Download 1 - Khayelitsha Commission of Inquiry

KHAYELITSHA
COMMUNITY SAFETY AUDIT
Compiled for:
Department of Community Safety
Prepared by:
Mission Communications and Kakora &
Associates
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1:1
1:2
1:3
1:4
2.
3.
4.
1.
Introduction ……………………………...……………………..….……. 1
Contexualistion of present study within the Cape Renewal
Strategy ..…………………………………………………....……... 3
Rationale of the present study .…….……………………..……… 4
Aims of the present study ..……..…….……………………..…… 5
Outline of the report …………..…..……………………………. 5
Literature Review …..………………………………….……..……….…
7
2:1
Contextualising crime in South Africa …..………..………….…
2:2
Factors contributing to crime …..…………….….………………. 8
2:3
Crime trends in South Africa ………………..……………….… 11
2:4
Problems with crime statistics …………….……………………… 12
2:5
Crime in the Western Cape ……………….………………….... 13
2:6
Contexualising Khayelitsha ………………………..…………..…. 15
2:7
Criminal Justice System ……………………………..…….……... 16
2:8
Crime prevention ……………………………….…………….…..
18
2:9
National Crime Prevention Strategies ………….………….……..
Methodology ……………………………………………………….……. 29
3:1
Methodological framework ……………………………………… 29
3:2
Sample ……………………………………………………….…… 30
3:3
Procedure ………………………………………………………… 34
3:4
Instrument ………………………………………………………… 35
3:5
Supervision …………………………………………….………….
36
3:6
Ethical considerations …………………………………………….
37
7
24
Results and discussions ………………………………….……………..
38
4.1
Selected crime statistics of 2002 ………………..……………… 39
4.2
Results of Qualitative study ……………………………………… 43
4.3
Qualitative study ……………………………………….…………
56
4.4
Evaluation of policing service …………………………….……… 71
4.5
Physical characteristics …………………………………………… 75
4.6
Social characteristics …………………………………..………….
94
4.7
Community Police Forum ………………………………………. 99
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5.
Recommendations and conclusions ………………………….
104
5.1 Building on existing functions ………………………………
104
5.2 SAPS …………………………………………………..…….. 105
5.3 Law Enforcement ………………………………………….…
105
5.4 The CPF and Neighbourwood Watch Association…………. 106
5.5 Aligning local government with crime prevention principles.
107
5.6 Beyond local government activities and towards partnership 110
5.7 Activities that negatively impact on safety …………………. 110
5.8
Priority crimes ………………………………………….….
112
6.
Strengths and limitations of the study …………….……...……
116
7.
Recommendations for future research ………………………… 117
8.
Concluding remarks …………………………………………….. 118
Reference list …………………………………………..………… 119
Appendix 1
Interview questions …………………………………….… 122
Appendix 2
Safety audit Questionnaire …………………………….... 125
Appendix 3
List of shebeens …………………………………..……… 145
Appendix 4
Where lighting not functioning ..………………………… 147
Appendix 5
Traffic calming measures ………………………………… 148
Appendix 6
List of crime prevention organisations ………………..… 149
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Appendix 7
Research team ……………………………….…..……… 150
1.
INTRODUCTION
Crime affects all South Africans irrespective of race, gender or creed. Crime
instills fear in South Africans and impacts on the development and growth of
the country.
The policies of the previous dispensation have lead to the
destruction of social and community cohesion. This together with the strains
of transitional adaptation, urban decay and material deprivation, have
created a predisposition towards social disintegration, which has manifested
in the escalation of crime in South Africa (Human Sciences Research
Discussion Document, 1997).
Thus reducing crime and building safer
communities should be the priority to all South African citizens.
Crime
prevention strategies are key to building safer communities. The present
study aims to provide information for the development of crime prevention
strategy in Khayelitsha.
3
1.1 Contextualisation of present study within the
Cape Renewal strategy
The Cape renewal strategy was unveiled on the 16 February 2001 by the
provincial ministry for Community safety as a three pronged renewal strategy
for the Cape Flats.
The strategy focuses on law enforcement, urban/
economic renewal and social renewal.
The main objectives of the urban
renewal strategy are the reduction and prevention of crime, reviving
neighbourhoods through proper maintenance, reducing the opportunity,
ability and the desire to commit crimes and reducing fear of crimes. Certain
areas were identified as areas for renewal including Khayelitsha. In view of
this and in line with the National Crime Prevention Strategy (NCPS)
(discussed in the literature review) the need for the present study becomes
essential.
1.2 Rationale for the present study
Crime in South Africa is complex and the causes are multi-faceted, thus a
uniform
crime
prevention
strategy
cannot
be
implemented
in
all
4
communities. Thus strategies will differ from community to community given
the different crime patterns and opportunities that promote criminal activity.
The NCPS provides a broad policy framework and acknowledges that crimes
in communities are not single factored and developing tailor-made safety
strategies are essential.
This project is aimed at developing a crime
prevention strategy for Khayelitsha. The present study is located within pillar
2 and 3 of the NCPS. The present study is designed to provide baseline
information on the crime patterns, priority crimes, social and physical
characteristics and victims at risk in the community of Khayelitsha.
1.3 Aims of the present study

To identify crime problems in the area of Khayelitsha.

To
specify
organizations
involved
in
crime
prevention
and
programmes currently operational in Khayelitsha.

To analyse social and physical characteristics of Khayelitsha and the
victims at risk.

To prioritise crime problems in each area to provide the basis for
crime prevention strategies.
5
1.4 Outline of the report
Section 1
provided a brief overview of the need for the present study,
rationale and aims.
Section 2
provides a synopsis of literature relating to crime and crime
prevention both nationally and internationally. It also outlines
the NCPS and makes reference to cities such as Durban that
have begun implementing it.
Section 3
focuses on the methodologies employed in the present study
Section 4
includes the results and discussion of the study. It is divided
into 3 subsections.

Subsection 1 includes crime statistics for period 2000, 2001 & 2002
and analysis of the priority crimes from the perspectives of the SAPS,
the other stakeholders and the broader community.

Subsection 2 includes the results of the qualitative study conducted
with the stakeholders working in field of crime prevention.

Subsection 3 includes the results of survey conducted with the
broader community focuses on policing, physical environment and
social characteristics of community. This section is interspersed with
6
information from Census1 and a feasibility study conducted by AHT
international (2002) and other sources of information for the support
of the Khayelitsha Urban Renewal Programme.

