes are on the increase as compared to previous years. common robbery increased the most for this period. Reports of Murders reported showed the greatest decline during this period. However, the Western Cape reported the greatest increase in murder for this period (Henderson, 2001/02). However, while murder levels declined, overall levels of violent crimes have increased. According to Schonteich (2001/2) every third crime recorded in South Africa is violent in nature. According to Marsh (1999) violent crimes in South Africa is eight times greater than Europe. Thus by global standards, South Africa has high levels of violent crime, although, the average crime rate in South Africa is similar to places like Norway, Austria, the USA and France. Furthermore, although crime data in African countries are not reliable, by comparison South Africa has highest rate of murder as compared to countries in the southern African region (Schonteich, 2001/2). 13 Schonteich (2001/2) further states that the availability and use of firearms can be linked to the high levels of violence witnessed in South Africa as a large proportion of South African society is heavily armed. Marsh (1999) further notes that crime in South Africa is area specific and crime rates in metropolitan Johannesburg, Durban, Cape Town and rural KwaZulu- Natal are exceptionally high. For example in Cape Town, the problem of crime and violence is exacerbated by the gang culture entrenched in most lower class communities (Marsh, 1999). 2.4 Problems with Crime Statistics The problem with using crime statistics to understand crime patterns is linked to underreporting of crime. In South Africa, for example, extensive reporting of social fabric crimes such as woman abuse was only viewed as a criminal offence from 1993. A more effective means of determining crime statistics is by conducting victim surveys. In the Western Cape, the trends of underreporting crime in the victim survey conducted in 2002. For example, underreporting of actual or attempted robbery was estimated at 63% while underreporting of actual or attempted assault was estimated at 59% (Department of Community Safety, 2002). Furthermore, crime statistics says little about interventions and how effective they are. 14 2.5 Crime in the Western Cape As mentioned previously in the report crime, in the Western Cape, is high. According to the crime statistics recorded for the year 2002, the Western Cape had the highest crime statistics for many of the recorded crimes such as housebreaking (residential), murder and attempted murder and common assault (SAPS, Bulletin, 4/2000). Crime in the Western Cape is intrinsically linked to the existence of gangsterism that is deeply embedded in many communities (Marsh, 1999). Following is a brief discussion of gang culture in the Western Cape. According to Dissel (1997), it is estimated that there are between 90 000 and 100 00 gang members in the Western Cape. The majority of gang memberships have been comprised of the youth of previously disadvantaged areas. It is argued that the formation of gangs is linked to the history of apartheid. Gangs were formed through urbanization and forced removals in the 1950’s. Groups were informed by the socio-political contexts although they do not have an overt political design (Dissel, 1997). 15 Marginalised youth found acceptance and a sense of belonging within the structure of street gangs (Dissel, 1997). Social destruction, in combination with the apartheid’s economic deprivation has left large portions of the population unskilled and unemployed. As Healy (2000) points out fifty percent of youth aged between 15 and 20, in Cape Town, are unemployed. Therefore through crimes, such as drug trafficking, armed robbery and other illegal activities, gang members have been able to sustain themselves economically. Youth see gangs as a means of attaining wealth and power (Healy, 2000). It is for these reasons that gang activity has been maintained. Kinnes (2000) argues that gangs in the Western Cape do not have the same typology necessarily, as gangs in other provinces. In the Western Cape entire families are involved the illicit activity, thus criminal moral has permeated all levels of society (Kinnes, 2000). Furthermore for as long as the Western Cape has racial divisions and huge economic disparities, the gang problem will persist. The perception of political exclusion among the coloured community together with poor policing and lack of holistic crime prevention strategies, will maintain gang activity in the Western Cape (Kinnes, 2000). Furthermore, approximately every second criminal case that appears in either the Magistrates or Supreme Courts are linked to gang activities (Healy, 2000). 16 Although it has been noted that gang related crime is generally underreported as is the trend with many other crimes in South Africa (Healy, 2000). Therefore, a crime prevention strategy in the Western Cape will have to be comprehensive that includes socio-economic and rehabilitation of those who wish to turn away from gangs (Kinnes, 2000). 2.6 Contextualising Khayelitsha Khayelitsha was developed in 1983 when the apartheid government needed a site to relocate the African population of Cape Town. The area originally was a sand dune area owned by the defense force. The area was cleared and laid out for settlement. The relative security of tenure attracted residents who were at the time living in backyard shacks. Khayelitsha started as a small area with sub-economic houses. By the mid 1990’s the area developed with small sections of housing being slightly upmarket, the majority of the area being sub-economic and vast areas being informal houses (shacks) erected on serviced sites with regard to tarred roads, lighting, water-borner sewage and some access to electricity and telephones. In Khayelitsha, murder, armed 17 robberies and hijacking are extremely high. According to stakeholders in the area the reported number of murders on average over weekends are between 10 and 12 per weekend. Rape and domestic violence are high. The fundamental causes of crime in the area are linked to factors such as poverty and living conditions i.e. many shack dwellers are unemployed and overcrowded leading to an increase of malnutrition, and tuberculosis. Youth do have adequate sporting or recreational facilities available to them. There are many NGO’s and CBO’s currently working in the area. Some of the projects underway are related to basic needs (jobs, land, housing, electricity, water and transport), developing human resources (skills development and education of community) and building the economy (improving racial and gender inequalities). (Personal communication, M.Xeketwana, MSAT coordinator, 21 Jan 2003) 2.7 Criminal Justice System The criminal justice system in South Africa was primarily a vehicle for human rights abuses and racial discrimination under the apartheid system. Under the new government the situation is slowly beginning to change. One of the biggest challenges facing the government is the transformation of the criminal justice system. The Department of Justice is responsible for the 18 adequate provision of resources for proper and efficient functioning of the criminal justice system. The Department’s goals are to; · improve service delivery to internal and external customers in order to enhance customer satisfaction. · ensure that business is conducted efficiently and in a costeffective manner, with the primary focus on courts and other services rendered to the State and the public. This includes improving productivity in the courts and making justice more accessible and affordable. For the purpose of restructuring, the following core business units have been identified under the Minister's leadership: · Court Services · Masters' Offices · Legal Services · Legislation and Constitutional Development. · Various other units have been identified in support of these business units, namely: 19 · the Office of the Chief Financial Officer · Human Resources Development · Information Service Management, which will include information technology services 2.7.1 Public Education and Communication A Board of Directors has been established, and business plans for the various core business units have been approved. The Department aims to implement the process in an integrated manner (Information appended from the website). 2.8 Crime Prevention Crime prevention is a global concern (Tonry & Farrington, 1995). Crime prevention is often referred to as the “soft” option or is seen as the stepchild of law enforcement and the criminal justice system (Nel, 2000). However, preventing crimes before they occur has a cost benefit and contributes positively to the image of that particular country. Extensive writing on crime prevention has been documented in Western Europe, North America and 20 England in the past three decades. Many of these countries have specialized agencies to develop, test and evaluate crime prevention initiatives. According to Tonry and Farington (1995) four major prevention strategies exist, namely, law enforcement, community prevention that includes situational prevention and environmental design and developmental intervention. 2.8.1 Law Enforcement and the Criminal Justice system Research internationally notes that most people see law enforcement and the criminal justice system as the key agencies in terms of ensuring social order (Tonry & Farrington, 1995; Skogan, 1990). In the United States, key policy makers argued that crime prevention strategies needs to include changes in criminal law, enforcement techniques, sentence policy and mass media campaigns intended to dissuade criminals from committing crimes. However, although law enforcement is core business of any country to protect its citizens, it has been subsequently noted that these strategies are less effective in the absence of preventative measures aimed at reducing the “root causes” of crime (Tonry & Farrington, 1995). Marsh argues that stricter laws affect only the symptoms, not the cause. In some countries in the 21 Middle East, which have very strict laws, may not be the only reason why these countries are crime free. Communities there have extremely stable family systems with investment in land or governance of land. Downes (1994) cited in Van Aswegan (2000), in his analysis of youth crime in Europe, argues that criminal justice policies introduced by governments make little difference to crime levels. This is due to the fact that crime is influenced by social, economic, political and the quality of supporting services that surround the justice system. It is argued that crime is more effectively contained by a social approach which implies polices that achieve high levels of well paid, high productivity jobs, ensuring minimum wage and redistribution of wealth through progressive taxation and providing adequate educational, health and social services. However, in the present economic climate and demographic composition in South Africa such policies are highly problematic (Van Aswegan, 2000). 2.8.2 Community Prevention and Developmental Prevention Tonry & Farington (1995) argue that in order to develop an effective crime prevention strategy, one needs to understand that different crimes have different causes. It is for this reason that crime prevention from a purely law 22 enforcement perspective is insufficient. Some of the approaches include community prevention and developmental prevention. The ensuing discussion will examine these approaches. 2.8.2.1 Community Prevention Community prevention is premised on the assumption that changing the community will change the behaviour of the people who live there. This has internationally been seen to include improving surveillance, altering environmental design and by organizing residents to take preventative action. The basic premise of community prevention is the “designing out’ of crime in a particular community. It is often viewed as the “soft solution” to managing social disorder problems. Examples of this strategy have been noted in England’s Safer Cities programme and in New York (Tonry & Farrington, 1995; Skogan, 1990). The premise of this position is arranging social and physical constraints that naturally control public activity thus reducing crime opportunities in the community. An example of this can be seen in New York City, 23 which attempted to control vandalism in subway cars, transit stops, school buildings and sports stadiums by installing damage resistant materials (i.e. stainless steel) in these areas. This approach has reduced vandalism considerably in this city. In British Columbia, initiatives included keeping schools away from commercial centers, planning routes to schools and placing recreational and leisure time premises for elderly people close to entrances of apartments (Latinen, 1998). Kruger (1998) argued that there are five principles to environmental design: surveillance and visibility, territoriality and defensible space, access and escape routes, image and aesthetics and target hardening. Skogan (1990) argues that an environmentally disordered community creates the impression of high crime areas. Often this has been seen in communities in North America that are of lower socio-economic status. Thus image and aesthetics are important components of this strategy. Different lessons and varied levels of success have been achieved internationally with environmental design. Thus environmental design is not a solution on its own to crime prevention (Kruger, 1998). 24 Organising residential communities into Neighbourhood watch associations or other crime prevention organizations have been a global trend. This mobilization of resources and human capacity again has been successful to varying degrees internationally. In America the view of social order maintained by citizens’ informal self -policing had considerable political attractiveness. It provided expediency while being cost effective. At an ideological level, it impacts on ideas of selfhelp and active participation (Lavarakas, 1985). However, the paradox is that in criminology research trends suggest that community structures itself shapes the local rates of crime yet emphasis in this strategy is placed with communities to solve the problem. It is because of this that Tonry and Farrington (1995) argue that the means and the ends of creating and solving the problems of crime become blurred and thus much failure has been witnessed in this approach. Hope (1995) argues that many studies have shown that neighbourhood watch associations is ineffective in preventing crime yet governmental agencies in western society continue to fund these approaches. 25 2.8.2.2 Developmental Prevention In the last decade attention has been given to the developmental approach. This approach documents the predictive factors of delinquency and other antisocial behaviour. Consequently reducing risk and increasing protective factors have wide-ranging benefits and cost-effective benefits. For example, it is argued that interventions that improve parenting skills, children’s mental and physical health, children’s school performance and reducing risks of child abuse serves to reduce the chances that the individual will later become a criminal (Tonry & Farrington, 1995). Developmental prevention is the new frontier of crime prevention. The above paragraphs have made reference to some of the international trends in crime prevention. As Nel (2000) points out crime prevention programmes are not all equally successful and what works well in one community may not work in another. Furthermore, in the South African context, communities are defined in terms of geographic location rather than socio-cultural factors. The following section will be discussions of some of the national crime prevention 26 strategies that have been implemented, followed by a discussion NCPS framework. 