Section 4 includes the final conclusions and recommendations as well as
commenting on the priority crimes for the area.
2.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The ensuing section provides a theoretical overview of crime in South Africa,
with specific reference to the Western Cape and the identified area of
Mitchell’s Plain.
Furthermore,
it examines crime
prevention
both
1
Note: Information received from Census is outdated. The new Census results were not available at
time of finalisation of this report.
7
internationally and locally and the National Crime Prevention Strategy (NCPS)
legislated in 1996.
2.1 Contextualising crime in South Africa
According to Shaw (2002) the levels of crime under apartheid was high,
although
it remained
unseen
disadvantaged communities.
and unrecorded in
poor historically
South Africa has a unique history and thus
makes the analysis of crime problems all that more complicated (Marsh,
1999). It can be argued that the apartheid government was built on the
foundation of violence, brutality and repression and this bred crime.
Apartheid has acted as a major generator of criminal victimization and
violence through policies, which have resulted in massive social dislocation.
Evidence suggests that the increase in crime from 1960 onwards was
dramatic. From 1960-1977 homicide tripled (Shaw, 2002). The high levels of
crime can be attributed to the economic decay and structural change
engendered by apartheid (Shaw, 2002). During apartheid around three and a
half million people were forcibly removed and resettled which impacted on
the disintegration of the social fabric of communities and poverty. The policy
of apartheid was in many respects applied with great success. In the area of
8
policing the nature and quality of the police work in designated ‘white’ areas
were far better than in ‘black’ areas (Shaw, 2002; Cartwright, 1999). ‘Whites’
were provided with the illusion of living in a first world country. This was
achieved because of the brutal policing and surveillance underpinned by pass
laws and legislative separation and control. Thus crime statistics under the
apartheid law was inadequate and misleading (Cartwright, 1999). Behaviour
considered normal in free society was criminalized in South Africa. As the
legitimacy of the previous government declined, and the opposition to its
policies intensified the distinction between political and criminal behaviour
became blurred. Both the state and opponents to the apartheid state used
violence as a means to achieve political and personal aims (Schonteich,
2001/2). This then legitimized the use of violence in order to solve conflicts.
Arguably, for the first time in four decades the ‘real’ state of crime is
recorded. Given the level of media attention, it is not surprising that the
general public perceptions of the problem have been affected (Marsh, 1999).
2.2 Factors contributing to crime
Understanding crime in South Africa is complex and multidimensional. There
are no isolated factors that one could pinpoint as the cause of crime. Thus
9
various factors impact on the existence and maintenance of crime levels. In
the ensuing discussion some of the factors will be highlighted.
2.2.1
Period of transition
Shaw (1997) argues that the increased visibility of crime from 1990 onwards
was consistent with the experiences of other countries undergoing transitions
to democracy.
Naude (2000) argues that the shift from politics of
confrontation and resistance to a negotiated democratic political system and
the dismantling of apartheid resulted in the breakdown of social control
methods without them being replaced by legitimate alternatives. Thus the
period of transition for South Africa was largely over-regulated, undemocratic
and unaccountable.
However, as change occurs and democratization
processes proceed, society and it instruments for social control are reshaped
thus opening up new areas for the development of crime (Schoenteich &
Louw, 2001).
2.2.2
Culture of violence
The culture of violence is inextricably linked with the political history of South
Africa. Institutional violence in the apartheid era impacted on fragmentation
of family systems and condoned the use of violence as a means of control.
10
This continued exposure to violence has produced communities with
destructive cultures (Schoenteich & Louw, 2001).
2.2.3
Poverty
Historically blacks have been positioned in unemployment and povertystricken situations due to apartheid policies. Schonteich (2001/2) and Naude
(2000) argue that poverty and unemployment are not necessarily linked to
high crime levels. For example, Gauteng, where unemployment levels are low
by South African standards, crime is high. Whereas the Eastern Cape has
some of the country’s poorest yet crime levels are below the national
averages. Thus unemployment must be understood within the context of a
range of socio-political factors such as repression, inequality and
discrimination (Naude, 2000).
Furthermore, internationally poverty per se
does not increase crime but rather how people experience their economic
deprivation particularly if the disparities are racially based. Examples of this
can be seen in America and Australia (Naude, 2000). Similar, trends have
been witnessed in South Africa.
2.2.4
Age of perpetrators and risk of victimisation
Schonteich and Louw (2001) argue that there is a strong relationship between
crime and age.
This link can be seen in criminal conviction records.
11
Henderson (2000/1) argues that 25% of people in prison on 28 th February
2001 were between 21 and 25 while 16% were under the age of 21.
Furthermore almost one third of victimization of violent crime is the age
group of 26 to 35 and then declines (Schonteich & Louw, 2001). Gray (1999)
argues that crime prevention strategies in South Africa needs to focus on
juvenile crime prevention given that they represent 32.5% of the
economically active.
2.2.5
Urbanisation
Another factor contributing to crime is the high levels of urbanization without
the state being able to provide the necessary infrastructure such as houses,
schools, hospitals etc. results in an increase of all levels of crime (Naude,
2000). Certain types of crime such as gang-related murder, vehicle hijacking,
armed robbery and burglary of business premises are more likely to occur in
urban cities rather than rural areas (Schonteich, 2001/2).
The above are some of the factors that influence the continued existence of
crime in South Africa. The causes of crime in South Africa are deep rooted
and related to its history and socioeconomic realities.
Thus solutions to
crime are not simplistic.
12
2.3 Crime trends in South Africa
National figures in 2001 indicated that the total number of crimes increased
by 24% between 1994 and 2000.
According to the South African Police
Crime Bulletin Report (2000) the overall trends in S.A. of violent crimes and
arson are decreasing, social fabric crimes are stabilizing and property related
crimes are on the increase as compared to previous years.
common robbery increased the most for this period.
Reports of
Murders reported
showed the greatest decline during this period. However, the Western Cape
reported the greatest increase in murder for this period
(Henderson,
2001/02). However, while murder levels declined, overall levels of violent
crimes have increased. According to Schonteich (2001/2) every third crime
recorded in South Africa is violent in nature. According to Marsh (1999)
violent crimes in South Africa is eight times greater than Europe. Thus by
global standards, South Africa has high levels of violent crime, although, the
average crime rate in South Africa is similar to places like Norway, Austria, the
USA and France. Furthermore, although crime data in African countries are
not reliable, by comparison South Africa has highest rate of murder as
compared to countries in the southern African region (Schonteich, 2001/2).
13
Schonteich (2001/2) further states that the availability and use of firearms can
be linked to the high levels of violence witnessed in South Africa as a large
proportion of South African society is heavily armed. Marsh (1999) further
notes that crime in South Africa is area specific and crime rates in
metropolitan Johannesburg, Durban, Cape Town and rural KwaZulu- Natal
are exceptionally high. For example in Cape Town, the problem of crime and
violence is exacerbated by the gang culture entrenched in most lower class
communities (Marsh, 1999).
2.4 Problems with Crime Statistics
The problem with using crime statistics to understand crime patterns is linked
to underreporting of crime. In South Africa, for example, extensive reporting
of social fabric crimes such as woman abuse was only viewed as a criminal
offence from 1993. A more effective means of determining crime statistics is
by conducting victim surveys.
In the Western Cape, the trends of
underreporting crime in the victim survey conducted in 2002. For example,
underreporting of actual or attempted robbery was estimated at 63% while
underreporting of actual or attempted assault was estimated at 59%
(Department of Community Safety, 2002). Furthermore, crime statistics says
little about interventions and how effective they are.
14
2.5 Crime in the Western Cape
As mentioned previously in the report crime, in the Western Cape, is high.
According to the crime statistics recorded for the year 2002, the Western
Cape had the highest crime statistics for many of the recorded crimes such as
housebreaking (residential), murder and attempted murder and common
assault (SAPS, Bulletin, 4/2000). Crime in the Western Cape is intrinsically
linked to the existence of gangsterism that is deeply embedded in many
communities (Marsh, 1999). Following is a brief discussion of gang culture in
the Western Cape.
According to Dissel (1997), it is estimated that there are between 90 000 and
100 00 gang members in the Western Cape.
The majority of gang
memberships have been comprised of the youth of previously disadvantaged
areas. It is argued that the formation of gangs is linked to the history of
apartheid. Gangs were formed through urbanization and forced removals in
the 1950’s. Groups were informed by the socio-political contexts although
they do not have an overt political design (Dissel, 1997).
15
Marginalised youth found acceptance and a sense of belonging within the
structure of street gangs (Dissel, 1997). Social destruction, in combination
with the apartheid’s economic deprivation has left large portions of the
population unskilled and unemployed.
As Healy (2000) points out fifty
percent of youth aged between 15 and 20, in Cape Town, are unemployed.
Therefore through crimes, such as drug trafficking, armed robbery and other
illegal activities, gang members have been able to sustain themselves
economically. Youth see gangs as a means of attaining wealth and power
(Healy, 2000). It is for these reasons that gang activity has been maintained.
Kinnes (2000) argues that gangs in the Western Cape do not have the same
typology necessarily, as gangs in other provinces. In the Western Cape entire
families are involved the illicit activity, thus criminal moral has permeated all
levels of society (Kinnes, 2000). Furthermore for as long as the Western Cape
has racial divisions and huge economic disparities, the gang problem will
persist. The perception of political exclusion among the coloured community
together with poor policing and lack of holistic crime prevention strategies,
will maintain gang activity in the Western Cape (Kinnes, 2000). Furthermore,
approximately every second criminal case that appears in either the
Magistrates or Supreme Courts are linked to gang activities (Healy, 2000).
16
Although it has been noted that gang related crime is generally
underreported as is the trend with many other crimes in South Africa (Healy,
2000).
Therefore, a crime prevention strategy in the Western Cape will have to be
comprehensive that includes socio-economic and rehabilitation of those who
wish to turn away from gangs (Kinnes, 2000).
2.6 Contextualising Khayelitsha
Khayelitsha was developed in 1983 when the apartheid government needed
a site to relocate the African population of Cape Town. The area originally
was a sand dune area owned by the defense force. The area was cleared and
laid out for settlement. The relative security of tenure attracted residents
who were at the time living in backyard shacks. Khayelitsha started as a small
area with sub-economic houses. By the mid 1990’s the area developed with
small sections of housing being slightly upmarket, the majority of the area
being sub-economic and vast areas being informal houses (shacks) erected
on serviced sites with regard to tarred roads, lighting, water-borner sewage
and some access to electricity and telephones. In Khayelitsha, murder, armed
17
robberies and hijacking are extremely high. According to stakeholders in the
area the reported number of murders on average over weekends are
between 10 and 12 per weekend. Rape and domestic violence are high. The
fundamental causes of crime in the area are linked to factors such as poverty
and living conditions i.e. many shack dwellers are unemployed and
overcrowded leading to an increase of malnutrition, and tuberculosis. Youth
do have adequate sporting or recreational facilities available to them. There
are many NGO’s and CBO’s currently working in the area.
Some of the
projects underway are related to basic needs (jobs, land, housing, electricity,
water and transport), developing human resources (skills development and
education of community) and building the economy (improving racial and
gender inequalities). (Personal communication, M.Xeketwana, MSAT coordinator, 21 Jan 2003)
2.7 Criminal Justice System
The criminal justice system in South Africa was primarily a vehicle for human
rights abuses and racial discrimination under the apartheid system. Under
the new government the situation is slowly beginning to change. One of the
biggest challenges facing the government is the transformation of the
criminal justice system.
The Department of Justice is responsible for the
18
adequate provision of resources for proper and efficient functioning of the
criminal justice system. The Department’s goals are to;
·
improve service delivery to internal and external customers in
order to enhance customer satisfaction.
·
ensure that business is conducted efficiently and in a costeffective manner, with the primary focus on courts and other
services rendered to the State and the public. This includes
improving productivity in the courts and making justice more
accessible and affordable.
For the purpose of restructuring, the following core business units have been
identified under the Minister's leadership:
·
Court Services
·
Masters' Offices
·
Legal Services
·
Legislation and Constitutional Development.
·
Various other units have been identified in support of these business
units, namely:
19
·
the Office of the Chief Financial Officer
·
Human Resources Development
·
Information Service Management, which will include information
technology services
2.7.1
Public Education and Communication
A Board of Directors has been established, and business plans for the
various core business units have been approved. The Department aims to
implement the process in an integrated manner (Information appended
from the website).
2.8 Crime Prevention
Crime prevention is a global concern (Tonry & Farrington, 1995).
Crime
prevention is often referred to as the “soft” option or is seen as the stepchild
of law enforcement and the criminal justice system (Nel, 2000). However,
preventing crimes before they occur has a cost benefit and contributes
positively to the image of that particular country. Extensive writing on crime
prevention has been documented in Western Europe, North America and
20
England in the past three decades. Many of these countries have specialized
agencies to develop, test and evaluate crime prevention initiatives.
According to Tonry and Farington (1995) four major prevention strategies
exist, namely, law enforcement, community prevention that includes
situational prevention and environmental design and developmental
intervention.
2.8.1 Law Enforcement and the Criminal Justice system
Research internationally notes that most people see law enforcement and the
criminal justice system as the key agencies in terms of ensuring social order
(Tonry & Farrington, 1995; Skogan, 1990). In the United States, key policy
makers argued that crime prevention strategies needs to include changes in
criminal law, enforcement techniques, sentence policy and mass media
campaigns intended to dissuade criminals from committing crimes.
However, although law enforcement is core business of any country to
protect its citizens, it has been subsequently noted that these strategies are
less effective in the absence of preventative measures aimed at reducing the
“root causes” of crime (Tonry & Farrington, 1995). Marsh argues that stricter
laws affect only the symptoms, not the cause.
In some countries in the
21
Middle East, which have very strict laws, may not be the only reason why
these countries are crime free. Communities there have extremely stable
family systems with investment in land or governance of land.
Downes
(1994) cited in Van Aswegan (2000), in his analysis of youth crime in Europe,
argues that criminal justice policies introduced by governments make little
difference to crime levels. This is due to the fact that crime is influenced by
social, economic, political and the quality of supporting services that
surround the justice system.
It is argued that crime is more effectively
contained by a social approach which implies polices that achieve high levels
of well paid, high productivity jobs, ensuring minimum wage and
redistribution of wealth through progressive taxation and providing adequate
educational, health and social services. However, in the present economic
climate and demographic composition in South Africa such policies are
highly problematic (Van Aswegan, 2000).
2.8.2 Community Prevention and Developmental Prevention
Tonry & Farington (1995) argue that in order to develop an effective crime
prevention strategy, one needs to understand that different crimes have
different causes. It is for this reason that crime prevention from a purely law
22
enforcement perspective is insufficient.
Some of the approaches include
community prevention and developmental prevention.
The ensuing
discussion will examine these approaches.
2.8.2.1
Community Prevention
Community prevention is premised on the assumption that changing
the community will change the behaviour of the people who live there.
This has internationally been seen to include improving surveillance,
altering environmental design and by organizing residents to take
preventative action. The basic premise of community prevention is the
“designing out’ of crime in a particular community. It is often viewed
as the “soft solution” to managing social disorder problems. Examples
of this strategy have been noted in England’s Safer Cities programme
and in New York (Tonry & Farrington, 1995; Skogan, 1990).
The
premise of this position is arranging social and physical constraints
that naturally control public activity thus reducing crime opportunities
in the community. An example of this can be seen in New York City,
23
which attempted to control vandalism in subway cars, transit stops,
school buildings and sports stadiums by installing damage resistant
materials (i.e. stainless steel) in these areas.
This approach has
reduced vandalism considerably in this city.
In British Columbia,
initiatives included keeping schools away from commercial centers,
planning routes to schools and placing recreational and leisure time
premises for elderly people close to entrances of apartments (Latinen,
1998).
Kruger (1998) argued that there are five principles to
environmental design: surveillance and visibility, territoriality and
defensible space, access and escape routes, image and aesthetics and
target hardening.
Skogan (1990) argues that an environmentally
disordered community creates the impression of high crime areas.
Often this has been seen in communities in North America that are of
lower socio-economic status.
Thus image and aesthetics are
important components of this strategy. Different lessons and varied
levels
of
success
have
been
achieved
internationally
with
environmental design. Thus environmental design is not a solution on
its own to crime prevention (Kruger, 1998).
24
Organising residential communities into Neighbourhood watch
associations or other crime prevention organizations have been a
global trend. This mobilization of resources and human capacity again
has been successful to varying degrees internationally. In America the
view of social order maintained by citizens’ informal self -policing had
considerable political attractiveness.
It provided expediency while
being cost effective. At an ideological level, it impacts on ideas of selfhelp and active participation (Lavarakas, 1985). However, the paradox
is that in criminology research trends suggest that community
structures itself shapes the local rates of crime yet emphasis in this
strategy is placed with communities to solve the problem.
It is
because of this that Tonry and Farrington (1995) argue that the means
and the ends of creating and solving the problems of crime become
blurred and thus much failure has been witnessed in this approach.
Hope
(1995)
argues
that
many
studies
have
shown
that
neighbourhood watch associations is ineffective in preventing crime
yet governmental agencies in western society continue to fund these
approaches.
25
2.8.2.2
Developmental Prevention
In the last decade attention has been given to the developmental
approach.
This approach documents the predictive factors of
delinquency and other antisocial behaviour. Consequently reducing
risk and increasing protective factors have wide-ranging benefits and
cost-effective benefits. For example, it is argued that interventions
that improve parenting skills, children’s mental and physical health,
children’s school performance and reducing risks of child abuse serves
to reduce the chances that the individual will later become a criminal
(Tonry & Farrington, 1995).
Developmental prevention is the new
frontier of crime prevention.
The above paragraphs have made reference to some of the
international trends in crime prevention.
As Nel (2000) points out
crime prevention programmes are not all equally successful and what
works well in one community may not work in another. Furthermore,
in the South African context, communities are defined in terms of
geographic location rather than socio-cultural factors. The following
section will be discussions of some of the national crime prevention
26
strategies that have been implemented, followed by a discussion NCPS
framework.
2.9 National Crime Prevention Strategies
2.9.1 Definition
Crime prevention involves responding to a few priority problems, using
targeted multi-agency programmes. These pregrammes aim to address
the cause of and opportunities for particular crime problems.
They
should enforce laws, ensure that order is maintained in the day-to-day
activities of the community and reduce public fear (Nel, 2000, p.5)
2.9.2 The National Crime Prevention Strategy (NCPS)
The National Crime Prevention Strategy (NCPS), which was legislated in 1996,
provides an integrated policy framework. According to this policy, in order to
effectively reduce crime it is necessary to transform and reorganize
government and facilitate real community participation.
The aim of all
involved in transformation needs to weave social fabric, robust enough to
withstand the stresses of rapid change in an emergent democracy (National
crime prevention strategy – Summary, 1996). According to Van Aswegan
27
(2000) the NCPS was proposed as a fundamental paradigm shift in terms of
handling crime. In essence, developing an effective strategy means changing
from a reactive perpetrator policing approaches, to a more holistic multiagency approach which includes welfare, education, NGO’s, women’s groups,
town planners, criminal justice departments and local authorities.
Essentially the government of South Africa, in the NCPS, has adopted a fourpillar approach to crime prevention, namely,
Pillar 1
Criminal justice process, which aims to make the criminal justice
system more efficient and effective.
Pillar 2
Reducing crime through environmental design, which focuses
on designing systems and communities that reduce the
opportunity for crime and facilitates the ease and detection of
criminals.
Pillar 3
Public values and education – aimed at increasing public
participation and community pressure in crime prevention.
Pillar 4
Transnational crimes –aimed at regional co-operation and
stability
(National crime prevention strategy – Summary 1996.)
28
Some of the outcomes of this strategy is thus to being able to crime in a
coordinated and focused manner, which draws on the resources of all
government agencies and civil society and to maximize civil society’s
participation in mobilizing and sustaining crime prevention initiatives.
The
NCPS can be seen as an effort to move away from the more state-centered
and ‘law and order’ approach of the previous regime. As such it is an effort
to forge a link with trends in western thinking with regard to handling crime.
Crime prevention strategies are unique and individual to various regions or
areas in South Africa.
Joubert (1996) argues that an effective crime
prevention strategy will reflect the awareness of the changes taking place
within communities and at the same time be sensitive to the needs of people.
High levels of diversity, as is evident in the cultural makeup of South Africans,
may lead to a lack of consensus on the meaning of crime and the nature of
crime prevention strategies and intervention.
2.9.3 The role of Community Police Fora (CPF’s) in crime
prevention in S.A.
CPF’s play an important role in crime prevention in South Africa. The White
paper on Safety and Security (1998) states that local government should work
with CPF’s to
29