2.9 National Crime Prevention Strategies 2.9.1 Definition Crime prevention involves responding to a few priority problems, using targeted multi-agency programmes. These pregrammes aim to address the cause of and opportunities for particular crime problems. They should enforce laws, ensure that order is maintained in the day-to-day activities of the community and reduce public fear (Nel, 2000, p.5) 2.9.2 The National Crime Prevention Strategy (NCPS) The National Crime Prevention Strategy (NCPS), which was legislated in 1996, provides an integrated policy framework. According to this policy, in order to effectively reduce crime it is necessary to transform and reorganize government and facilitate real community participation. The aim of all involved in transformation needs to weave social fabric, robust enough to withstand the stresses of rapid change in an emergent democracy (National crime prevention strategy – Summary, 1996). According to Van Aswegan 27 (2000) the NCPS was proposed as a fundamental paradigm shift in terms of handling crime. In essence, developing an effective strategy means changing from a reactive perpetrator policing approaches, to a more holistic multiagency approach which includes welfare, education, NGO’s, women’s groups, town planners, criminal justice departments and local authorities. Essentially the government of South Africa, in the NCPS, has adopted a fourpillar approach to crime prevention, namely, Pillar 1 Criminal justice process, which aims to make the criminal justice system more efficient and effective. Pillar 2 Reducing crime through environmental design, which focuses on designing systems and communities that reduce the opportunity for crime and facilitates the ease and detection of criminals. Pillar 3 Public values and education – aimed at increasing public participation and community pressure in crime prevention. Pillar 4 Transnational crimes –aimed at regional co-operation and stability (National crime prevention strategy – Summary 1996.) 28 Some of the outcomes of this strategy is thus to being able to crime in a coordinated and focused manner, which draws on the resources of all government agencies and civil society and to maximize civil society’s participation in mobilizing and sustaining crime prevention initiatives. The NCPS can be seen as an effort to move away from the more state-centered and ‘law and order’ approach of the previous regime. As such it is an effort to forge a link with trends in western thinking with regard to handling crime. Crime prevention strategies are unique and individual to various regions or areas in South Africa. Joubert (1996) argues that an effective crime prevention strategy will reflect the awareness of the changes taking place within communities and at the same time be sensitive to the needs of people. High levels of diversity, as is evident in the cultural makeup of South Africans, may lead to a lack of consensus on the meaning of crime and the nature of crime prevention strategies and intervention. 2.9.3 The role of Community Police Fora (CPF’s) in crime prevention in S.A. CPF’s play an important role in crime prevention in South Africa. The White paper on Safety and Security (1998) states that local government should work with CPF’s to 29 Identify flashpoints, crime patterns and anti-crime priorities and communicate these to the local government and the SAPS. Jointly set crime prevention priorities and agree on strategies Mobilise community based campaigns and activities and the resources to sustain them. (Nel, 2000, p.12) 2.9.4 Crime prevention strategy in Durban Durban seems to be at an advanced stage of development and the initial stages of implementation of crime prevention strategies within the parameters of the NCPS. The Durban crime prevention strategy has three strategic components, namely, Effective policing and crime prevention Targeted social crime prevention Environmental design 2.9.4.1 Policing (Durban Metro & SAPS) Visible policing does not necessarily directly reduce the levels of crime. However, in South Africa, people are gripped with the fear of crime thus 30 visible policing is symbolic providing reassurance to the community. Internationally, trends of community disorder, is significantly reduced if a feeling of ‘being watched’ exists (Shaw, 2002; Skogan, 1990). 2.9.4.2 Social crime prevention (Durban) This element of the strategy involves a multi-agency approach to solving problems of unemployment, alcohol and drug abuse, youth violence etc. 2.9.4.3 Environmental design (Durban) This section of the strategy focuses on crime prevention through environmental design that combines aspects of law enforcement and social crime prevention. An example of this is the development of the Warwick Junction. While the Unicity Committee of Durban has been officially adopted on 11 October 2000 and implementation has subsequently occurred, the effectiveness of the strategy still needs to be established. 31 According to Nel (2000) the Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Council has established a Safer Cities programme in 1997 and Pretoria approved its crime prevention strategy in 1998. In the light of the above, developing crime prevention strategies is essential to all communities. The current project attempts to provide baseline information for developing a safety plan for Khayelisha. The next section of the report focuses on the methodology of the study. 32 3. METHODOLOGY This section will focus on the methodology used in the present study. It covers the methodological frameworks, sample, instruments, procedures and ethical considerations of the study. 3.1 Methodological frameworks The present study utilized archival, qualitative and survey methodologies. Archival research is a method of studying organizations or communities based on collected records that have been produced. This technique was 33 used to compile crime statistics (issued by the SAPS), the community profile (Census, 1996) and the physical characteristics of the community (issued by local municipalities). Furthermore, it was used for the compilation of databases produced in the study. Qualitative research allows for in-depth analysis of the problem and its context. It allows the research process to elaborate, explore and systematize the problem (Banister, Burman, Parker, Taylor & Tindall, 1994). This methodology allowed for an in-depth exploration of crime and crime patterns with the relevant stakeholders in Khayelitsha. Survey research methodology can be defined as a method that analyses the responses of a defined sample to a set of questions measuring attitudes and behaviours (Baker, 1999). In the present study, this methodology facilitated a broader understanding of the problem of crime from the community’s perspective. A fundamental principle that was upheld in the research process was of empowerment of the community involved in the process. 3.2 Sample Following is a description of the samples for both the qualitative and survey research studies. 34 3.2.1 Qualitative study A total of 10 interviews were conducted with the stakeholders of the community. In addition, one focus group was conducted with five people present although more stakeholders were invited. Detail with regard to this can be found in paragraph 3.3. The initial stakeholder consultation meetings identified the participants’ to be interviewed. 3.2.2 Survey Sampling in this methodology refers to planned ways of selecting participants. The purpose of random sampling is to establish representativeness and thus reduce bias. In the present study a purposive random sample of 120 participants was drawn from various sections of the 35 Nyanga, The boundaries of the area were based on police precinct boundaries. Following is a brief description of the sample. Area AREA NO. OF PARTICIPANTS Macassar 17 SST Mxenge 10 Site C 6 Site B 6 Harare 16 Ekuphumleni 1 Green Point 2 J Section 1 Veza DM 3 I Section 2 Illitha Park 1 D Section 2 Kuyasa 2 36 AREA NO. OF PARTICIPANTS F Section 1 Tshephetphe 1 T Section 1 A Section 1 Graceland 5 Town 2 4 Mandela Park 5 K section 33 TOTAL 120 Sex From the above graph it can be seen that 55.1% of the sample was female while 41.5 were male. Age 37 From the above graph it can be seen that most of the sample fell in the age range of 25 years of age to 45 years of age. Marital status Finally in terms of marital status 50% of the sample was single while 38.1% of the sample was married. 3.4% were divorced. 3.3 Procedure 38 The South African National Civic Association (SANCA) was approached to implement the study. A presentation was done to the Branch Executive Committee in order to provide them with information regarding the nature and purpose of the study. SANCA undertook to assist with implementation of the project. Further consultation occurred with the Community Police Forum and the Neighbourhood Watch. From these meetings the relevant stakeholders were identified to participate in the individual interviews and focus group. SANCO identified community members to be trained as fieldworkers for the survey component of the study. After consultation it was decided that individual interviews would be conducted with SAPS station commissioner, the head of detectives and the head of Social Crime Prevention. Furthermore, it was decided that executive members of the following organizations would be interviewed, namely, the UDM, the PAC, SANCO, CODETA, the SACP, the ANC and ANCYL. Interviews were conducted between 28 January and 17 February 2003. Members of the Khayelitsha Development Forum, AMICO, the Khayelitsha Community Policing Forum, the Neighbourhood Watch and Rape Crisis were identified to participate in the focus group conducted on the 06 February 2003 at Stocks and Stocks in Khayelitsha. On the 06 February 2003, 11 volunteers were trained at joint 39 training session with Mitchells Plain at the Olifantshoek Community Centre in Tafelsig. Volunteers were provided with transport to the venue. The aim of the workshop was to equip the fieldworkers with knowledge of the process of research and the skill to conduct face-to-face interviews. The fieldworkers and area coordinator together with the researchers identified the criminal ‘hotspot’ areas and sampling was then completed. Each fieldworker was given an identification T-shirt and a letter on request. The fieldwork commenced on the 08 February 2003 and was completed on the 17 February 2003. 3.4 Instrument (See appendix 2) 3.4.1 Qualitative study The qualitative study used an interview schedule that focused on the following issues; The major and lesser crimes in the area Descriptions about victims and perpetrators of crime The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats facing the interviewee’s organization or crime prevention agency The solutions to solving crime in the area. 40 Individual interviews took approximately 30 minutes to complete. Focus groups, however, ranged from 1 hour 15 minutes to 2 hours. (See interview schedule in Appendix 1) 3.4.2Survey The survey used an instrument that consisted of several sections, namely; Biographical information Land use activities Crimes (included victims at risk) The built environment Maintenance Lighting Hiding places for criminals Getting assistance Signage Social problems The questionnaire consisted of both closed and open-ended questions. It was administered in a face-to-face interview format. Each questionnaire took approximately 45-60 minutes to complete (See questionnaire in Appendix 2) 41 3.5 Supervision The area coordinators primarily took responsibility for the supervision of fieldworkers. However, researchers randomly accompanied fieldworkers to focus groups and survey interviews. 3.6 Ethical considerations All participants in the study participated voluntarily and were informed of the nature and intentions of the study. All participants were assured that information or opinions provided would remain anonymous and confidential. Participants of the individual interviews were also assured that their interviews would remain anonymous. Furthermore, fieldworkers were equipped with names of referral agencies if participants required counseling or support for issues raised, which were possibly of a sensitive nature. 42 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The following section will focus on the results of the present study. It is divided into various sections, namely, map of police boundaries, crime statistics, priority crimes identified by the various groupings consulted in the research process, the results of the qualitative, physical characteristics and social characteristics. Map of Khayelitsha 43 Boundaries - N2, Baden Powell, Swartklip Road 4.1 Selected crime statistics for 2002 Crime statistics are important indicators of crime and priority crime in a particular area. As has been indicated in the literature review crime statistics are often misleading due to underreporting of crimes. Following is a table of selected crime statistics for Khayelitsha for the year 2002. This information will be compared later in the report with the views of stakeholders and the broader community in terms of priority crimes. Crimes Statistics Robbery with aggravated 1486 circumstances Murder 502 Attempted murder 367 Assault GBH 2669 44 Rape and Attempted 553 Drug related crime 177 Domestic Violence 1055 Note: The Station Commissioner revoked original crime statistics for years 2000, 2001 and 2002 issued to researchers by the Department of Community Safety. Information indicated above was issued instead. From the above statistics it can be seen that Assault GBH is the highest reported crime followed by robbery with aggravated circumstances and then domestic violence. The reported murder are extremely much more than at the other presidential station, namely Mitchells Plain. However, without the previous years it is difficult to determine whether this crime has increased or decreased over time. As seen rape cases are also very high but this might not be a true reflection, due to the underreported nature of this crime. From the above it would appear that the most frequently reported crimes are 4.1.1 Priority crimes SAPS According to the SAPS the first ranked priority crimes for Khayelitsha would be violent crimes including murder, assault GBH, armed robbery and then violence against women and children. The second ranked priority would be 45 economic crimes, which includes housebreaking, motor vehicle theft and other robbery. Participant 8: …we have seriously violent crime that is murder that is number 1, then the second as a seriously violent crime its both (indistinct) and crime against women and children, and crime against women and children is having child abuse and domestic violence having assault, all assault GBH and common because they originate from domestic violence most of them. Then we have organized crime. …our last crime is organized crime, within organized crime as a package we are having housebreaking. Participant 9: As I see the major crimes are mostly the violent crimes if I can mention rape, murder, robbery with firearms as well as serious assaults and attempted murders. The second category of crimes that impact on people in Khayelitsha would be economic crimes which is the (indistinct) the theft of motor vehicles and such crimes Participant 10: It’s rape, murders, and robberies. I think those crimes that are having an impact and that we prioritise at the station including domestic violence, ja. 46 4.1.2 Priority crimes for other stakeholders According to the stakeholders, economic crimes were listed as the priority crimes. Given the context of the area in terms of the high level of unemployment, the prevalence of these crimes is understandable. These crimes are also underreported as victims hold perceptions that the resolve for these types of crime has a very low success rate. Participant 2: They are robbing even people on the street. You will find that there is a queue of people robbed in the street … Participant 4: … Then that person because he sees money he is going to do the job, they end up breaking into houses … Participant 3: I think the worse things are the human something, like the worst things in the crime I think is rape here in Khayelitsha is too high, … Participant 5: Major crime is hijacking, housebreaking is very, very high in Khayelitsha. 47 Participant 7: Killing of people and robbery 4.1.3 Priority crimes for the community Similar to the perceptions of the stakeholders, the priority crimes are economic crimes including robbery, housebreaking and car hijacking. Again, the perception was mooted that the chances of criminals being convicted for these cases are low, therefore the reluctance to report the cases. People live with the fear of becoming victims of these crimes on a daily basis. For participants the second priority was violent crimes, such as rape of women and children. PRIORITY CRIMES Car Hijacking 48 Housebreaking 70 Rape 58 Robbery 61 0 20 40 60 80 48 4.2 Results of Qualitative Study The following section indicates the results of the qualitative study conducted with the crime prevention stakeholders. Stakeholders are identified in the methodology section (paragraph 3.3). However, in this section the names of the stakeholders have been omitted in order to maintain confidentiality. The results are presented in themes emerging from the interviews. Verbatim quotes (with grammatical errors), from the participants are utilized, to substantiate the themes. 