Identify flashpoints, crime patterns and anti-crime priorities and
communicate these to the local government and the SAPS.

Jointly set crime prevention priorities and agree on strategies

Mobilise community based campaigns and activities and the resources
to sustain them. (Nel, 2000, p.12)
2.9.4 Crime prevention strategy in Durban
Durban seems to be at an advanced stage of development and the initial
stages of implementation of crime prevention strategies within the
parameters of the NCPS. The Durban crime prevention strategy has three
strategic components, namely,

Effective policing and crime prevention

Targeted social crime prevention

Environmental design
2.9.4.1 Policing (Durban Metro & SAPS)
Visible policing does not necessarily directly reduce the levels of crime.
However, in South Africa, people are gripped with the fear of crime thus
30
visible policing is symbolic providing reassurance to the community.
Internationally, trends of community disorder, is significantly reduced if a
feeling of ‘being watched’ exists (Shaw, 2002; Skogan, 1990).
2.9.4.2 Social crime prevention (Durban)
This element of the strategy involves a multi-agency approach to solving
problems of unemployment, alcohol and drug abuse, youth violence etc.
2.9.4.3 Environmental design (Durban)
This section of the strategy focuses on crime prevention through
environmental design that combines aspects of law enforcement and
social crime prevention. An example of this is the development of the
Warwick Junction.
While the Unicity Committee of Durban has been officially adopted on 11
October 2000 and implementation has subsequently occurred, the
effectiveness of the strategy still needs to be established.
31
According to Nel (2000) the Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Council
has established a Safer Cities programme in 1997 and Pretoria approved
its crime prevention strategy in 1998.
In the light of the above, developing crime prevention strategies is
essential to all communities. The current project attempts to provide
baseline information for developing a safety plan for Khayelisha. The
next section of the report focuses on the methodology of the study.
32
3.
METHODOLOGY
This section will focus on the methodology used in the present study. It
covers the methodological frameworks, sample, instruments, procedures and
ethical considerations of the study.
3.1 Methodological frameworks
The present study utilized archival, qualitative and survey methodologies.
Archival research is a method of studying organizations or communities
based on collected records that have been produced. This technique was
33
used to compile crime statistics (issued by the SAPS), the community profile
(Census, 1996) and the physical characteristics of the community (issued by
local municipalities).
Furthermore, it was used for the compilation of
databases produced in the study. Qualitative research allows for in-depth
analysis of the problem and its context. It allows the research process to
elaborate, explore and systematize the problem (Banister, Burman, Parker,
Taylor & Tindall, 1994).
This methodology allowed for an in-depth
exploration of crime and crime patterns with the relevant stakeholders in
Khayelitsha. Survey research methodology can be defined as a method that
analyses the responses of a defined sample to a set of questions measuring
attitudes and behaviours (Baker, 1999).
In the present study, this
methodology facilitated a broader understanding of the problem of crime
from the community’s perspective. A fundamental principle that was upheld
in the research process was of empowerment of the community involved in
the process.
3.2 Sample
Following is a description of the samples for both the qualitative and survey
research studies.
34
3.2.1 Qualitative study
A total of 10 interviews were conducted with the stakeholders of the
community. In addition, one focus group was conducted with five people
present although more stakeholders were invited. Detail with regard to this
can be found in paragraph 3.3. The initial stakeholder consultation meetings
identified the participants’ to be interviewed.
3.2.2 Survey
Sampling in this methodology refers to planned ways of selecting
participants.
The
purpose
of
random
sampling
is
to
establish
representativeness and thus reduce bias. In the present study a purposive
random sample of 120 participants was drawn from various sections of the
35
Nyanga, The boundaries of the area were based on police precinct
boundaries. Following is a brief description of the sample.
Area
AREA
NO. OF PARTICIPANTS
Macassar
17
SST Mxenge
10
Site C
6
Site B
6
Harare
16
Ekuphumleni
1
Green Point
2
J Section
1
Veza DM
3
I Section
2
Illitha Park
1
D Section
2
Kuyasa
2
36
AREA
NO. OF PARTICIPANTS
F Section
1
Tshephetphe
1
T Section
1
A Section
1
Graceland
5
Town 2
4
Mandela Park
5
K section
33
TOTAL
120
Sex
From the above graph it can be seen that 55.1% of the sample was female
while 41.5 were male.
Age
37
From the above graph it can be seen that most of the sample fell in the age
range of 25 years of age to 45 years of age.
Marital status
Finally in terms of marital status 50% of the sample was single while 38.1% of
the sample was married. 3.4% were divorced.
3.3 Procedure
38
The South African National Civic Association (SANCA) was approached to
implement the study.
A presentation was done to the Branch Executive
Committee in order to provide them with information regarding the nature
and purpose of the study. SANCA undertook to assist with implementation
of the project.
Further consultation occurred with the Community Police
Forum and the Neighbourhood Watch. From these meetings the relevant
stakeholders were identified to participate in the individual interviews and
focus group.
SANCO identified community members to be trained as
fieldworkers for the survey component of the study. After consultation it was
decided that individual interviews would be conducted with SAPS station
commissioner, the head of detectives and the head of Social Crime
Prevention.
Furthermore, it was decided that executive members of the
following organizations would be interviewed, namely, the UDM, the PAC,
SANCO, CODETA, the SACP, the ANC and ANCYL. Interviews were conducted
between 28 January and 17 February 2003.
Members of the Khayelitsha
Development Forum, AMICO, the Khayelitsha Community Policing Forum, the
Neighbourhood Watch and Rape Crisis were identified to participate in the
focus group conducted on the 06 February 2003 at Stocks and Stocks in
Khayelitsha. On the 06 February 2003, 11 volunteers were trained at joint
39
training session with Mitchells Plain at the Olifantshoek Community Centre in
Tafelsig. Volunteers were provided with transport to the venue. The aim of
the workshop was to equip the fieldworkers with knowledge of the process of
research and the skill to conduct face-to-face interviews. The fieldworkers
and area coordinator together with the researchers identified the criminal
‘hotspot’ areas and sampling was then completed.
Each fieldworker was
given an identification T-shirt and a letter on request.
The fieldwork
commenced on the 08 February 2003 and was completed on the 17 February
2003.
3.4 Instrument
(See appendix 2)
3.4.1 Qualitative study
The qualitative study used an interview schedule that focused on the
following issues;

The major and lesser crimes in the area

Descriptions about victims and perpetrators of crime

The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats facing the
interviewee’s organization or crime prevention agency

The solutions to solving crime in the area.
40
Individual interviews took approximately 30 minutes to complete.
Focus
groups, however, ranged from 1 hour 15 minutes to 2 hours. (See interview
schedule in Appendix 1)
3.4.2Survey
The survey used an instrument that consisted of several sections, namely;

Biographical information

Land use activities

Crimes (included victims at risk)

The built environment

Maintenance

Lighting

Hiding places for criminals

Getting assistance

Signage

Social problems
The questionnaire consisted of both closed and open-ended questions. It
was administered in a face-to-face interview format. Each questionnaire took
approximately 45-60 minutes to complete (See questionnaire in Appendix 2)
41
3.5 Supervision
The area coordinators primarily took responsibility for the supervision of
fieldworkers. However, researchers randomly accompanied fieldworkers to
focus groups and survey interviews.
3.6 Ethical considerations
All participants in the study participated voluntarily and were informed of the
nature and intentions of the study.
All participants were assured that
information or opinions provided would remain anonymous and confidential.
Participants of the individual interviews were also assured that their
interviews would remain anonymous.
Furthermore, fieldworkers were
equipped with names of referral agencies if participants required counseling
or support for issues raised, which were possibly of a sensitive nature.
42
4.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The following section will focus on the results of the present study. It is
divided into various sections, namely, map of police boundaries, crime
statistics, priority crimes identified by the various groupings consulted in the
research process, the results of the qualitative, physical characteristics and
social characteristics.
Map of Khayelitsha
43
Boundaries - N2, Baden Powell, Swartklip Road
4.1 Selected crime statistics for 2002
Crime statistics are important indicators of crime and priority crime in a
particular area. As has been indicated in the literature review crime statistics
are often misleading due to underreporting of crimes. Following is a table of
selected crime statistics for Khayelitsha for the year 2002. This information
will be compared later in the report with the views of stakeholders and the
broader community in terms of priority crimes.
Crimes
Statistics
Robbery with aggravated
1486
circumstances
Murder
502
Attempted murder
367
Assault GBH
2669
44
Rape and Attempted
553
Drug related crime
177
Domestic Violence
1055
Note: The Station Commissioner revoked original crime statistics for years
2000, 2001 and 2002 issued to researchers by the Department of Community
Safety. Information indicated above was issued instead.
From the above statistics it can be seen that Assault GBH is the highest
reported crime followed by robbery with aggravated circumstances and then
domestic violence.
The reported murder are extremely much more than at
the other presidential station, namely Mitchells Plain. However, without the
previous years it is difficult to determine whether this crime has increased or
decreased over time. As seen rape cases are also very high but this might
not be a true reflection, due to the underreported nature of this crime.
From the above it would appear that the most frequently reported crimes are
4.1.1
Priority crimes SAPS
According to the SAPS the first ranked priority crimes for Khayelitsha would
be violent crimes including murder, assault GBH, armed robbery and then
violence against women and children. The second ranked priority would be
45
economic crimes, which includes housebreaking, motor vehicle theft and
other robbery.
Participant 8: …we have seriously violent crime that is murder that is number
1, then the second as a seriously violent crime its both (indistinct) and crime
against women and children, and crime against women and children is having
child abuse and domestic violence having assault, all assault GBH and
common because they originate from domestic violence most of them. Then
we have organized crime. …our last crime is organized crime, within organized
crime as a package we are having housebreaking.
Participant 9: As I see the major crimes are mostly the violent crimes if I can
mention rape, murder, robbery with firearms as well as serious assaults and
attempted murders. The second category of crimes that impact on people in
Khayelitsha would be economic crimes which is the (indistinct) the theft of
motor vehicles and such crimes
Participant 10: It’s rape, murders, and robberies. I think those crimes that are
having an impact and that we prioritise at the station including domestic
violence, ja.
46
4.1.2
Priority crimes for other stakeholders
According to the stakeholders, economic crimes were listed as the priority
crimes.
Given the context of the area in terms of the high level of
unemployment, the prevalence of these crimes is understandable.
These
crimes are also underreported as victims hold perceptions that the resolve for
these types of crime has a very low success rate.
Participant 2: They are robbing even people on the street. You will find that
there is a queue of people robbed in the street …
Participant 4: … Then that person because he sees money he is going to do
the job, they end up breaking into houses …
Participant 3: I think the worse things are the human something, like the
worst things in the crime I think is rape here in Khayelitsha is too high, …
Participant 5: Major crime is hijacking, housebreaking is very, very high in
Khayelitsha.
47
Participant 7: Killing of people and robbery
4.1.3
Priority crimes for the community
Similar to the perceptions of the stakeholders, the priority crimes are
economic crimes including robbery, housebreaking and car hijacking. Again,
the perception was mooted that the chances of criminals being convicted for
these cases are low, therefore the reluctance to report the cases. People live
with the fear of becoming victims of these crimes on a daily basis.
For participants the second priority was violent crimes, such as
rape of
women and children.
PRIORITY CRIMES
Car Hijacking
48
Housebreaking
70
Rape
58
Robbery
61
0
20
40
60
80
48
4.2 Results of Qualitative Study
The following section indicates the results of the qualitative study conducted
with the crime prevention stakeholders. Stakeholders are identified in the
methodology section (paragraph 3.3). However, in this section the names of
the stakeholders have been omitted in order to maintain confidentiality. The
results are presented in themes emerging from the interviews.
Verbatim
quotes (with grammatical errors), from the participants are utilized, to
substantiate the themes.
4.2.1
The perpetrators of crime
The perpetrators of most crime were identified as youth and unemployed
young men, being residents of the community. Gangs and perpetrators of
49
crime are inextricably linked.
Gangs in Khayelitsha can be described as
groups of armed youth (tsotsies). It was noted that gangs in Khayelitsha are
not organized according to prison cultures, as in ‘coloured’ areas such as
Mitchell’s Plain.
Participant 8: The people who are responsible number one the people who
are unemployed. Number two are the boys who are pushed because of the
peer group, boys are below 18 years of age, the majority rank is from between
15 and 25 that’s the group that is committing crime mostly …
Participant 5: No kids only, there’s somebody behind the kids sometimes
because we found those kids, to small, but they got guns. Where they get them
from, guns, because they are so small. That is why I think old people behind
those kids, I think so.
Participant 1:
At the present moment although I say it is very difficult
to give a direct actual answer but mostly the people trying to say is doing these
things is the youth and you know the youth is the system they are one actually
(indistinct) because if you go to different areas of Khayelitsha where you find
the actual person been caught you will find that it is the youth.
50
Participant 9:
Well the people responsible for the crimes are mainly
residents of Khayelitsha who commit those crimes and often in the cases of
serious crimes it’s also people known to the victims or in the family of the
victims. We sometimes also get people from other areas like Nyanga and
Gugulethu coming into Khayelitsha to commit crimes here.
Focus Group:
Respondent: It’s a, I don’t want to say, it’s the youth because it sounds like a
statement. ‘Cos the whole time the responsible people also do the same, so it
becomes another major case.
Interviewer: We are not only talking about cars we are talking about the
shootings and the rape …
Respondent: It’s a male problem because all of this criminal activities are
males with the exception of a few females it’s a end (indistinct). I think to get
to the point we can’t exactly say the youth, even the elders, they use the youth
to go there and there …
51
4.2.2 Causes of the crimes
Various causes were cited for crime. However, the most common reason
cited was linked to socio-economic status of the community, namely the high
level of unemployment in the area.
The relationship between substance
abuse and crime was strongly argued by participants as the major cause of
violent crimes such as rape and murder.
Shebeens were cited as
perpetuating the high levels of substance abuse in an area that is socially and
economically deprived. Town planning and infrastructure such as inadequate
street lighting, public open spaces and dark areas and limited recreational
and other leisure activities.
Participant 9: Well, there are various reasons why crimes occur. It’s mainly
the person committing the crime, the main reason is often money and the
people are unemployed. They don’t have an income and they make a living
out of crime so that is the main reason.
Participant 1: Wherever you go to all corners of Khayelitsha or the Western
Cape for that matter, even it is a national problem, people are not employed
and they do whatever they do in order to make an actual living. Although
52
because we are saying it is the youth that is actually behind this whole thing.
You cannot actually say that they do this in order to make a living but they
actually doing this thing sometimes to buy this, actually, drugs and all that
stuff. So most importantly overalls it’s the poverty.
Participant 5:
I think the reason of that kids is not in school because
they poor, those are they have no school fees, they have no food that why there
is crime
Participant 7:
So, according to my understanding you its drugs and
alcohol because people, the shebeens are 24 hours, operating 24 hours and
then if people run out of money in the shebeen, they go outside and rape
people and then kill them and take their money and rob them and go back to