4.2.1 The perpetrators of crime The perpetrators of most crime were identified as youth and unemployed young men, being residents of the community. Gangs and perpetrators of 49 crime are inextricably linked. Gangs in Khayelitsha can be described as groups of armed youth (tsotsies). It was noted that gangs in Khayelitsha are not organized according to prison cultures, as in ‘coloured’ areas such as Mitchell’s Plain. Participant 8: The people who are responsible number one the people who are unemployed. Number two are the boys who are pushed because of the peer group, boys are below 18 years of age, the majority rank is from between 15 and 25 that’s the group that is committing crime mostly … Participant 5: No kids only, there’s somebody behind the kids sometimes because we found those kids, to small, but they got guns. Where they get them from, guns, because they are so small. That is why I think old people behind those kids, I think so. Participant 1: At the present moment although I say it is very difficult to give a direct actual answer but mostly the people trying to say is doing these things is the youth and you know the youth is the system they are one actually (indistinct) because if you go to different areas of Khayelitsha where you find the actual person been caught you will find that it is the youth. 50 Participant 9: Well the people responsible for the crimes are mainly residents of Khayelitsha who commit those crimes and often in the cases of serious crimes it’s also people known to the victims or in the family of the victims. We sometimes also get people from other areas like Nyanga and Gugulethu coming into Khayelitsha to commit crimes here. Focus Group: Respondent: It’s a, I don’t want to say, it’s the youth because it sounds like a statement. ‘Cos the whole time the responsible people also do the same, so it becomes another major case. Interviewer: We are not only talking about cars we are talking about the shootings and the rape … Respondent: It’s a male problem because all of this criminal activities are males with the exception of a few females it’s a end (indistinct). I think to get to the point we can’t exactly say the youth, even the elders, they use the youth to go there and there … 51 4.2.2 Causes of the crimes Various causes were cited for crime. However, the most common reason cited was linked to socio-economic status of the community, namely the high level of unemployment in the area. The relationship between substance abuse and crime was strongly argued by participants as the major cause of violent crimes such as rape and murder. Shebeens were cited as perpetuating the high levels of substance abuse in an area that is socially and economically deprived. Town planning and infrastructure such as inadequate street lighting, public open spaces and dark areas and limited recreational and other leisure activities. Participant 9: Well, there are various reasons why crimes occur. It’s mainly the person committing the crime, the main reason is often money and the people are unemployed. They don’t have an income and they make a living out of crime so that is the main reason. Participant 1: Wherever you go to all corners of Khayelitsha or the Western Cape for that matter, even it is a national problem, people are not employed and they do whatever they do in order to make an actual living. Although 52 because we are saying it is the youth that is actually behind this whole thing. You cannot actually say that they do this in order to make a living but they actually doing this thing sometimes to buy this, actually, drugs and all that stuff. So most importantly overalls it’s the poverty. Participant 5: I think the reason of that kids is not in school because they poor, those are they have no school fees, they have no food that why there is crime Participant 7: So, according to my understanding you its drugs and alcohol because people, the shebeens are 24 hours, operating 24 hours and then if people run out of money in the shebeen, they go outside and rape people and then kill them and take their money and rob them and go back to the shebeens and drink … Participant 8: .. I will say unemployment rate that’s within this area cause (indistinct) if not mistaken, I stand for correction, 69% is unemployed so if that is the case as to what are those people doing. ‘Cos if they are not working what are they doing?. It’s either they not working, they work somewhere in the area and somewhere means they have to commit crime in order to survive. 53 Focus Group: Respondent: …concentrating on shebeens because we felt that shebeens are contributing a lot in crime, that is happening in Khayelitsha. So it is then that we had operations that had specifically minimize the selling of liquor especially young people. Because when we walk by the shebeens we find it’s people that is young, younger than 16 years that are in the shebeens and those people are selling the liquor to those young kids … Participant 10: Why, there are a number of factors that lead to this crimes, the unemployment if you look at housebreaking for example … I would say that liquor contribute … people coming from the shebeens late at night are targets. 4.2.3 Victims at risk Identifying groups of victims at risk was difficult as most stakeholders’ highlighted that everyone, young or old are potential targets of crime. Women and children were identified as more vulnerable groupings or ‘softer’ targets. 54 Focus Group: Respondent: Females and pedestrians Respondent: …because you come out of the Khayelitsha station to your house, with a huge field there, so you be a victim … Participant 4: The children are most at risk because they are still growing. Their parents they don’t have money to give them to go to school so they end up staying at home. Participant 9: The categories of people that are at risk is the people on the streets. I’m talking especially about robberies, is people with possessions on them. Persons making use of public transport. In order to get the public transport they have to walk to the station or the taxi rank … the other people at risk is people under the influence of liquor. They are at risk of being robbed because they are easy targets. They are also at risk of being raped and sexual offences very often in the vicinity of shebeens … motorist obviously, if they come into the area and we have a relatively high incident of car hijacking … 55 Participant 1: I think that one is not easy to answer because this will actually happen to different people, it might be a women, it might be a man, it might be youth but everybody is a target but the most one are the women because they are the easy targets, and you will always find them around. Participant 11: …everybody’s at risk because if you looking at the women they are victims, the children they are victims but on different crimes. Because even on robberies some woman are at risk because earrings are taken, jewelry are taken from them, their cell phones are grabbed from them, by the criminals, if they are walking from the station. The delivery vehicles they are at risk. So everybody’s at risk. There’s no specific group that you say hey his at major risk. Participant 8: The people who are most at risk are women because they are defenseless. I don’t know, they are vulnerable because if a woman going to work, moving on an open space and boys arrive, strap hands and start raping her, you know, this is very bad. At some stage when they grab the lady, rape her, they end up killing her, that is the problem … man’s who are targets especially on Friday because it is known that they are having monies … 56 Participant 7: According to my understanding crime is happening in the evening at midnight, it’s when the criminals operate and then it doesn’t matter who they see, who they meet. Even the brothers from the shebeen house are the also the victims. 4.2.4 Strengths of organizations working with crime prevention Strengths of organizations involved in crime prevention seemed very difficult to isolate. Given the enormous problem of crime, crime prevention efforts and its strengths seem minimal in comparison. Some of the main strengths for the SAPS, for example, were the community partnerships i.e. the CPF, other community volunteers, City Police and the reservists. For other crime prevention organizations, empowerment and education of the community were the strengths. Participant 9: …but we use an integrated approach where we use people of the City Police, we use Neighbourhood Watches and private people that is volunteering to help the police. We have reservists. We also get forces from 57 outside of Khayelitsha police forces, where they allocate people to us in periods of time where there is a high incident of crime … Participant 1: I think the strength of the (name of organization) is er it definite lies in empowering actually other people. Participant 5: …they know about the constitution, they know what is justice, what justice can do, what is police, what police can do … Participant 3: … (name of organization) is encouraging women to go back to school, night school and then encouraging people to make their own gardens and sell the stuff thereafter to get them income … 4.2.5 Weaknesses of crime prevention organizations The weaknesses of crime prevention organizations in Khayelitsha are related to the lack of resources, inadequacies in the justice system, lack of crime prevention personnel to effect visible policing, inadequacies in the Neighbourhood Watches and lack of co-ordination between crime prevention organisations. 58 Participant 10: Well the fact that we are not yet on full force with this structures with the establishment of these structures. Although this structures has been acceptable, is in place, but it is not functioning yet the way it is supposed to function. That is the weakness we having. And sometimes the understanding, that is there, we need still to educate some of our people because some people volunteer with the idea that when the police start employing, I will be first one in line, which is not the case. Participant 7: …the weakness, the problem with this Neighbourhood Watch, they start patrolling early and then knock off at 12, when they are supposed to be starting the job. They supposed to be starting the job at 12 until the morning because they are criminals, they operate that time. Participant 8: …that we don’t have enough manpower … I don’t have enough personnel power that why I depend precisely from the community to give up my personnel power. Focus Group 59 Respondent: …but there is no coordination of the structures …there’s nowhere that there’s churches coming together saying we want to fight crime, we decided we are coming together and we want to fight crime and they are in one court. Participant 6: …necessary, its money because you need funds, you can’t do anything. Participant 5: …justice. The police take the gangster to justice, justice is open doors because if somebody is arrested today, tomorrow his out. Justice not fast for that one. 4.2.6 Improving organization in terms of crime prevention Most stakeholders indicated that their function, as crime prevention organizations would be improved if they had additional human resources, material resources such as surveillance camera’s, training, more coordinated structures and more Neighbourhood Watches operational in the area. 60 Participant 5: We need instructors, community safety forum, community (indis tinct) community forum. We need Neighbourhood Watch in our areas. I think those structures is what we need in order to make our organization more effective. Participant 10: You see the huge problem is that we are facing a shortage of personnel. That is the huge thing when you talk about crime prevention, you talk about stability, stability and that needs bodies to be visible. And without the bodies to be visible then we are ineffective you need a lot, and a lot of police officials (indistinct). You see at the moment the little number that we are using these members on the weekend on a daily basis and you burning them out. Participant 8: We need more volunteers who are going to become reservists … I’m targeting to have 120 reservist who are going to be trained and get uniform so that you cannot be able to differentiate them from the members of the police because they are going to be trained to the police job. Then secondly, would like to get more Neighbourhood Watch from community, to increase the strength for crime prevention. Once we get that then I think crime 61 is going to be reduced. I would say that we also need more camera’s now, because the reason why crime is taking place here is that most people are committing crimes …they are running and hide themselves here then they start committing crimes here. So that the moment I get those camera’s , its going to reduce the crimes as well. 4.2.7 Threats to getting the job done The threats to effective crime prevention include working in stressful and often life threatening conditions for both the SAPS and the other stakeholders. Participant 9: Well, we have quite a high incidence of attacks on police members. So it is dangerous areas to work in that is I think the major threats that we sitting with at the moment. Otherwise the police are committed and they are really trying to address the crime. Participant 3: Like if you take a suspect to the police, you know you are wasting your time. You can take him to the police station. You know on 62 Monday he will be here in the location so that ‘skollie’ will get you and know that Lamundu who took me to the police station Participant 10: Last year 2002, 12 vehicles have been shot at and I lost plus minus 6 members who were gunned down and that is a threat. 4.2.8 Conclusion The interviews with the stakeholders highlighted that the priority crimes for them are economic crimes. The perpetrators of these crimes are mainly youth and young men. Therefore a crime prevention strategy for this area would nececitate a focus on this grouping of people. Furthermore, the genesis of many problems seem to be linked to poverty and unemployment thus the socio-economic conditions of Khayelitsha needs to be improved. Furthermore, there are various strengths and weaknesses evident in crime prevention organizations that need to be addressed. 4.3 Quantitative study 63 Following are the results of the community safety audit. The results of this study will be presented in two parts. Firstly, an analysis of crime in terms of the perpetrators, victims at risk, areas promoting high levels of criminal activity as identified by the community and an evaluation of policing services and secondly an analysis of the environmental design and social characteristics of the community. 4.3.1 4.3.1.1 CRIME IN KHAYELITSHA Priority crimes The priority crimes for the community were identified as robbery, car hijacking, murder, housebreaking were the priority crime in the community. Diagram 1 below provides of the percentage of participants indicating this. 64 Diagram 1 Priority crimes PRIORITY CRIMES Car Hijacking 48 Housebreaking 70 Rape 58 Robbery 61 0 4.3.1.2 20 40 60 80 Other crimes Domestic violence (woman and abuse of children). Less than 10% of the sample indicated this to be a crime. Of the participants who indicated this as problem also explained that the community does not take this problem as a serious crime as it is still believed to be a private rather than public matter. Although as seen in the crime statistics this is one of the higher reported crimes but it may still be underreported given the belief indicated before. Assault Gun shooting 65 Armed robbery 4.3.1.3 Perpetrators Table 1 below indicates the likely perpetrators of the various crimes according to the participants of the study. It should be noted that as, identified by the participants, the perpetrators for most crimes are between 12 and 30 years of age. For crimes against women and children, the age range is not that clearly defined as young and old men commit these crimes. Table 1 Crime Perpetrators Gangsters, youth, unemployed men. Mostly men involved in crime although recently it has become evident that young women are becoming involved in Robbery committing this crime. Mostly, the perpetrators are residents of the Khayelitsha community. In rare instances, people come from other areas e.g. Nyanga and Gugulethu. Rape Youth, men and gangsters, particularly patrons of 66 Crime Perpetrators shebeens. Perpetrator often known the victim. Armed robbery Car Hijacking Housebreaking Gangs and youth Syndicates, gangsters and youth Gangs and youth Murder Gangs, youth Gun shooting Gangs, youth Abuse of children Fathers, uncles, friends of the family or other men. Perpetrator mostly known to the victim. Husband, intimate partner. Perpetrator mainly known Woman abuse to the victims. 4.3.1.4 Targets of crime Table 2 below indicates the targets of the various crimes and there average age range. It also indicates the time of day the crimes are likely to occur. Table 2 67 Crime Targets of crime, age and time of day crime is likely to occur Everybody mainly women and pensioners. Employed people traveling to and from work. The ages of the victims range from about 18 to 65 years of age and Robbery older sometimes. Most likely to occur between 5 am and 8 pm. More likely to occur Friday afternoons and other pay days Teenagers and young adult women. The average age range of the victims is from about 12 –30 years of age. Rape Occurs anytime but more particularly at night between 20h00-midnight. Mainly business owners and home owners in the area Armed robbery and it is likely to occur at anytime. Mainly women motorists likely to occur anytime Car Hijacking particularly at night. Mainly home-owners. Housebreaking Shacks are also easy targets because of inability to secure home. More often in the morning from 5 am to 12 pm when people are 68 Crime Targets of crime, age and time of day crime is likely to occur commuting to work. Everyone. Often murder occurs as a result of another crime like robbery or rape. Also, gang violence results Murder in murder or attempted murder. Happens mainly at night or early hours of the morning and over weekends. Gun shooting Usually occurs between gangs but innocent victims are often targets. Police persons attending to the crimes also become the victims. Abuse of children Children from 3 years and above. sexually abused. Girls are mainly Boys and girls are physically and psychologically abused. It occurs anytime of the day or night. Woman abuse Women are the targets. All ages of women are subjected to abuse. Will occur anytime of the day or night. 69 Table 3 below indicates places in Khayelitsha where the crimes mentioned above are likely to occur. Table 3 Crime Where crime likely to occur Area next to the day hospital Open spaces En route to the railway station Stands near Town 2 Inside taverns or shebeens or in immediate vicinity Eeyethu shopping center Robbery At schools and bus stops Oscar Mpetha road between Harare and Kuyasa at public Transport pick/drop off points Walkthroughs Lansdowne Extension bus top BM section Armed robbery Rape Shop owners e.g. Thembani shop Open space at Khayelitsha railway station 70 Crime Where crime likely to occur In shebeens Walkthroughs Tutu Avenue & Qhelwezana street –trees and bushes Near informal business shacks Open field between Mandela Park and 54 section Car Hijacking At robots Informal shacks Housebreaking All areas of Khayelitsha Walkthroughs Open spaces Murder Fields En Route to Khayelitsha station Shebeens Shebeens Gun shooting Around most of the area Abuse of In the play areas and at homes children 71 Crime Where crime likely to occur Woman abuse 4.3.1.5 At homes Places where victims of crime can be assisted According to participants there are very few places in Khayelitsha were victims of crime could be assisted. Following are the places highlighted by the participants; At the police station (however, the police station is quite far from certain areas like Maccassar) Social services Nicro (the social workers) The database indicated in Appendix 6 of this document highlights many more organizations working in the field of crime prevention and offering support to victims. Given that most participants are unaware of the existence of many of these organizations, it leaves questions with regard to the adequacy and accessibility of these services. 72 4.3.2 Negative activities that impact on crime levels Following is a discussion of the negative activities in Khayelitsha that impact on the crime levels of the community. Diagram 2 below indicates this. NEGATIVE ACTIVITIES WALKTHROUG DISCO GANGS SHEBEENS HOMELESS SEX WORKERS GAMESHOPS BARS 50 22.9 83.9 89 41.5 32.2 26.3 26.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 From the above diagram it can be seen that the most common negative activities are shebeens and gangs. Following are brief discussions of these negative activities. 4.3.2.1 Shebeens2 Shebeens seem to impact on the opportunities for criminal activity in Khayelitsha. According to the SAPS there are an estimated 1 500 shebeens with 200 being problematic (AMT International, 2002). In townships, shebeens offer a source of entertainment and activity in an environment 2 See Appendix 3 for a list of some the streets where shebeens are located. 73 where there are minimal recreational or leisure activities available. Shebeen owners begin operating as means of economic survival. Lack of regulation makes these businesses more lucrative. However, shebeens are sites of illegal activity. These activities range from buying and selling stolen goods to selling alcohol and drugs to underage children to violent crimes. Diagram 3 below indicates the estimated average number of shebeens. PRIORITY CRIMES Car Hijacking 48 Housebreaking 70 Rape 58 Robery 61 0 20 40 60 80 According to the diagram there are at least one shebeen per five streets. Some of the illegal activities cited by participants included; Drug lords operate from shebeens. Gangs operate from shebeens. Shebeen owners harbour criminals and stolen goods. 74 Alcohol and drugs are sold to underage school children during school hours. Illegal gambling occurs. High levels of gun shooting and other violent crimes are witnessed at shebeens. Sale of illegal firearms occurs at shebeens Shebeens, furthermore, impact negatively on the community in the following ways; They operate 24 hours per day thus increasing the noise level in the community, particularly late at night and over weekends. They do not adhere to liquor laws thus alcohol is freely available to young children and youth of the community. 4.3.3 Gangs 75 Gangs (or tsotsies) are deeply embedded in the perpetuation of crime. As has been reported by the participants of the study most crimes seem to be committed by gangs of the area. Following is a brief discussion of gangs and its impact from the perspective of the broader community. 83.9% of participants indicated that gangs operate in the area. 89.0% of participants indicated that gang members are residents of the community. Diagram 4 below indicates the age ranges of the gang members. Diagram 4 Age ranges of gang members AGE RANGES OF GANGS MISSING INFO. 2.5 22 ONWARDS 0.8 AGE 18 - 22 31.4 AGE 14 - 18 60.2 AGE 10 - 14 5.1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 From the above diagram it can be seen that most participants believed gang members to be between 14 and 18 years of age. Diagram 5 below indicates situations in which gang members feel threatened by gangs. 76 Diagram 5 Threatened by gangs THREATENED BY GANGS TRAIN TAXI BUS CAR PLACES OF WORSHIP SHOPS STREETS AT HOME SCHOOLS 76.3 51.7 35.6 5.9 45.8 71.2 70.3 52.5 65.3 0 20 40 60 80 100 From the above it can be seen that people are most threatened by gangs at schools, on the streets, at shops and on the trains. Diagram 6 below indicates the days that gang members are most likely to operate on. Diagram 6 Days gangs operate DAYS THAT GANGS OPERATE SUNDAY SATURDAY FRIDAY THURSDAY WEDNESDAY TUESDAY MONDAY 43.2 83.1 86.5 29.6 28.8 24.6 31.4 0 20 40 60 80 100 77 From the above diagram it can be seen that gangs are most operational on weekends from Friday to Sunday. 78.8% of participants felt that gangsters operate more on paydays. 4.3.4.1 Impact of crime on the community Living with high levels of crime impacts on the community at various levels, namely economically, socially and psychologically. Following is a brief discussion of participants’ perceptions of the impact of crime on the community. The community is not free to engage in community life for fear of being a victim of crime People feel unsafe Criminals and gangsters become role models for the children People do not trust each other in the community Anger and fear of loosing sons to a life of crime Community feels powerless 78 Crime destroys the community and negatively impacts on its economic development Diagram 7 below indicates the time of the day that feels most comfortable or uncomfortable in Khayelitsha. From the diagram it can be seen that people feel uncomfortable in the morning and evening and only slightly comfortable during the day. This is linked to the high levels of crime in the area. Diagram 7 Perceptions of safety PERCEPTIONS OF SAFETY 100 80 60 40 20 0 83.9 72.9 51.7 38.1 19.5 8.5 MORNING AFTERNOON COMFORTABLE EVENING UNCOMFORTABLE 4.4 Evaluation of policing services The next section of the results will be an evaluation of the policing services available. 55.1% of participants indicated that if they felt unsafe at any time 79 they would be able to request assistance. Diagram 8 below indicates whom participants would call for help. Diagram 8 Ask for help ASK FOR HELP 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 81.4 18.6 NEIGHBOUR POLICE From the diagram it can be seen that participants would most likely call the SAPS for assistance in spite of comments relating delayed response times of the SAPS and distance of Police Stations from certain sections of the community. 66.9% of participants indicated that they knew emergency numbers. 41.5% of participants carry cell-phones. 80 Following is an analysis of the quality and adequacy of services provided by the SAPS, Law Enforcement and Neighbourhood Watch. Diagram 9 below indicates how often the aforementioned service providers are seen patrolling the area. Diagram 9 Patrolling of Policing services PATROLLING OF POLICING SERVICES 100 80 60 40 20 81.4 55.9 45.8 45.8 38.1 16.9 0.8 3.4 5.9 0.9 2.6 2.5 OFTEN MISSING 0 NEVER POLICE SELDOM LAW ENFORCEMENT NEIGHBOURHOOD WATCH 81 From the above diagram it would appear as if levels of patrolling of the police services are poor in the area. Diagram 10 below indicates participants’ perceptions of the adequacy of the policing services. Diagram 10 Adequacy of policing services ADEQUACY OF POLICING SERVICES 80 65.3 64.4 67.8 60 40 18.6 22 15.3 11 16.1 20 13.6 0.8 2.6 2.5 0 YES POLICE NO UNSURE LAW ENFORCEMENT MISSING NEIGHBOURHOOD WATCH The diagram above highlights that all the policing services are inadequate in the area. Diagram 11 below further substantiates previously highlighted perceptions, namely that policing services are poor. Diagram 11 Rating of policing services RATING OF POLICING SERVICES 80 63.6 50 60 40 20 0 24.6 8.5 9.3 7.6 33.1 55.1 39 82 2.5 2.5 4.2 From the above diagrams, it is clear that policing services need to improve in terms of visibility in the community and improvement of services provided. 4.4.1 A further exploration of the SAPS The effective delivery of services of the SAPS is impeded by numerous problems both internally and externally. Internally problems include lack of resources, effective usage of vehicles, high staff stress and other human resource problems. Externally, it is linked to providing an effective policing service in a highly volatile community. According to the Senior Superintendent of Detectives, the station has estimated that Khayelitsha has approximately 850 000 residents in the community. He further indicated that Census count was incorrect because of access to certain hotspot areas. In total including civilians doing clerical work there are less than 300 members of staff. Thus it is estimated that the ratio of police personnel to residents is 83 1:1500. According to Community Safety Information Centre (CSIC), (2002), the ideal number of staff required in Khayelitsha is estimated at 483 members. In terms of resource allocation, the main station plus the satellites have approximately 60 vehicles. According to Community Safety Information Centre (CSIC), (2002) the station ideally should be allocated 93 vehicles. Furthermore, it was highlighted in this report that 53% of vehicles are parked at police personnel homes after hours and only 13% are utilized after hours. Given, that after hours and weekends are prime times for criminal activity this needs to be investigated. According to the Senior Superintendent of crime prevention, in the crime prevention unit there are a total of 34 people allocated to this division. They are divided into four shifts that effectively mean that they have five people available for crime prevention purposes. Over weekends the administrative people work in order to supplement person power. Externally the threats are working in a highly volatile and violent community. Police persons are constantly under threat. It was also indicated that planning of the area is confusing. The Senior Superintendent indicated that after working in the community for two years he still gets lost looking for an address if reacting to a complaint. The reason being that houses in the area are not clearly marked. 84 Therefore, the performance of the SAPS needs to analyzed within the contextual backdrop provided in the aforementioned paragraph. 4.5 Physical Characteristics This section of the report will explore how the environmental design of Khayelitsha impact on the crime level of the area. According to the NCPS this a crucial aspect of crime prevention. Following is an analysis of the population density, layout and housing, image and infrastructure, transport routes and vacant land. 4.5.1 Population Density The population density for Khayelitsha is estimated at 5.6 persons per formal housing structure and 3.3 per informal shack (Site B Precinct Development Plan, 2002; AHT International, 2002). It is furthermore estimated that Site C and Site B are the most densely populated areas (Site B Precinct Development Plan, 2002) 85 4.5.2 Layout and housing type Khayelitsha is characterized by a wide range of housing developments which is both planned and unplanned. According to the Census information (for Person weighted, 15-65 years) the type of dwelling are as follows; Type of dwelling Number House on separate stand 53 687 Traditional dwelling 150 Flat in block of flats 188 Town/cluster/semi-detached 31 house Unit in retirement village 102 House/flat/room in backyard 505 Informal dwelling/shack in 8715 backyard Informal dwelling/shack elsewhere Room/flatlet on shared property Caravan/tent None/homeless 178 168 2518 38 - 86 Type of dwelling Number Other 1359 Unspecified/NA 5746 Total 251 207 (Source: Census, 1996) Formal housing in situated in the central and southern areas while informal settlements on surveyed sites with services are found in other sections of Khayelitsha. Unplanned or informal settlements occur on vacant land or public open spaces throughout the township (AHT International, 2002). As has been noted, housebreaking is a common crime in Khayelitsha that occurs in both formal and informal areas. Shacks in the informal settlements are easy targets as owners are unable to secure it in the same manner as formal housing. Furthermore, privacy in overcrowded informal settlements is infringement because of small spaces people occupy. women vulnerable to crimes such as rape. This then makes Furthermore, it is easy for criminals to find refuge in informal settlements. 