the shebeens and drink …
Participant 8:
.. I will say unemployment rate that’s within this area cause
(indistinct) if not mistaken, I stand for correction, 69% is unemployed so if that
is the case as to what are those people doing. ‘Cos if they are not working
what are they doing?. It’s either they not working, they work somewhere in the
area and somewhere means they have to commit crime in order to survive.
53
Focus Group:
Respondent: …concentrating on shebeens because we felt that shebeens are
contributing a lot in crime, that is happening in Khayelitsha. So it is then that
we had operations that had specifically minimize the selling of liquor especially
young people. Because when we walk by the shebeens we find it’s people that
is young, younger than 16 years that are in the shebeens and those people are
selling the liquor to those young kids …
Participant 10:
Why, there are a number of factors that lead to this
crimes, the unemployment if you look at housebreaking for example … I would
say that liquor contribute … people coming from the shebeens late at night are
targets.
4.2.3 Victims at risk
Identifying groups of victims at risk was difficult as most stakeholders’
highlighted that everyone, young or old are potential targets of crime.
Women and children were identified as more vulnerable groupings or ‘softer’
targets.
54
Focus Group:
Respondent: Females and pedestrians
Respondent: …because you come out of the Khayelitsha station to your house,
with a huge field there, so you be a victim …
Participant 4: The children are most at risk because they are still growing.
Their parents they don’t have money to give them to go to school so they end
up staying at home.
Participant 9: The categories of people that are at risk is the people on the
streets. I’m talking especially about robberies, is people with possessions on
them. Persons making use of public transport. In order to get the public
transport they have to walk to the station or the taxi rank … the other people at
risk is people under the influence of liquor. They are at risk of being robbed
because they are easy targets. They are also at risk of being raped and sexual
offences very often in the vicinity of shebeens … motorist obviously, if they
come into the area and we have a relatively high incident of car hijacking …
55
Participant 1: I think that one is not easy to answer because this will actually
happen to different people, it might be a women, it might be a man, it might
be youth but everybody is a target but the most one are the women because
they are the easy targets, and you will always find them around.
Participant 11: …everybody’s at risk because if you looking at the women they
are victims, the children they are victims but on different crimes. Because even
on robberies some woman are at risk because earrings are taken, jewelry are
taken from them, their cell phones are grabbed from them, by the criminals, if
they are walking from the station. The delivery vehicles they are at risk. So
everybody’s at risk. There’s no specific group that you say hey his at major risk.
Participant 8: The people who are most at risk are women because they are
defenseless. I don’t know, they are vulnerable because if a woman going to
work, moving on an open space and boys arrive, strap hands and start raping
her, you know, this is very bad. At some stage when they grab the lady, rape
her, they end up killing her, that is the problem … man’s who are targets
especially on Friday because it is known that they are having monies …
56
Participant 7:
According to my understanding crime is happening in the
evening at midnight, it’s when the criminals operate and then it doesn’t matter
who they see, who they meet. Even the brothers from the shebeen house are
the also the victims.
4.2.4 Strengths
of
organizations
working
with
crime
prevention
Strengths of organizations involved in crime prevention seemed very difficult
to isolate. Given the enormous problem of crime, crime prevention efforts
and its strengths seem minimal in comparison. Some of the main strengths
for the SAPS, for example, were the community partnerships i.e. the CPF,
other community volunteers, City Police and the reservists. For other crime
prevention organizations, empowerment and education of the community
were the strengths.
Participant 9: …but we use an integrated approach where we use people of
the City Police, we use Neighbourhood Watches and private people that is
volunteering to help the police. We have reservists. We also get forces from
57
outside of Khayelitsha police forces, where they allocate people to us in periods
of time where there is a high incident of crime …
Participant 1:
I think the strength of the (name of organization) is er it
definite lies in empowering actually other people.
Participant 5: …they know about the constitution, they know what is justice,
what justice can do, what is police, what police can do …
Participant 3: … (name of organization) is encouraging women to go back to
school, night school and then encouraging people to make their own gardens
and sell the stuff thereafter to get them income …
4.2.5 Weaknesses of crime prevention organizations
The weaknesses of crime prevention organizations in Khayelitsha are related
to the lack of resources, inadequacies in the justice system, lack of crime
prevention personnel to effect visible policing, inadequacies in the
Neighbourhood Watches and lack of co-ordination between crime
prevention organisations.
58
Participant 10:
Well the fact that we are not yet on full force with this
structures with the establishment of these structures. Although this structures
has been acceptable, is in place, but it is not functioning yet the way it is
supposed to function. That is the weakness we having. And sometimes the
understanding, that is there, we need still to educate some of our people
because some people volunteer with the idea that when the police start
employing, I will be first one in line, which is not the case.
Participant 7: …the weakness, the problem with this Neighbourhood Watch,
they start patrolling early and then knock off at 12, when they are supposed to
be starting the job. They supposed to be starting the job at 12 until the
morning because they are criminals, they operate that time.
Participant 8: …that we don’t have enough manpower … I don’t have enough
personnel power that why I depend precisely from the community to give up
my personnel power.
Focus Group
59
Respondent: …but there is no coordination of the structures …there’s nowhere
that there’s churches coming together saying we want to fight crime, we
decided we are coming together and we want to fight crime and they are in
one court.
Participant 6: …necessary, its money because you need funds, you can’t do
anything.
Participant 5: …justice. The police take the gangster to justice, justice is open
doors because if somebody is arrested today, tomorrow his out. Justice not fast
for that one.
4.2.6 Improving organization in terms of crime prevention
Most stakeholders indicated that their function, as crime prevention
organizations would be improved if they had additional human resources,
material resources such as surveillance camera’s, training, more coordinated
structures and more Neighbourhood Watches operational in the area.
60
Participant 5:
We
need
instructors,
community
safety
forum,
community (indis
tinct) community forum. We need Neighbourhood Watch in our areas. I think
those structures is what we need in order to make our organization more
effective.
Participant 10: You see the huge problem is that we are facing a shortage of
personnel. That is the huge thing when you talk about crime prevention, you
talk about stability, stability and that needs bodies to be visible. And without
the bodies to be visible then we are ineffective you need a lot, and a lot of
police officials (indistinct). You see at the moment the little number that we
are using these members on the weekend on a daily basis and you burning
them out.
Participant 8: We need more volunteers who are going to become reservists
… I’m targeting to have 120 reservist who are going to be trained and get
uniform so that you cannot be able to differentiate them from the members of
the police because they are going to be trained to the police job.
Then
secondly, would like to get more Neighbourhood Watch from community, to
increase the strength for crime prevention. Once we get that then I think crime
61
is going to be reduced. I would say that we also need more camera’s now,
because the reason why crime is taking place here is that most people are
committing crimes …they are running and hide themselves here then they start
committing crimes here. So that the moment I get those camera’s , its going to
reduce the crimes as well.
4.2.7 Threats to getting the job done
The threats to effective crime prevention include working in stressful and
often life threatening conditions for both
the SAPS and the other
stakeholders.
Participant 9:
Well, we have quite a high incidence of attacks on police
members. So it is dangerous areas to work in that is I think the major threats
that we sitting with at the moment. Otherwise the police are committed and
they are really trying to address the crime.
Participant 3: Like if you take a suspect to the police, you know you are
wasting your time. You can take him to the police station. You know on
62
Monday he will be here in the location so that ‘skollie’ will get you and know
that Lamundu who took me to the police station
Participant 10: Last year 2002, 12 vehicles have been shot at and I lost plus
minus 6 members who were gunned down and that is a threat.
4.2.8
Conclusion
The interviews with the stakeholders highlighted that the priority crimes for
them are economic crimes.
The perpetrators of these crimes are mainly
youth and young men. Therefore a crime prevention strategy for this area
would nececitate a focus on this grouping of people.
Furthermore, the
genesis of many problems seem to be linked to poverty and unemployment
thus the socio-economic conditions of Khayelitsha needs to be improved.
Furthermore, there are various strengths and weaknesses evident in crime
prevention organizations that need to be addressed.
4.3 Quantitative study
63
Following are the results of the community safety audit. The results of this
study will be presented in two parts. Firstly, an analysis of crime in terms of
the perpetrators, victims at risk, areas promoting high levels of criminal
activity as identified by the community and an evaluation of policing services
and secondly an analysis of the environmental design and social
characteristics of the community.
4.3.1
4.3.1.1
CRIME IN KHAYELITSHA
Priority crimes
The priority crimes for the community were identified as robbery, car
hijacking, murder, housebreaking were the priority crime in the community.
Diagram 1 below provides of the percentage of participants indicating this.
64
Diagram 1
Priority crimes
PRIORITY CRIMES
Car Hijacking
48
Housebreaking
70
Rape
58
Robbery
61
0
4.3.1.2

20
40
60
80
Other crimes
Domestic violence (woman and abuse of children). Less than 10% of
the sample indicated this to be a crime.
Of the participants who
indicated this as problem also explained that the community does not
take this problem as a serious crime as it is still believed to be a
private rather than public matter.
Although as seen in the crime
statistics this is one of the higher reported crimes but it may still be
underreported given the belief indicated before.

Assault

Gun shooting
65

Armed robbery
4.3.1.3
Perpetrators
Table 1 below indicates the likely perpetrators of the various crimes
according to the participants of the study.
It should be noted that as,
identified by the participants, the perpetrators for most crimes are between
12 and 30 years of age. For crimes against women and children, the age
range is not that clearly defined as young and old men commit these crimes.
Table 1
Crime
Perpetrators
Gangsters, youth, unemployed men.
Mostly men
involved in crime although recently it has become
evident that young women are becoming involved in
Robbery
committing this crime.
Mostly, the perpetrators are
residents of the Khayelitsha community.
In rare
instances, people come from other areas e.g. Nyanga
and Gugulethu.
Rape
Youth, men and gangsters, particularly patrons of
66
Crime
Perpetrators
shebeens. Perpetrator often known the victim.
Armed robbery
Car Hijacking
Housebreaking
Gangs and youth
Syndicates, gangsters and youth
Gangs and youth
Murder
Gangs, youth
Gun shooting
Gangs, youth
Abuse of
children
Fathers, uncles, friends of the family or other men.
Perpetrator mostly known to the victim.
Husband, intimate partner. Perpetrator mainly known
Woman abuse
to the victims.
4.3.1.4
Targets of crime
Table 2 below indicates the targets of the various crimes and there average
age range. It also indicates the time of day the crimes are likely to occur.
Table 2
67
Crime
Targets of crime, age and time of day crime
is likely to occur
Everybody mainly women and pensioners. Employed
people traveling to and from work. The ages of the
victims range from about 18 to 65 years of age and
Robbery
older sometimes. Most likely to occur between 5 am
and 8 pm. More likely to occur Friday afternoons and
other pay days
Teenagers and young adult women. The average age
range of the victims is from about 12 –30 years of age.
Rape
Occurs anytime but more particularly at night between
20h00-midnight.
Mainly business owners and home owners in the area
Armed robbery
and it is likely to occur at anytime.
Mainly women motorists likely to occur anytime
Car Hijacking
particularly at night.
Mainly home-owners.
Housebreaking
Shacks are also easy targets
because of inability to secure home. More often in the
morning from 5 am to 12 pm when people are
68
Crime
Targets of crime, age and time of day crime
is likely to occur
commuting to work.
Everyone. Often murder occurs as a result of another
crime like robbery or rape. Also, gang violence results
Murder
in murder or attempted murder. Happens mainly at
night or early hours of the morning and over weekends.
Gun shooting
Usually occurs between gangs but innocent victims are
often targets. Police persons attending to the crimes
also become the victims.
Abuse of
children
Children from 3 years and above.
sexually abused.
Girls are mainly
Boys and girls are physically and
psychologically abused. It occurs anytime of the day or
night.
Woman abuse
Women are the targets.
All ages of women are
subjected to abuse. Will occur anytime of the day or
night.
69
Table 3 below indicates places in Khayelitsha where the crimes mentioned
above are likely to occur.
Table 3
Crime
Where crime likely to occur
Area next to the day hospital
Open spaces
En route to the railway station
Stands near Town 2
Inside taverns or shebeens or in immediate vicinity
Eeyethu shopping center
Robbery
At schools and bus stops
Oscar Mpetha road between Harare and Kuyasa at
public Transport pick/drop off points
Walkthroughs
Lansdowne Extension bus top
BM section
Armed robbery
Rape
Shop owners e.g. Thembani shop
Open space at Khayelitsha railway station
70
Crime
Where crime likely to occur
In shebeens
Walkthroughs
Tutu Avenue & Qhelwezana street –trees and bushes
Near informal business shacks
Open field between Mandela Park and 54 section
Car Hijacking
At robots
Informal shacks
Housebreaking
All areas of Khayelitsha
Walkthroughs
Open spaces
Murder
Fields
En Route to Khayelitsha station
Shebeens
Shebeens
Gun shooting
Around most of the area
Abuse of
In the play areas and at homes
children
71
Crime
Where crime likely to occur
Woman abuse
4.3.1.5
At homes
Places where victims of crime can be assisted
According to participants there are very few places in Khayelitsha were
victims of crime could be assisted. Following are the places highlighted by
the participants;

At the police station (however, the police station is quite far from
certain areas like Maccassar)

Social services

Nicro (the social workers)
The database indicated in Appendix 6 of this document highlights many
more organizations working in the field of crime prevention and offering
support to victims. Given that most participants are unaware of the existence
of many of these organizations, it leaves questions with regard to the
adequacy and accessibility of these services.
72
4.3.2 Negative activities that impact on crime levels
Following is a discussion of the negative activities in Khayelitsha that impact
on the crime levels of the community. Diagram 2 below indicates this.
NEGATIVE ACTIVITIES
WALKTHROUG
DISCO
GANGS
SHEBEENS
HOMELESS
SEX WORKERS
GAMESHOPS
BARS
50
22.9
83.9
89
41.5
32.2
26.3
26.5
0
20
40
60
80
100
From the above diagram it can be seen that the most common negative
activities are shebeens and gangs. Following are brief discussions of these
negative activities.
4.3.2.1
Shebeens2
Shebeens seem to impact on the opportunities for criminal activity in
Khayelitsha. According to the SAPS there are an estimated 1 500 shebeens
with 200 being problematic (AMT International, 2002).
In townships,
shebeens offer a source of entertainment and activity in an environment
2
See Appendix 3 for a list of some the streets where shebeens are located.
73
where there are minimal recreational or leisure activities available. Shebeen
owners begin operating as means of economic survival. Lack of regulation
makes these businesses more lucrative.
However, shebeens are sites of
illegal activity. These activities range from buying and selling stolen goods to
selling alcohol and drugs to underage children to violent crimes.
Diagram 3
below indicates the estimated average number of shebeens.
PRIORITY CRIMES
Car Hijacking
48
Housebreaking
70
Rape
58
Robery
61
0
20
40
60
80
According to the diagram there are at least one shebeen per five streets.
Some of the illegal activities cited by participants included;

Drug lords operate from shebeens.