4.5.3 Image and infrastructure 87 This section will discuss street lighting, maintenance of the area and infrastructure of the area. 4.5.3.1 Street Lighting Adequate Street lighting3 in crime-ridden areas contribute to the levels of safety of the area. Lack of lighting increases vulnerability of the community to crime. This is particularly problematic in communities like Khayelitsha where communities rely largely on public transport to travel to work places and schools. Following is a analysis of lighting for Khayelitsha. Diagram 13 below indicates participants’ overall impression of lighting. It can be deduced that lighting is generally poor in the area. Diagram 13 Rating of lighting 3 See appendix 4 for list of streets where lighting not functioning RATING OF LIGHTING MISSING INFO VERY UNSATISFACTORY 88 0.8 16.1 Table 4 below indicates participants rating of lighting in various situations. Note: Table 4 is indicated in percentage and missing information is not included. Area of lighting Good Poor Pavements 47.5 44.9 Streets 44.1 53.4 Public buildings 38.1 45.8 Leisure areas 8.5 44.9 Fields 3.4 10.2 Sand Dunes 33.9 37.3 89 Area of lighting Good Poor 40.7 44.1 Illuminating signs 33.9 44.1 Schools 66.1 20.3 Pedestrian crossings 27.1 44.1 Railway lines 50.0 22.0 Railway station 42.4 28.0 Shopping centers 48.3 33.1 Parks 13.6 55.9 Bus/Taxi pick up/drop off points Table 4 above confirms the rating for the overall impression of lighting is poor. Parks, fields, taxi and bus pick/up and drop off points and sand dunes are poorly lit. These are prime areas for criminals and gangsters to operate. Lighting in the informal settlements is poor. These areas have searchlights, which does not provide enough light. Diagram 14 below provides an estimation of the percentage of lighting functional in the area. Diagram 14 Estimation of lighting functional ESTIMATION OF LIGHTING FUNCTIONING MISSING INFO. 100% 90 1.7 5.1 From the above graph it can seen that a proportion lighting continually seems to be malfunctioning. 38.1% of participants indicated that lighting is obscured. Furthermore, 23.7% of participants indicated that street lighting is reliant on private homes. It was, however, highlighted that There is not enough street lighting in the area and That quality of lighting must be improved. 4.5.4 General maintenance of the area Diagram 15 below indicates the participants’ impressions of the general maintenance of the area. Although maintenance does not promote or hinder criminal activity, the lack of maintenance contributes to perceptions of being an environmentally disordered community, thus creating the impression of a high crime area. 91 Diagram 15 Rating of maintenance RATING OF MAINTENANCE 1.8 MISSING INFO. 24.6 VERY UNSATISFACTORY 39.8 UNSATISFACTORY 14.4 SATISFACTORY 18.6 GOOD 0.8 EXCELLENT 0 10 20 30 40 50 As seen above maintenance of the area of Khayelitsha is generally unsatisfactory. This is further substantiated by 48.3% of participants indicating that refuse removal is inadequate and 83.9% of participants indicating cleansing is inadequate. 4.5.4.1 General state of public facilities Diagram 16 below indicates the rating of the maintenance of public facilities. As indicated 55.1% rated it as poor and 16.1% rated it as average. 92 Diagram 16 General state of public facilities GENERAL STATE OF PUBLIC FACILITIES 14.4 MISSING 55.1 POOR 16.1 AVERAGE 14.4 GOOD 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Table 5 below indicates participants rating of maintenance of various public facilities Public facility Properly Not properly None maintained maintained Available Benches 27.1 10.2 55.1 Windows 30.5 29.7 36.4 Fences 28.8 28.8 39.0 Gates 28.8 24.6 43.2 Lights 47.5 30.5 17.8 Enclosures 9.3 33.1 46.6 93 Public facility Properly Not properly None maintained maintained Available 44.9 38.1 13.6 Public Toilets 12.7 17.8 65.3 Schools 58.5 28.0 10.2 3.4 20.3 71.2 Public Telephones Parking Areas Note: missing information is not indicated in the table From the above table it can be deduced that public facilities, where available, are mostly not properly maintained. The maintenance levels of the public facilities in Khayelitsha need to be improved. This will not only improve the aesthetic appeal of the environment but will also contribute to more effective usage of these facilities. 4.5.5 Infrastructure of Khayelitsha Facility Public libraries Number 5 94 Health Clinics 3 Multipurpose 6 centres Fire Station Police Stations Hospitals 4.5.5.1 2 1 plus 2 satellite stations 3 Play areas for children Diagram 17 below indicates how far play parks are on average from their homes. As can be seen only 6.8% of participants indicated that play parks are within view of their home. Cumulatively, 93.2% of participants indicated that play parks (where available) are at least 5 minutes away 95 Diagram 17 Distance form play parks DISTANCE FROM PLAYPARKS 40 33.9 30 19.5 20 14.4 12.7 12.7 6.8 10 0 IN VIEW 5 MIN 10 MIN 15 MIN FURTHER MISSING INFO. 69.5% of participants indicated that children are nor safe while playing in the play park. The following suggestions to improve safety of children in play areas included; Need security in play areas Policing services need to patrol these areas Play areas need to be fenced More play parks need to be built 4.5.5.2 Transport routes 96 According to AHT International report (2002) the main roads in Khayelitsha are connected to the N2 motorway. These access roads are very crowded during peak morning hours. Furthermore, the report argues that the internal road layout system is generally well maintained and constructed. It is estimated that 18% of the residents of Khayelitsha use private cars as their primary mode of transport. However, the amount of road accidents per year compared to the small volume of vehicles in use is too high. Following is a discussion of the safety of roads. Diagram 15 Safety of roads SAFETY OF ROADS 80.00 69.50 60.00 40.00 29.70 20.00 0.80 0.00 YES NO MISSING INFO. From the above graph it can be seen that 69.5% of participants viewed roads as unsafe. The reasons provided for this were as follows; There is a lack of traffic calming measures available 97 Roads are very sandy and filled with potholes Street lights are often not in working order Pedestrians and motorists are at risk for crimes such as robbery and car hijacking Some roads are not tarred Motorists generally speed on the residential roads with little regard for traffic laws and regulations A number of traffic calming measures4 are required in the area. Diagram 16 below indicates the traffic calming measures required and Appendix 5, indicates specific areas it is required. Diagram 16 Traffic calming measures TRAFFIC CALMING MEASURES 71.2 PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS ROBOTS 74.6 TRAFFIC OFFICERS 72.90 82.20 STOP SIGNS 85.60 SPEED BUMPS 0.00 4 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 See Appendix 5 98 Road signage also seems to be problematic. Adequate signage contributes to a positive image of an area. Diagram 17 below indicates participants overall impression of signage in Khayelitsha. Diagram 17 Signage SIGNAGE MISSING INFO. 1.6 31.4 VERY POOR 33.1 POOR 20.30 SATISFACTORY 11.90 GOOD VERY GOOD 0.00 1.70 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 From the above graph it can be seen that signage needs to improve in the area. In terms of public transport it is estimated that 52% of the population use trains, 12% use bus and 17% use taxi’s. Trains are the most commonly used 99 mode of transport because it is the cheapest means of traveling to work given that people work mainly outside of Khayelitsha. However, trains are not easily accessible to the residents as there is currently only one train station on the western part of Khayelitsha. This means that areas like Kuyasa and Harare are far from the station. Residents from these areas walk long distances in order to utilize this mode of transport. Much of the route entails walking over vacant land. This has been highlighted as particularly dangerous for women in particular. Women are at risk for crimes such as rape and robbery and men for robbery. Therefore suggestions made by participants included; 4.5.6 4.5.6.1 Instituting shuttle services for residents to and from station Increasing visibility of policing services Installing Closed Camera surveillance along these routes. Vacant land General state of public open spaces Public open spaces are defined as any vegetated area, which includes nature reserves, private and public garden, stormwater detention ponds, recreational grounds, vacant land, road, rail and electricity servitudes. It is estimated that 100 18% of all land in Khayelitsha are public open spaces (AHT International, 2002). Public open spaces are prime areas that promote criminal activity, because it is poorly lit and maintained thus impacting on surveillance of these areas. Table 6 below indicates the usage of public open space in Khayelitsha. Table 6 Open Space Inventory Regional Parks 18 Local parks 59 Pocket Parks 133 Linear parks, reserves and servitudes 35 Total 245 Note: Information received from local library dated 1999. This situation may have changed given the Spatial Development Framework and other initiatives in the area. Diagram 15 below indicates the general state of public open spaces in the area. As indicated public open spaces are poorly maintained as 60.2% of participants indicted this. 101 Diagram 15 Public open spaces PUBLIC OPEN SPACES MISSING INFO. 11 POOR 60.2 AVERAGE 11.0 GOOD 17.8 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 Areas identified as particularly problematic, were Area on the way to Monwabisisi beach The Wolfgat Nature reserve En route to Khayelitsha station Diagram 7 below indicates the number of participants that indicated there are overgrown bushes in the area. Diagram 16 Overgrown bushes OVERGROWN BUSHES 55.10 60.00 50.00 44.10 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.8 0.00 YES NO MISSING INFO. 102 Areas where overgrown bushes are problematic; Between Griffiths Mxenge and Khayelitsha railway station Between Town 2 and the Khayelitsha railway station Parks Between phase one and phase two at Kuyasa Between Mandela Park and Kuyasa Nokuntando School of the deaf – trees need to be chopped down Back of BM Section Near Folokwe Street Near Tutu Avenue – 40 section 41 Section – Malandalahla Bushes near 9SAI camp Harare Oscar Mpetha, Walter Sisulu road, Maphelo street 4.6 Social Characteristics 4.6.1 Age 103 The age breakdown of Khayelitsha according to Census 1996 (for persons weighted 15-65 years) is as follows Age No of people 0-9 56550 10-19 46225 20-29 63471 30-39 45894 40-49 23161 50-59 9510 60-69 3824 70+ 1462 Unspecified 1110 (Source: Census 1996) 66% of the population of Khayelitsha is below the age of 29. As mentioned previously, the majority of perpetrators of crime fall within this age category. Therefore, any crime prevention strategy will need to focus on targeting this grouping of people. 4.6.2 Gender 104 In terms of gender breakdown, there seems to be an almost equal split of males (123 097) and females (128 110) in the community. 4.6.3 Socio-economic status The education levels of Khayelitsha, according to Census 1996 (for persons weighted 15-65) is as follows; Highest level of education No of people No schooling 33585 Primary 76111 Some secondary 84105 Less than matric & 992 certificate/diploma Matric 18994 Matric & 2610 certificate/diploma/other Matric and degree Unspecified/ NA Aged<5 770 34039 (Source: Census 1996) 105 Currently the unemployment rate of Khayelitsha is estimated at 40%. The average earnings of people are between R201 and R2 500 per month. Poverty in Khayelitsha is widespread which impacts on the prevalence on the high levels of economic crimes. 4.6.4 Youth Activities The following sport and recreation facilities are available to the youth in Khayelitsha Facilities Site C Sports Grounds Amenities 4 Netball/ Basketball Courts 2 Soccer Fields Site C Hall Oliver Tambo Centre 1 Hall (Boxing and Karate Facility) 1 Hall (1 badminton indoor soccer court netball/basketball court sharing, 1 –sharing, 2 – 1 sharing, volleyball and handball court-sharing Khayelitsha stadium 4 Cricket Nets 3 Rugby fields 106 Facilities Amenities Makhaza Recreation Centre Mandela Park Sports 1 hall 1 netball/basketball court 3 Netball/Basketball courts, 3 soccer fields, 2 Tennis courts Manyanani Recreation Centre Monwabisi complex 1 Hall, 1 Indoor Soccer-sharing, 1 netball/basketball court Recreation resort (Source: AHT International, 2002) Given the high percentage of youth in Khayelitsha, these facilities are inadequate in comparison. 4.6.5 Schools There are 37 primary schools and 15 Senior Secondary schools in Khayelitsha, one technical school and two special schools. There are 70 registered and 44 unregistered preschools/crèches in the area (AHT International, 2002). The particular problems experienced by schools in this area are overcrowding, lack of resources and exposure to gangs. 53.4% of participants indicated that 107 children are exposed to gangs and gangster activity at schools. Furthermore, 43.25% of participants felt that children are unsafe at schools. Aftercare facilities are currently lacking in the area. With result children are left unsupervised from the close of school until parents return from work. This makes children vulnerable to experimenting with drugs, alcohol and crime. The SAPS has identified that youth are the vulnerable grouping in terms of perpetrating crime and have introduced programmes such as Youth Leaders Against Crime (YLEG). 4.6.6 Communication and participation in community activities It is difficult to assess the level of participation of community in local organizations and activities. The area has a CPF and Neighbourhood Watches and Street Committees. Following is a brief discussion of indicators of communication and participation. 4.7 Community Police Forum (CPF) As stated in section 2.9.3 of this report CPF’s are central to crime prevention in terms of its coordinating function, mobilization of communities and 108 resources, promotion of accountability and facilitation of joint problem solving. The Khayelitsha CPF comprises of an executive of 15 persons and 12 sub-forums of the various areas in Khayelitsha. Membership of the sub forums average about 20 people (AHT International, 2002). According to the AHT International (2002) report the CPF is not an uncontested political terrain and competition and conflict undermine initiatives and community participation in policing. Diagram 12 below indicates participants’ knowledge of the existence and role of the Community Police Forum (CPF) Diagram 12 Awareness of the Community Police Forum AWARENESS OF THE CPF 80.00 57.60 60.00 39.00 40.00 66.1 30.5 20.00 3.40 3.4 0.00 YES KNOW OF CPF NO MISSING INFO. AWARE OF ROLE OF CPF From the above it can be deduced that most people are unaware of the existence and/or role of the CPF in Khayelitsha. 109 Neighbourhood Watches, as highlighted previously, was rated as providing an inadequate service in the area. The reason for this being inadequate human and material resources. When the community was asked what they could do in respect of improving their own safety the following ideas were proposed; The community must fight crime together with the Neighbourhood Watch The community must mobilize and talk with one voice The community must have night patrols Community must inform police of criminal activity. These statements would indicate that the community is willing to become involved in crime prevention efforts. However, it seems ironic that the CPF and Neighbourhood watches are not adequately tapping into the human resources of the community. The key recommendations of the participants were related to visible policing and improving services of these agencies in the area. Following are some of the comments made; Police must patrol all the time particularly ‘hotspot’ areas at night People must unite and work together with the police 110 Police vehicles must be available and visible in the community Mobile police station must be made available to areas that are far from the police stations The Neighbourhood Watch must patrol from the train station to the schools SOS phones should be available for direct access to the police stations Neighbourhood Watches must be trained and make sure they work with the police and the community Neighbourhood watch must patrol at night The community must report crime to the police Police must patrol in and around shebeens Install closed circuit camera’s in the street lights as it will not be vandalized there More visibility of City Police required Improve response times to crime Other recommendations included; Job creation Developing public open spaces 111 Develop recreation facilities and activities for the youth Empower the youth with skills Provide aftercare facilities for the children Life skills programmes need to be conducted Recommendations with regard to exposure to gangs at schools Neighbourhood Watch must patrol at the schools Random search of students should be instituted Security guards must be employed at schools Social workers must be employed Recommendations with regard to solving problem of gangs Create jobs Send the youth on training. Have more workshops Keep the youth busy with sports, music and youth projects Put them in jail when caught committing crimes without bail Re-institute the death penalty Allow the residents to deal with them Have rehabilitation programmes 112 More SAPS, Neighbourhood Watch, City Police and Law Enforcement visibility in the area Neighbourhood Watch and CPF’s must be well-trained and paid for services, then services will be more effective More social workers must be employed to assist with the problem of gangsterism Families must take responsibility for children in terms of values and morals instilled. Also parents must not hide children who are criminals Stronger controls need to be instituted with firearms, alcohol and drug sale Some other comments indicating the powerlessness and helplessness of the community included; Put them all on Robben Island There is nothing the community can do The community is powerless Community must kill gangs for murder and castrate for rape 113 5. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION This section of the report will focus on the key recommendations and conclusions of the present study. Khayelitsha, has been identified as poverty stricken community. High unemployment rates and living below minimum wage standards seem to be the genesis of this problem. So, reducing crime 114 in these areas will necessitate a mult-layered intervention strategy. According to Nel (2000) crime prevention takes place at three levels, namely, Building on existing functions Aligning local government activities with crime prevention principles Beyond local government activities and towards partnerships 5.1 Building on existing functions As has been seen in this report that the policing services available in this community are the SAPS, Law enforcement, CPF’s and Neighbourhood Watches. The first and most important for the community is increasing visibility of these policing agencies in the community. 5.2 SAPS The services offered by the SAPS seem to be slightly better than the other policing agencies. However, effective services cannot be provided because the SAPS are thinly spread in terms of crime prevention. According to the head of crime prevention at any given time there are only five police personnel on duty for crime prevention. 115 Given the vast geographical area of Khayelitsha, this is clearly problematic. It is recommended that additional satellite stations be developed for outlying areas that will cover the shortfall of police personnel. Furthermore, additional vehicles are required. In spite of this need it is evident that many vehicles are not being utilized after hours which is problematic given that much of the crime particularly the violent crimes are committed at night and over weekends. Those are the times that visibility of the SAPS is most required. Furthermore, the majority of the operations of the SAPS is still in response to crime rather than prevention. 5.3 Law enforcement This service was rated as poor. The law enforcement needs to ensure that municipal by-laws are upheld. Higher visibility is required particularly on weekends and paydays when gangs are fully operational. 5.4 The CPF and Neighbourhood Watch Associations 116 This service was also rated as poor by the community Many participants where unaware of the existence of the CPF and the Neighbourhood Watch The quantity and quality of these services were rated as inadequate It was indicated that additional training, resources, skills and funds are required in order to function effectively Higher visibility required during peak hours. However, it is the recommendation of this study that an impact assessment and evaluation be conducted with these organizations. This will inform both the function and the form of these structures. The government is currently spending a vast amount of resources on these organizations, but there is very little evidence to indicate its success. Furthermore, people on the ground are not reaping benefits in terms of living in safer environments because of the existence of these organizations. In addition to this, the CPF’s and the Community Safety Forums (CSF) are meant to perform a coordinating function in communities in terms of crime prevention, yet prominent stakeholders feel this is lacking. 117 5.5 Aligning local government with crime prevention principles In order to improve the physical characteristics of Khayelitsha, co-operation between different service departments are recommended. This is essential to avoid duplication of services. Given that Khayelitsha has been identified as an area for urban renewal, much work in terms of upgrading the area according to the, Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) principles have been instituted. The Khayelitsha Development Forum (KDF) has been tasked with overseeing this process. Table 6 below indicates some of the areas to be improved in terms of local government functions, which is largely similar to issues identified by the urban renewal strategy. Activity Recommendation High Local economic development and job creation unemployment rate and poverty levels need to be decreased. Job creation initiatives, training, capacity building and empowerment 118 Activity Recommendation of the community particularly the youth and young adults. The physical environment needs to be designed according to CPTED principles. Areas for improvement include developing open spaces and Physical environment fields, improving street lighting particularly in the informal and along transport routes. Closing walkthroughs and maintenance of the area Adequate traffic control needs to be implemented Improve general state of roads Roads Improve road signage Improve surveillance on roads particularly at night to curb car hijacking 119 Activity Recommendation Traffic calming measures required Additional sports fields, extramural activities for youth and children Sports, culture and recreation required facilities Aftercare e.g. Additional music, facilities secured drama. required. play areas required for children Safe strategies for children need to be implemented particularly for abuse and rape Safe strategies for women need to Social welfare programmes be implement and awareness of rights in terms of gendered violence Life skills programmes Parenting education programmes Aid in terms of food and clothing Poverty relief programmes Urban farming like vegetable and fruit gardens 120 5.6 Beyond local government activities and towards partnerships This level focuses on developing a crime prevention strategy that coordinates not only functions and services of local government but also involves developing key partnerships with local business, schools, CBO’s and NGO’s and the community. 5.7 Activities that negatively impact on safety 5.7.1 Shebeens As indicated previously there are estimated 1500 shebeens and police have identified that there are approximately 200 that are problematic. Research has indicated a correlation between substance abuse and violence (Worchel, 2000). Thus, the easy access to substances through shebeens can impact on 121 the high levels of violent crimes witnessed in the area, and on the prevalence of economic crimes. Shebeens operate without regulation. Currently, there is a green paper on shebeens that is in process of being legislated. Regulation and control will solve problems regarding sale of liquor etc. However, it will solve the problem of shebeens being the site of illegal activity like selling of drugs and illegal firearms. Thus, visible policing and other operations will be required on a regular basis. Furthermore, alternative entertainment and entertainment facilities need to be provided for the community of Khayelitsha. In addition, programmes aimed at conducting violence-free and substance abuse –free lives need to be instituted. 5.7.2 Gangsterism The Tsotsies phenomenon is deeply entrenched in communities and is a complex social problem. Thus solutions to this are not simple. Communities together with the various stakeholders and role players will have to work together in order to eradicate this problem. Empowerment, life skills, job creation, peace initiatives, social and psychological interventions are all recommended. Participants in this study indicated high levels of frustration and powerlessness with regard to gangsterism. However, they recognized 122 tsotsies to be members of the community, therefore it is not an outside problem but rather one that the community must jointly assume responsibility for. A commonly lamented statement was ‘give the community the power to deal with the criminals and gangs’ 5.8 Priority crimes From the results of the study the following crimes were identified as the priority crimes. Following is an analysis of the priority crimes of Khayelitsha. Crimes Towards Prioritization 123 Crimes Towards Prioritization Occurs at high levels causing fear and distrust of the community; results in injuries and sometimes death, poor response from criminal justice system Robbery therefore underreported, moderate potential for if reduction socio- economic conditions are improved and surveillance improved particularly along transport routes and on public transport modes such as taxi’s and trains. Impacts on potential outside investments into community and tourism. Occurs at high levels causing high levels of fear; results in fewer injuries Housebreaking unless it is armed robbery when residents are present; moderate reduction potential if visible policing of 124 Crimes Towards Prioritization area exists Occurs at high levels causing fear for Car hijacking motorists; results in injuries and deaths; low potential for property recovery if committed by syndicates. Violent crimes e.g. murder, attempted Occurs at higher levels than national averages for these crimes; results in injuries and death, instills high levels of murder fear in the community. Occurs at high levels across the community; still regarded primarily as a private matters rather than public Domestic violence matters; families assume responsibility including woman abuse for these problems; results in injuries and child abuse and deaths; perceptions of poor response from the criminal justice system; low potential for reduction in short term as it is about changing the 125 Crimes Towards Prioritization mind set of the community in terms of roles and rights of women. Occurs at high levels; perpetrator often known to victim; instill huge amounts of fear in women; results in injuries and death; distrust of criminal justice system in terms of protecting victims; Rape families often assume responsibility for dealing with issue; moderate potential for reduction if physical characteristics are improved, surveillance improved, awareness raised, and cases reported and dealt with effectively by the criminal justice system. The murder ratio in Khayelitsha is estimated at 12:10 000 whereas in other areas on the Cape Flats it is 7: 10 000 (AHT, International). At a national level it is the priority of government to bring the violent crime of murder down. 126 However, it is a key recommendation of this study, that the priority should not only be murder but focus on the needs of the community as well in terms of reducing the robbery (common and armed) rate. It is these crimes that instill constant fear in people and impact on normal community life. If one examines some best practices internationally using this crime prevention strategy has shown various degrees of success. Focusing on the ‘smaller’ problems instills faith in the policing services and the community. This then eventually filters through to the more serious and violent crimes. 127 6. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The strengths of study included the process of broad consultation engaged, when conducting the study; fieldworkers delivered quality information and research was conducted in the language of the community. The major limitation of the study was the condensed time frame allocated to completion of a study of this magnitude. 128 7. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH Monitoring and evaluation of crime prevention strategies Impact assessment of the role and function of CPF’s and community policing structures in order to guide funding for these organizations. Social audit and evaluation of the functioning and effectiveness of Non Governmental Organisations (NGO’s) in terms of crime prevention and impact in communities. 129 8. CONCLUDING REMARKS This study has provided valuable insight into the priority crimes in Khayelitsha. Strengths and weaknesses of crime prevention have been highlighted. It is hoped that the study will contribute effectively to the development of a crime prevention strategy for Khayelitsha. 130 REFERENCE LIST AHT International. (2002). Violence Prevention through urban upgrading: feasibility study of the Khayelitsha urban renewal programme. Unpublished research report. Banister, Burman, Parker, Taylor & Tindall. (1994). Qualitative methods in Psychology. Sage: London Baker, T. (1999). Doing Social research. Mcgraw Hill: USA 131 Cartwright, J. (1999). The community peace programme: renewing crime prevention. SAIRR. Community Safety Information Centre (2002). Assessment and Evaluation of Policy Resources against crime in the six geographic priority stations. Department Community Safety (2002). Victim survey Dissel, A. (1997). Youth, street gangs and violence in South Africa. In Youth, street culture and urban violence in Africa, p 405-411. Gray, M.M.A (1999). Crime prevention in schools: a multi-disciplinary intervention research project. Social work, 35(4), p 375 –386. Healy, S. (2000). Finding social control in the Western Cape: the role of gangs in a current context. U.C.T. Faculty of Law Henderson, J. (2001/2). Crime and Security. SAIRR 132 Human sciences research council discussion document . (1997). www.hsrc.ac.za Kinnes, I. (2000). The future, gangs and society. Monograph no.48. Marsh, R. (1999). With criminal intent: the changing face of crime in South Africa. National Book Printers: Western Cape . Nel, P. (2000). Making South Africa Safe: A manual for Community based crime prevention. CSIR: The Institute for Security Studies National Crime Prevention Strategy. (1998). Executive summary. Robertshaw, Louw, Shaw, Mashiyane & Bretell (2001). Durban crime prevention strategy Monthly bulletin of reported crime in South Africa 4/2002. www.saps.org.za Schonteich, M. (2001/2). Security. SAIRR 133 Shaw, M (2002). Crime and policing in post apartheid South Africa: transforming under fire. David Phillip publishers: Claremont. Skogan, W.G. Disorder and Decline: crime and the spiral of American decay in American Neighbourhoods. Free press: New York. Tonry, M. and Farington, D.P (1995). Building a safer society: strategic approaches to crime prevention. University of Chicago press: Chicago. White paper on Safety and Security. Worchel, C. (2000). Social psychology. Wadsworth Publishing: USA Appendix 1 INTERVIEW QUESTIONS / ONDERHOUDSVRAE/ IMIBUZO 1 What are the major crimes that impact negatively on the people in ……………. area. 134 Wat is die hoofmisdade wat die mense in …………….. area negatief beinvloed ? Bobuphi obona bundlobongela buphatha kakubi abahlalibase ………………..... ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2 Who are responsible for committing those crimes ? Wie is verantwoordelik vir bogenoemde misdaad / deur wie word hiertdie misdaad gepleeg ? probe: shebeens, gangs, illegal drugs/smuggling, sex workers Ngobani nxulumaniswa nobu bundlobongela, ngaba thengisa utywala, iziyobisi, imigewu, abathengisa Ngemizimba? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 3 What are some of the other crimes / lesser crimes in your area Watter ander misdade kom in die gebied voor wat nie prioriteit is nie Bobuphi obunye ubundlobongela ubuello bongela obunga balulekanga kakhulu kwingingqi yakho. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 4 Can you rank / prioritise the major crimes (as mentioned in question 1) Prioritiseer die hoof misdade wat in die gebied voorkom (soos genoem in 1) Ungabudwelisa Khawu khankanye ubundlobongela obuqwesileyo (njengoko bubaluwe / buchaziwe ku 1) ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 5 Why do these crimes occur? Waarom kom hierdie misdade voor? Kutheni obu buellobongela buqhubeka? probe: what are the conditions that promote crime, e.g. - social eg age, unemployment physical eg. lack of lighting, access to area, bushes mhlawumbi: zeziphi izinto ezenza ubundlobongela, umzekelo ekuhlaleni umzekelo iminyaka, ukuswela umsebenzi 135 ekuphileni umzekelo ukunqaba kombane, ukuya kwindawo ezithile, amahlathi ___________________________________________________________________ - ___________________________________________________________________ 6 Who are most at risk and why ? Wie word die meeste benadeel en hoekom? Ngobani abase ngciphekweni ngoba kutheni? probe: people, groups, areas mhlawumbi: ngabantu, amaqela, iindawo ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 7 What would you say are the strengths of the SAPS in terms of crime prevention? Wat in u opinie is die sterk punte van die SAPD om misdaadvoorkoming toe te pas? Ngokuphi ongakutsho wena njengokunamandla okwenziwa ngamapolisa ukulwa ubuellobongela bungekenzeki? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 8 What would you say are the weaknesses that you encounter in terms of crime prevention? Wat in u opinie is die swakhede wat u ervaar in terme van misdaadvoorkoming ? Zeziphi ezona zinto onokuzitsho abangenamandla qzo ezuz ifumaneyo ekukkhuselezu ubuellobongela? probe: training, support, resources,traume councelling for victims / staff, etc. mhlawumbi: ukuncedana, iimfundiso, abaqeqeshelwe ukungceda amaxhoba, njalo-njalo. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 9 What do you think needs to be done in order to improve your effectiveness as a crime prevention organisation ? Wat, dink u, moet gedoen word om die effektiwiteit van die SAPD as ‘n misdaadsvoorkomings organisasie te verbeter? 136 Yintoni ocinga ukuba ingenziwa ekphuculeni izinga enisebenza ngalo njengombutho olwa ubuellobongela? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 10 What are the threats to get the job done? Watter bedreigings is daar wat die taak van die SAPD belemmer ? Zitoni ezithintela ukuba umsebenzi wenzeke? probe: internal / external factors; corruption; etc mhlawumbi: zizinto.zangaphakathi okanye ngaphandle; utyiwo mali njalo-njalo. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 11 Do you work with other stakeholders / organisations / institutions within the community ? Can you mention some ? Werk u met ander rolspelers / organisasies / instellings in die gemeenskap ? Kan u sommige noem ? Ingaba usebenza, nonongxowa iinkampani okanye nezikolo ezikwingingqi yakho? Ungazi zibiza ngama gama? Probe/mhlawmbi: CPF, NGO’s, CBO’s, ward councillors, etc/njalo-njalo. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 12 What is your relationship like with these stakeholders? Wat is u verhouding met hierdie rolspelers? Bunjani ubudlelwana bakho naba nongzowa? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 13 What kind of support does the SAPS offer to the victims of crime ? Watter ondersteuning bied die SAPD aan aan slagoffers van misdaad ? Loluphi uhlobo loncedo qthi amapolissa qlunikeze qmaxhoba obudlobongela? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 14 Is there anything else that you would like to comment on? 137 Is daar enige verdere kommentaar van u? Ingaba ikhona into okanye ukhe uhlomle kuyo? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Appendix 2 1. Questionnaire BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION INKCUKACHA ZAKHO/NGAWE 1.1 Area audited Indawo …………….…………………………………………………………... 1.2 Sex/Isini Male/Ndoda 1.3 Age/Iminyaka eseyixelengiwe Female/Mfazi 25 and under/Nangaphantsi 25-35 35-45 45 and above/Nangaphezulu 1.4 Marital Status/Isimo Somtshato Single/Awutshatanga Married/Utshatile Divorced/Ukuqhawula Other, please specify/Ezinye, …………………………………………………………… cacisa ………..………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. LAND USE ACTIVITIES/INKCUKACHA ZASEKUHLALENI 2.1 Indicate which of the following activities impact negatively on your safety. Chaza kwezi zilandelayo eyonanto ingakuphathi kakuhle ekuhlaleni. Bars/Iibari Video Arcade/Game shops/Iivenkile Yegemzi Sex Workers/Abathengisa ngemzimba Shebeens/Iishibhini Disco’s/Iidisko Loitering/ ibala endieleru Homeless people/Iimbacu Gangs/Imigewu (Ootsotsi) Abandoned buildings/ Izqkhino Walkthroughs/ indamo zokunqumla 138 Give examples of how they influence safety? Nika imizekelo yokuphazamisa kwabohuselebo? ……………………..…………………….………………………………………………… Please specify other negative activities. Nceda chaza nezinye izinto ezenzekayo ezingakuphathi kakhuhle. ……………………..…………………….………………………………………………… 2.2 How many shebeens are in your area? Zingaphi ishibini kulondawo uhlala kuyo? None/azikho One/Inye Two-Four/Phakathi kwezibini ukuyakweyesine Five and more/ Zihlanu okanye nangaphezulu Where?/ Ziphi ……………………………………………………………………………... 2.3 How many game shops are in your area? Zingaphi iivenkile zemindlalo kulendawo ohlalakuyo? None/azikho One/Inye Two-Four/phakathi kwezibini ukuyakweyesine Five or more/zinhlanu okanye nangaphezulu Where/ Ziphi ………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………. . 2.4 Indicate which of the following activities or uses are found in your area? Chaza kwezi zilandelayo ukyba zeziphi izinto ezi fumanekayo kulendawo ohlala kuyo? Shops/ivenkile Restuarants/Indawo yokutya Factories/Iifektri Residence/ Iindawo zokuhlala Busy traffic./Ukuxakeka kwedlela Parking lot/Indawo zokupaka Bushes&Trees/ Amahlathi nemithi Fields/Amabala Vacant Buildings/ Izakhiwo ezingasebenziyo Play Parks/ Indawo zokudlala Clinics/Iikliniki Office/iofisi Other, please specify/ Ezinye Cacisa ………………………………………………………… 139 …………………………………………………………………………………………………. B: 2.5 CRIMES IN AREA UBUNDLONGELA KWINGINGQI YAKHO Which crimes are most common committed crimes in your area? Bobuphi ubundlobongela okwenzeka kakhulu kwingingqi yakho? ………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2.6 Where are these crimes committed? Benzekaphi obu bundlobongela? ……………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2.7 By whom are the crimes committed? Ngoobani abenza obu bundlobongela? …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2.8 What do you think is the average age of people who commit these crimes? Xa ucinga bamalunga neminyaka eminga phi aba Bantu benza ubudlobongela? …………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2.9 What time of the day are these crimes committed? Ngawaphi amaxesha emini apho kuthi kwenzeke ubundlobongela? …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2.10 Who are the targets or victims of the crimes? Ngobani amaxhoba obu bungebengu? …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2.11 What are the average ages of the victims for the crimes that you mentioned? Nqeyiphi eyona minyaka yamaxhoba apho ubundlobongela buchaziweyo? ………………….……………………………………………………………………………… 2.12 Are there places where victims can be assisted in the area? Where? Ingaba zikhona iindawo abo amaxhoba angancedwa kuyo? Phi? …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2.13 Where are these crimes most likely to occur? Zeziphi indawo ubundlobongela abuthanda ukwenzeka kuzo? ………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 140 2.14 What factors, do you think, create opportunities for criminals to commit their crimes (infrastructure, town Planning, open spaces etc.) Zeziphi izinto ozicingayo ezenza amathuba okuba izihange zenze ubundlobongela(ukwakhiwa kwedolophu, iindawo ezivule kileyo njalo-njalo) …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2.15 What impact do these crimes have on your community? Ingaba benza ntoni ubundlobongela ekuhlaleni? ……………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2.16 What suggestions or recommendations do you have to improve safety of your area? Unganika ngcebiso ziphi okhanye uhlomle ngendlela ezinokuthi zenze ukhuseleko lube luqilima kule ngawo uhlala kuyo? …………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3. THE BUILT ENVIROMENT ISIMO SOKWAKA 3.1 What is you opinion about the general state of the area in which you live? Chaza iimbono zakho malunga nobume bendawo ohlala kuyo? ……………………………… Roads/ Iindlela Good/Kulungile Average/Iphakathi Poor/Liphantsi Pavements/ Ipayivumente Good/Kulungile Average/Iphakathi Poor/Liphantsi Public open space/ Indawo ezivulekileyo Good/Kulungile Average/Iphakathi Poor/Liphantsi Public facilities/ Iindawo zoluntu Poor/Liphantsi Good/Kulungile Average/Iphakathi 3.2 Would a pedestrian visiting your area for the first time easily find their way around. Ingaba umhambi ngenyawo oqalayo ukutyelela indawo yakho angafumana kulula ukuhambamhamba. Yes/ ewe No/Hayi If no please specify why? Ukuba hayi cacisa? …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3.3 Would a pedestrian visiting your area for the first time be able to locate. Ingaba umhambingenyawo oqalalo ukutyelela indawo yakho anganako ekuzifumana. 141 Public toilets/Izindlu zangase Yes/ Ewe Public telephones/ Iimfono-mfono Yes/ Ewe No/Hayi No/Hayi If no specify why? Ukuba Hayi cacisa? …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3.4 Do you think that the roads in your area are safe? Ingaba iindlela kwingingqi yakho zikhuselekile na? Yes/Ewe No/Hayi If no please specify why? Ukuba hayi cacisa? …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3.5 Do you think roads are too wide in you area? Ingaba iindlela zivuleke kakhulu na, kwindawo ohlala kuyo? Yes/Ewe No/Hayi If yes what problem do they cause? Ukuba ewe ngxaki zini zithi zibekho? …………………………………………………………………………………….…………… 3.6 Do you think that wide roads make it difficult or unsafe for people to cross? Ingaba iindlela ezivulekileyo zenza kubenzima kwaye kunga khuseleki ukunqumla kwabantu? Yes/Ewe No/Hayi If yes please specify? Ukuba ewe cacisa? …………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3.7 Do you think that wide roads encourage people to speed? Ingaba iindlela ezivulekileyo zenza abaqhubi babalekise ngamandla? Yes/Ewe No/Hayi If yes, please specify why? Ukuba ewe cacisa? …………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3.8 Please tick if you think the following are needed in your area? Nceda phawula ukuba ucinga ezi landelayo ziyimfuneko kwindawo ohlala kuyo? 142 Speed bumps/ Yes/ewe No/Hayi Isithobi santya Specify where/phi …………………………………………………… More stops signs/ Yes/ewe No/Hayi Ukungezwa lwamaphawu Okumisa Specify where/phi …………………………………………………… More traffic officers/ Amagosa endlela Yes/Ewe No/Hayi Specify where/phi …………………………………………………… More robots/ Yes/Ewe No/Hayi Ukongezwa kwe-roboti Specify where/phi …………………………………………………… Narrower road/ Yes/ewe No/Hayi Ukucuthwa kwendlela Specify where/phi …………………………………………………… Pedestrian crossing/ Yes/Ewe Indawo yokunqumla yaba hambi Specify where/phi ………………………………………… No/Hayi 3.9 Are pedestrian crossing or pedestrian platforms next to schools in your area? Ingaba zikhona iindawo zokunqumla zabahambi ngenyawo kufutshane nezikolo kulendawo ohlala kuyo? Yes/Ewe No/Hayi 3.10 Do you see animals in the roads? Ingaba uyazibona izilwanyana ezindleleni? Yes/Ewe No/Hayi 3.11 How do you think animals impact on: Ingaba izilwanyana zinento eziyenzayo echaphazelayo: Traffic/Ezindleleni ……………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………. General living conditions/ Ekuhlaleni jikelele …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3.12 What do you think can be done to accommodate animals in your community? Ucinga ukuba kungenziwa ntoni ukuze izilwanyana zihlale kakuhle kwingingqi yakho? …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 143 3.13 What else do you suggest can be done to make the roads safer in your area? Zeziphi ezinye iingcebiso onazo ezino kwenziwa ukuze iindlela zikhuseleke kwingingqi yakho? …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4 MAINTENANCE OF PUBLIC FACILITIES UNONOPHELO LWEZINTO ZOLUNTU 4.1 Please rate maintenance of your area such as street cleaning, repair of council facilities etc. Nceda bonakalisa ubungakanani bononophelo indawo ohlala kuyo olunje ngoku kwicoceka kwezi talato ukulungiswa kwezinto zoluntu njalo-njalo. Excellent/bugqwezile Good/bulungile Satisfactory/buyanelisa Unsatisfactory/akwanelisi Very unsatisfactory/akhenelisi konke konke What would you like to see change in terms of maintenance? Ingaba kungaguqulwa ntoni kwezononophelo? ………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4.2 Indicate whether the following public facilities are properly maintained? Bonisa ukuba ezi zilandelayo izinto zoluntu ziphatheke kakuhle na? Benches/Izitulo Yes/Ewe No/Hayi Not available/azikho Windows/Iifestile Yes/Ewe No/Hayi Not available/azikho Fences/Amacingo Yes/Ewe No/Hayi Not available/azikho Gates/Iiheke Yes/Ewe No/Hayi Not available/azikho Street lights/ zibane zezitalato Yes/Ewe No/Hayi Not available/azikho Enclosures/ Indawo ezivulekileyo Yes/Ewe No/Hayi Not available/azikho 144 Public telephones/ Imfono-mfono zoluntu Yes/Ewe No/Hayi Not available/azikho Public toilets/ Izindlu zangasese zoluntu Yes/Ewe No/Hayi Not available/azikho Schools/Iziskolo Yes/Ewe No/Hayi Not available/azikho Open fields/ Amabala avulekileyo Yes/Ewe No/Hayi Not available/azikho Pavements/Iipayivumente Yes/Ewe No/Hayi Not available/azikho Trees and grass verges/ Iimithi negca Yes/Ewe No/Hayi Not available/azikho Public packing/ Iindawo zokupaka No/Hayi Not available/azikho Yes/Ewe 4.3 Name the building or facilities not properly maintained. Chaza izakhiwo okanye indawo ezingaphethekanga kakuhle..……………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 4.4 Do you think refuse removal is adequate in your area? Ingaba uthutho lwenkunkuma luyanelisakwindawo ohlala kuyo. Yes/Ewe No/Hayi Please specify where and how it can be improved. Nceda cacisa ukuba phi yaye lugaphuculwa njani. …………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4.5 Do you think that there is adequate cleansing of your area? Ingaba luyonelisa ucoceko kwindawo ohlala kuyo. Yes/Ewe No/Hayi Please specify where and how it can be improved. Chaza ukuba phi kwaye ingaphuculwa njani. …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4.6 Have you or anybody you know hired public facilities from the municipality, e.g. halls? Ingaba wena okanye umntu omaziyo wakhe waboleka indawo yoluntu kumasipalathi, umzekelo iholo? Yes/Ewe No/Hayi 4.7 What is the average cost charge for community halls? Ingaba lixabisa malini iholo loluntu? R20-R50 R60-R100 120 and more/nangaphezulu 145 Don’t know/andiyazi 4.8 Are there overgrown bushes or trees in your area? Ingaba ikhona imithi ezikhulayo kwisithili sakho? Yes/Ewe No/Hayi Please specify where and how it can be improved? Chaza ukuba phi kwaye ingaphuculwa njani. …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4.9 Do you have any other comments or suggestions? Ingaba unazo ezinye iimbono okanye ukhe iingcebiso? ………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5. TO SEE AND BE SEEN UKUBONA NOKU BONAKALA 5.1 Lighting Ukukhanyisa 5.2 Please rate your overall impression of lighting in your area? Qikelela iindle laekukhanya ngayo kwindawo yakho ngendlela obona ngayo? Excellent/Kugqwesile Good/Kulungile Satisfactory/Kuyanelisa Unsatisfactory/Akwanelisi Very unsatisfactory/Akwanelisi konke-konke 5.3 Is your area relying on private residences and/or businesses to light public spaces. Ingaba isithili sakho sixhomekeke kwindawo zokuhlala zabucala okanye kumashishini ukukhanyisa ezitalatweni. Yes/Ewe No/Hayi 5.4 Please rate the adequacy of lighting with regard to the following. Nceda ubonakalise ukwaneliseka kokukhanya kwezi zikhankanyiweyo. Pavement/Ipayivumente Good/Kulungile Poor/liphantsi Not available/azikho Streets/Izitalato Good/Kulungile Poor/liphantsi Not available/azikho Public buildings/ Izakhuwo zoluntu Leisure areas/ Good/kulungile Poor/liphantsi Not available/azikho Good/Kulungile Poor/liphantsi Not available/azikho 146 Iindawo zokuphumla Sand dunes/ Good/Kulungile Iintaba zesanti Poor/liphantsi Not available/azikho Taxi and bus pick up & drop off places/ Iindawo zokukhwela ooduladula Good/Kulungile Poor/liphantsi Not available/azikho Illuminating signs/Iimpawu zokuhombisa Good/Kulungile Poor/liphantsi Not available/azikho Schools/Iziskolo Good/Kulungile Poor/liphantsi Not available/azikho Pedestrian crossings/ Apho kunqumla abahambi ngenyawo Good/Kulungile Poor/liphantsi Not available/azikho Railway line/Imizila kaloliwe Good/Kulungile Poor/liphantsi Not available/azikho Stations (railway)/Izikhululo (zikaloliwe) Good/Kulungile Poor/liphantsi Not available/azikho Shopping areas/Iindawo zevenkile Good/Kulungile Poor/liphantsi Not available/azikho Parks/Eepakini Good/Kulungile Not available/azikho Poor/liphantsi 5.5 What percentage of lighting do you think is fuctioning in your area? Bonakalisa ukuba kukhanya kangakanani kwindawo ohlala kuyo ngoksebenzisa lamanani? None/Akakho 0% 25% 50% 75% All/Zonke 100% 5.6 Please name the streets where lighting is not functioning. Nika amagama ezitalato apho ukukhanya kungasebenzi khona. …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5.7 Is the street lighting obscured in any way? Ingaba ukukhanya ezitalatweni kumfiliba? Yes/Ewe No/Hayi If yes, please specify, how and where. Ukuba ewe, chaza njani kwaye phi …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 147 5.8 If the streets lights are not working who would you report it to? Ukuba izibane zesitalato azisebenzi ungazichazela bani? …………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5.9 Do you have any other comments or suggestions? Ingaba unazo ezinye iingcinga okanye iimbono? …………………………………………………………………………………………………. B. Hiding places for criminals Iindawo zokuzimela imigewu (ootsotsi) 5.10 If you had to wait alone for someone in your area, would you feel comfortable? Ukuba kumele ulinde umntu wedwa kwindawo ohlala kuyo ungakhululeka na? Early in the morning/Ekuseni Yes/Ewe No/Hayi During the day/Emini Yes/Ewe No/Hayi Evening/Ebusuku Yes/Ewe No/Hayi 5.11 Are there small confined areas where someone could hide from view? Ingaba zikhona iindawo ezisithekileyo onothi ubani azimele kuzo ekubonweni? Yes/Ewe No/Hayi 5.12 Please indicate where these small areas are? Nceda uchaze iindawo ezikuzo? …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5.13 Are there any place in your area where someone could take you to harm you? Ingaba zikhona iindawo apho umntu gogakuthatha angakonzakalisela kuyo? Yes/Ewe No/Hayi If yes, where are these areas? Ukuba ewe, ziphi ezondawo? …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5.14 Indicate which of the following security measures/services are available in your area. Bonakalisa loluphi kwezintlobo zilandelayo uhlobo lokhuselo olukhoyo kwindawo ohlala kuyo. Convex mirrors/Izipili zokhuseleko Yes/Ewe No/Hayi Closed circuit cameras/Iikamera ezifikelelayo Yes/Ewe No/Hayi Regular police patrols/Ujikelezo lwamapolisa Yes/Ewe No/Hayi Regular neighbourhood watch patrols/ Ukujikeleza kwequmurhu labahlali Yes/Ewe No/Hayi 148 6. TO HEAR AND BE HEARD UKUVA NOKU VAKALA 6.1 Indicate which time of day your area is busy. Ingaba leliphi elona xesha kuxakeka ngalo kwindawo ohlala kuyo. Morning/Ekuseni Afternoon/Matshona Evening/Ebusuku Late night/Ezinzulwini 6.2 Indicate which time of day your area is quiet. Ingaba leliphi elona xesha kuthuleke ngalo kwindawo ohlala kuyo. Morning/Ekuseni Afternoon/Matshona Evening/Ebusuku Late night/Ezinzulwini 6.3 Are there differences in how the area feels during the week and weekends? Ingaba ukhona umahluko phakathi kwasevekini nempelaveki? Yes/Ewe No/Hayi If yes, please explain. Ukuba ewe, cacisa. …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6.4 Please name the kinds of people likely to be around in your area (example: children, women, men, gangs, etc) Bonakalisa iqela labantu elibakhona kwingingqi yakho (umzekelo: abantwana, abafazi, amadoda, imigewu, njalo-njalo) Morning/Ekuseni (5H00 –12H00) ………………………………………………………. Afternoon/Matshona (12H00 –17H00) ..…………………………………………………….. Evenings/Ebusuku (17H00 – 20H00) …………………………………………………….. Night/Ezinzulwini (20H00 – 4H00) ……………………………………………………… 6.5 Have there been any crowds that have made you uncomfortable? Ingaba kukho iqela labantu elakwenza woyika? Yes/Ewe No/Hayi If yes, please explain. 149 Ukuba ewe, cacisa. …………………………………………………………………………….. 6.6 Do you have any other comments or suggestions? Unazo ezinye mbono okanye ingcamango? …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7. GETTING ASSISTANCE/ UKUFUMANA UNCEDO 7.1 If you felt unsafe at any time in your area could you ask for help? Ukuba uziva ungakhuselekanga ungakwazi ukucela uncedo nangasiphi isithuba? Yes/Ewe No/Hayi 7.2 If yes to 7.1, who would you ask? Ukuba uthe ewe ku 7.1, ungalucela kubani? …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7.3 Do you know the emergency numbers to telephone for help? Ingaba uyayazi inombolo etsalwayo xa use ngxakini? Yes/Ewe No/Hayi 7.4 Do you carry a cell-phone with you? Ingaba ungumntu ophatha I-cell foni xa uhamba? Yes/Ewe No/Hayi 7.5 How often during the day do you see the following service providers patrolling? Kukangakanani ubona lamaqela alandelayo esenza umsemzi wawo kwingingqi yakho? Police/Amapolisa Council protection services/ Ibhunga elikhusela abahlali Neighborhood watch/ Ukhuseleko lobumelwana Never/ Nakanye Seldom/ Ngalo maxesha Often/ Never/ Nakanye Seldom/ Ngalo maxesha Often/ Never/ Nakanye Seldom/ Ngalo maxesha Often/ Qho Qho Qho 7.6 Do you think that police services are adequate in your area? Ingaba amapolisa ayawenza umsebenzi wawo kakuhle kwingingqi yakho? Yes/Ewe No/Hayi Unsure/Andiqisekanga 7.7 Do you think that the law enforcement are adequate in your area? Ingaba ibhunga lokhuselo liyayenza usebenzi wawo kakuhle kwingingqi yakho? 150 Yes/Ewe No/Hayi Unsure/Andiqisekanga 7.8 Do you think that the neighbourhood watch services are adequate in your area? Ingaba ukhuselo wabamelwana liyayenza usebenzi wawo kakuhle kwingingqi yakho? Yes/Ewe No/Hayi Unsure/Andiqisekanga 7.9 Is there a community police forum in your area? Ingaba likhona iqumrhu lamapolisa asekuhlaleni kwingingqi yakho? Yes/Ewe No/Hayi 7.10 Are you aware of the role of the community police forum in your area? Ingaba uyayazi indima ethi idlalwe ngalamapolisa okuhlala kwingingqi yakho? Yes/Ewe No/Hayi 7.11 How would you rate the level of service offered by the following service providers patrolling your area. Ungalikala yani inqanaba lemisebenzi enikezwa ngalama Qlandelayo angabakweni kwingingqi yaklo. Police/Amapolisa Council protection services/ Ibhunga elikhusela abahlali Neighbourhood watch/ Ukhuseleko lwabahlali Good/ Kulungile Average/ iphakathi Poor/ liphantsi Good/ Kulungile Average/ iphakathi Poor/ liphantsi Good/ Kulungile Average/ iphakathi Poor/ liphantsi 7.12 Are public spaces watched by neighbours and community residents making it safer for people using those spaces? Ingaba ingawo zika wonke-wonke eziqatshelwa ngaba melwana naba hlali kwindawo zoluntu? Yes/Ewe No/Hayi 7.13 Do you have any other suggestions or comments? Ingaba unazo ezinye iingcamango? …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8. KNOWING WHERE WE ARE AND WHERE WE ARE GOING UKWAZI APHO SIKHONA NALAPHO SISINGISE KHONA 8.1 What is you impression of the overall signage in your area? Yeyiphi imibona kalo onokuthi uyinike eqibeleleyo kule ndawo uhlala kuyo? Very good/Igqibelele Good/Sihle 151 Satisfactory/Iyonelisa Poor/Uphantsi Very poor/ Uphantsi kakhulu 8.2 Please tick if the following signs are present or absent in your area? Ngceda ubeke (X) Ukuba ezimpawo zilandelayo zikhona kwindawo yakho? Nearest police station/Amapolisa Asbent/Azikho Present/Akhona Nearest hospital/day hospital or clinic/ Izibhedlele/ezasemini nekliniki Present/Akhona Asbent/Azikho Bus stop/Indawo yokumisa ibhasi Present/Akhona Asbent/Azikho Railway station/Iziko likaloliwe Present/Akhona Asbent/Azikho Taxi Rank/Indawo yetekisi Street names/Amagama ezitalato Present/Akhona Present/Akhona Asbent/Azikho Asbent/Azikho Wheelchair access/ Indawo zabakhubazekileyo Present/Akhona Asbent/Azikho Name and address of important buildings/ Amagama ne dilesi zezakiwo ezibalulekileyoPresent/Akhona Asbent/Azikho Information indicating times public buildings are officially open/Ingcazelo ezibonisa amaxeshaezakhiwo zika wonke-wonke Present/Akhona Asbent/Azikho Council buildings eg. Administration buildings and libraries/ikhiwo zebhuga uzekelo: iziko zolawulo kunye namathala eencwandi Present/Akhona Asbent/Azikho Road signs (stop, yield, etc.)/ Iziboniso zendlela (hima, nqumama njalo-njalo Present/Akhona Asbent/Azikho If the signs are not present, can you suggest the best place/s to put these signs? Ukubana ezmpawo azikho ungakhe ucebise ukuba zeziphi ezona ndawo zizilungeleyo? Name of sign/Igama lesi boniso Where/Phi …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8.3 Is the lettering on the signs; Kunamagama kwisibonisi; Large enough to read/ Makhulu ngokwaneleyo ayafundeka Yes/Ewe No/Hayi 152 Easy to read at night/ Alula ukufundeka Ebusuku Yes/Ewe No/Hayi 8.4 Are there any other comments or suggestions? Ingaba unazona iingcamango okanye ungakhe uhlomle? …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9 SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND HOW THEY AFFECT YOU ZIKUCHAPHAZELA NJANI IINGXAKI ZOKUHLALA Children Abantwana 9.1 Reports indicate that a large number of children are kidnapped in your area. Ingxelo ibonisa amanani aphakamile abantwana abathi baxhwilwe kwingingqi yakho. Have children been kidnapped in your area. Ingaba abantwana bayaxhwilwa kwindawo yakho. Yes/Ewe No/Hayi If yes, where? (Specify name of street) Ukuba ewe, phi? (Nika igama lesitilato) …………………………………………………………………………………………………. What other crimes are committed against children in your area? Bobuphi obunye ubudlobongela obuthi bunxulumane nabantwana kwingingqi ohlala kuyo? Where are these crimes likely to occur? Zeziphi ezona ndawo ekuthi kwenzeke kozo obubudlobongela 9.2 Has your community organized safe strategies for the children? Ingaba abahlali banazo iindlela ezobuqhinga zokukhusela abantwana babo? Yes/Ewe No/Hayi 9.3 Can you examples of these safe strategies. Unganako ukunika imizekelo yalamaqhinga okukhusela. …………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9.4 Do you have any further ideas about safe strategies for children in your area? Ingaba unazona iigcamango ngezokhuleko lwabantwana kwindawo yakho? …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 153 9.5 How far is the nearest playing area for children? Kufuphi kangakanani indawo yokudlala abantwana? Within view of your house/ Iyabonakala endlwini yakho 5 minutes walk/ Uhamba imizuzu emihlanu 10 minutes walk/ Uhamba imizuzu elishumi 15 minutes walk/ Uhamba imizuzu elishumi elinsihlanu Further/Ibhekele 9.6 Do you think children are safe walking to school? Ucinga ukuba abantwana bakhuselekile xa besiya esikolweni? Yes/Ewe No/Hayi 9.7 Do you think your children are safer playing in the play area? Ingaba abantwana bakhuselekile xa besiya kudlala? Yes/Ewe No/Hayi 9.8 Do you think your children are safe playing in the play area? Ucinga ukuba le ndawo abantwana badlala kuyo ikhuselekile na? Yes/Ewe No/Hayi If no, how can play areas be made safer for children? Ukuba hayi, ungazenza njani ukuba zikhuseleke? …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9.9 Do you think your children are safe at school? Ucinga ukuba abantwana bakhuselekile ezikolweni? Yes/Ewe No/Hayi If no, how can schools be made safer for children? Ukuba hayi, ungazenza njani ukuba zikhuseleke? …………………………………………………………………………………………………. Gangsterism Ubugewu 154 9.10 Are your children exposed to gangters and gangster activity at school? Ingaba abantwana bakho bavelile kubugewu ezikolweni? Yes/Ewe No/Hayi If yes, do you have any suggestions as to how schools could solve the problem of Gangsters? Ukuba ewe, unazo na iingacebiso zokubana izikolo zingayisombulula iingxaki zemigewu …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9.11 Are there gangs that operate in your area? Ingaba le migewu iyasebenza kule ndawo uhlala kuyo? Yes/Ewe No/Hayi 9.12 In your opinion what is the average age of gangsters in your area (please circle) Kwingcimango zakho ingakanani iminyaka yemigewu kwingingqi yakho (Beka (X) Ecaleni kweminyaka eqikelekayo) 10-14 14 –18 18 –22 22 onwards/ukuyaphezulu 9.13 Can you list the names of the gangs and which areas they control? Ungadwelisa uluhlu lwemigewu kunye neendawo eziphethe kuyo? …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9.14 Do you or your children feel threatened by the presence of gangsters in the Following situations. Ingaba abantwana baziva bengakhuselekanga kwezimeko zilandelayo. At school/Esikolweni If yes, when/Ukuba ewe, nini Yes/Ewe No/Hayi ………………………………………………………………….. At home/Ekhaya Yes/Ewe No/Hayi If yes, when/Ukuba ewe, nini ……………………………………………………………….. Walking in the street/ Ukuhamba ezitalatweni Yes/Ewe No/Hayi If yes, when/Ukuba ewe, nini ……………………………………………………………….. At shops/shopping malls/ Ezivenkileni okanye kwindawo ekuthengwa kuzo Yes/Ewe If yes, when/Ukuba ewe, nini………………………………………………………………….. No/Hayi At church or mosque/ Enkonzweni 155 If yes, when/Ukuba ewe, nini ………………………………………………………………….. Driving in your car Beqhuba iimoto Yes/Ewe If yes, when/Ukuba ewe, nini………………………………………………………………….. No/Hayi Whilst using public transport: Ngexa besebenzisa izithuthi zikawonke-wonke: If yes, when/Ukuba ewe, nini ………………………………………………………………….. Bus/Ibhasi Yes/Ewe If yes, when/Ukuba ewe, nini………………………………………………………………….. No/Hayi Taxi/Itekisi Yes/Ewe If yes, when/Ukuba ewe, nini………………………………………………………………….. No/Hayi Train/Oololiwe Yes/Ewe If yes, when/Ukuba ewe, nini………………………………………………………………….. No/Hayi Any other place, please specify. Ingaba ikhona enye indawo, cacisa …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9.15 Are the gangster members of your community? Ingaba ikhona imigewu kulendawo uhlala kuyo? Yes/Ewe No/Hayi 9.16 How do you feel about the gangs? Uziva njani ngalemigewu? …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9.17 Which days in the week do the gangsters operate most? Zeziphi iintsuku evekini apho imigewu iphatha ngayo? Mon/Mvulo Tues/Lwesibini Wed/Lwesithathu Thurs/Lwesine Fri/Lwesihlanu Sat/Mgqibelo Sun/cawa 9.18 Which days in the month do gangsters operate most? 156 Zeziphi iintsuku enyangeni ekhuthuza ngayo kakhulu? Payday/Ngemini zentlawulo Anyday/Nangaluphi usuku 9.19 What do you think can be done about gangs? Ucinga ukuba kwenziwe ntoningale migewu? …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9.20 Do you have any other comments or suggestions Unazo ezinye iingcamango okanye iihlomulo onokuthi uyinike. …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9.21 What can members of the community do to improve their own safety with respect to gangsters? Bangenza ntoni abahlali ukuphucula ukhuseleko lwabo ngakwimigewu? …………………………………………………………………………………………………. THANK YOU FOR YOUR CO-OPERATION/ ENKOSI NGENTSEBENZISWANO YAKHO 157 Appendix 3 Where shebeens (sites of gang activity) 4th street Xokwana Mngcunabe CC Block EE Block BB Block AA Block DD Block FF Block Opposite Eyethu in both section F and lower section I 158 Nomsa Maphongwana Crescent Hugh Masekela drive Andile Nhose Crescent Makhaya Michael Maphongwana GG Block Ilitha Park DM Section Winnie Mandela Area of 32 Qhelzana Street Tutu Avenue Nkonkwa Crescent Gwegweleza Street Malandalahla 41 area and Tutu Avenue Xelela street Site C, D.T Area Harare, Bukwayo 33 Section, Harare 159 Kuyasa In section B T section Appendix 4 Where lighting not functioning (thus prime sites for criminal activity) Mngcunube Mqoboka street AA, BB, CC Block at Griffiths Mxenge Xolani street Hambayo street in BB block Nkulumo street Back of Eyethu Nxawum street In front of Bonga Hoza street Ngwalaza Mdingi Street 160 Winnie Mandela Hugh Masekela Mncunube Victoria Mxenge Sisam No lights in BM Section Maccssar has no street lights Shukuma street Nwadi Cresecent Malandalahla Montulo Harry Gwala street Ncube street Appendix 5 Traffic Calming measures Speed bumps Bekelentloko street –Griffiths Mxenge All main streets in area Oscar Mpetha In area of Gangweni school 161 Illitha Park Futha street and Khuphela Qhekezana Malandahla Tutu Avenue Hlanga Crescent Khankanya Shwabane Buyeni crecent Stop signs All roads, particularly short roads Intersection I and F Near the taverns Khuphelo street Tutu Avenue Hlanga Crescent Hoza Avenue Harare 162 Traffic Officers In the area All around Town 2 Near Lingelethu training center Inkamzimco PD school Lansdowne Extension and Tutu Avenue Chris Hani Robots Next to day hospital Steve Biko Along wide roads in 19 section near Khayelitsha railway station Lansdowne road near Town 2 T junction, Oscar Mpetha road next to 33 Harare on way to Gangwani High school – Kuyasa Lansdowne Extension Treck/Hoza Avenue Harare Near Sobambisana preprimary school 163 164 Appendix 7 Research team Project Manager Waleed George Lead Researcher Meg George Danielle Kowen Assistants Charneel Plaatjies Queen Kekana Queen Kekana Interviewers Elron Fouten Co-ordinator Community facilitator Norman Jantjes Monwabisi Xeketwana 165