Gangs operate from shebeens. Shebeen owners harbour criminals and
stolen goods.
74

Alcohol and drugs are sold to underage school children during school
hours.

Illegal gambling occurs.

High levels of gun shooting and other violent crimes are witnessed at
shebeens.

Sale of illegal firearms occurs at shebeens
Shebeens, furthermore, impact negatively on the community in the following
ways;

They operate 24 hours per day thus increasing the noise level in the
community, particularly late at night and over weekends.

They do not adhere to liquor laws thus alcohol is freely available to
young children and youth of the community.
4.3.3 Gangs
75
Gangs (or tsotsies) are deeply embedded in the perpetuation of crime. As
has been reported by the participants of the study most crimes seem to be
committed by gangs of the area. Following is a brief discussion of gangs and
its impact from the perspective of the broader community.
83.9% of participants indicated that gangs operate in the area. 89.0% of
participants indicated that gang members are residents of the community.
Diagram 4 below indicates the age ranges of the gang members.
Diagram 4
Age ranges of gang members
AGE RANGES OF GANGS
MISSING INFO.
2.5
22 ONWARDS
0.8
AGE 18 - 22
31.4
AGE 14 - 18
60.2
AGE 10 - 14
5.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
From the above diagram it can be seen that most participants believed gang
members to be between 14 and 18 years of age. Diagram 5 below indicates
situations in which gang members feel threatened by gangs.
76
Diagram 5
Threatened by gangs
THREATENED BY GANGS
TRAIN
TAXI
BUS
CAR
PLACES OF WORSHIP
SHOPS
STREETS
AT HOME
SCHOOLS
76.3
51.7
35.6
5.9
45.8
71.2
70.3
52.5
65.3
0
20
40
60
80
100
From the above it can be seen that people are most threatened by gangs at
schools, on the streets, at shops and on the trains.
Diagram 6 below
indicates the days that gang members are most likely to operate on.
Diagram 6
Days gangs operate
DAYS THAT GANGS OPERATE
SUNDAY
SATURDAY
FRIDAY
THURSDAY
WEDNESDAY
TUESDAY
MONDAY
43.2
83.1
86.5
29.6
28.8
24.6
31.4
0
20
40
60
80
100
77
From the above diagram it can be seen that gangs are most operational on
weekends from Friday to Sunday. 78.8% of participants felt that gangsters
operate more on paydays.
4.3.4.1
Impact of crime on the community
Living with high levels of crime impacts on the community at various levels,
namely economically, socially and psychologically.
Following is a brief
discussion of participants’ perceptions of the impact of crime on the
community.

The community is not free to engage in community life for fear of
being a victim of crime

People feel unsafe

Criminals and gangsters become role models for the children

People do not trust each other in the community

Anger and fear of loosing sons to a life of crime

Community feels powerless
78

Crime destroys the community and negatively impacts on its
economic development
Diagram 7 below indicates the time of the day that feels most comfortable or
uncomfortable in Khayelitsha. From the diagram it can be seen that people
feel uncomfortable in the morning and evening and only slightly comfortable
during the day. This is linked to the high levels of crime in the area.
Diagram 7
Perceptions of safety
PERCEPTIONS OF SAFETY
100
80
60
40
20
0
83.9
72.9
51.7
38.1
19.5
8.5
MORNING
AFTERNOON
COMFORTABLE
EVENING
UNCOMFORTABLE
4.4 Evaluation of policing services
The next section of the results will be an evaluation of the policing services
available. 55.1% of participants indicated that if they felt unsafe at any time
79
they would be able to request assistance. Diagram 8 below indicates whom
participants would call for help.
Diagram 8
Ask for help
ASK FOR HELP
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
81.4
18.6
NEIGHBOUR
POLICE
From the diagram it can be seen that participants would most likely call the
SAPS for assistance in spite of comments relating delayed response times of
the SAPS and distance of Police Stations from certain sections of the
community.
66.9% of participants indicated that they knew emergency
numbers. 41.5% of participants carry cell-phones.
80
Following is an analysis of the quality and adequacy of services provided by
the SAPS, Law Enforcement and Neighbourhood Watch.
Diagram 9 below indicates how often the aforementioned service providers
are seen patrolling the area.
Diagram 9
Patrolling of Policing services
PATROLLING OF POLICING SERVICES
100
80
60
40
20
81.4
55.9
45.8
45.8
38.1
16.9
0.8 3.4 5.9
0.9 2.6 2.5
OFTEN
MISSING
0
NEVER
POLICE
SELDOM
LAW ENFORCEMENT
NEIGHBOURHOOD WATCH
81
From the above diagram it would appear as if levels of patrolling of the
police services are poor in the area. Diagram 10 below indicates participants’
perceptions of the adequacy of the policing services.
Diagram 10 Adequacy of policing services
ADEQUACY OF POLICING SERVICES
80
65.3 64.4 67.8
60
40
18.6 22
15.3 11 16.1
20
13.6
0.8 2.6 2.5
0
YES
POLICE
NO
UNSURE
LAW ENFORCEMENT
MISSING
NEIGHBOURHOOD WATCH
The diagram above highlights that all the policing services are inadequate in
the area.
Diagram 11 below further substantiates previously highlighted
perceptions, namely that policing services are poor.
Diagram 11
Rating of policing services
RATING OF POLICING SERVICES
80
63.6
50
60
40
20
0
24.6
8.5 9.3 7.6
33.1
55.1
39
82
2.5 2.5 4.2
From the above diagrams, it is clear that policing services need to improve in
terms of visibility in the community and improvement of services provided.
4.4.1 A further exploration of the SAPS
The effective delivery of services of the SAPS is impeded by numerous
problems both internally and externally. Internally problems include lack of
resources, effective usage of vehicles, high staff stress and other human
resource problems. Externally, it is linked to providing an effective policing
service in a highly volatile community.
According to the Senior
Superintendent of Detectives, the station has estimated that Khayelitsha has
approximately 850 000 residents in the community. He further indicated that
Census count was incorrect because of access to certain hotspot areas. In
total including civilians doing clerical work there are less than 300 members
of staff. Thus it is estimated that the ratio of police personnel to residents is
83
1:1500. According to Community Safety Information Centre (CSIC), (2002),
the ideal number of staff required in Khayelitsha is estimated at 483
members.
In terms of resource allocation, the main station plus the
satellites have approximately 60 vehicles. According to Community Safety
Information Centre (CSIC), (2002) the station ideally should be allocated 93
vehicles. Furthermore, it was highlighted in this report that 53% of vehicles
are parked at police personnel homes after hours and only 13% are utilized
after hours.
Given, that after hours and weekends are prime times for
criminal activity this needs to be investigated.
According to the Senior
Superintendent of crime prevention, in the crime prevention unit there are a
total of 34 people allocated to this division. They are divided into four shifts
that effectively mean that they have five people available for crime
prevention purposes.
Over weekends the administrative people work in
order to supplement person power. Externally the threats are working in a
highly volatile and violent community. Police persons are constantly under
threat. It was also indicated that planning of the area is confusing. The
Senior Superintendent indicated that after working in the community for two
years he still gets lost looking for an address if reacting to a complaint. The
reason being that houses in the area are not clearly marked.
84
Therefore, the performance of the SAPS needs to analyzed within the
contextual backdrop provided in the aforementioned paragraph.
4.5 Physical Characteristics
This section of the report will explore how the environmental design of
Khayelitsha impact on the crime level of the area. According to the NCPS
this a crucial aspect of crime prevention. Following is an analysis of the
population density, layout and housing, image and infrastructure, transport
routes and vacant land.
4.5.1 Population Density
The population density for Khayelitsha is estimated at 5.6 persons per formal
housing structure and 3.3 per informal shack (Site B Precinct Development
Plan, 2002; AHT International, 2002). It is furthermore estimated that Site C
and Site B are the most densely populated areas (Site B Precinct
Development Plan, 2002)
85
4.5.2 Layout and housing type
Khayelitsha is characterized by a wide range of housing developments which
is both planned and unplanned. According to the Census information (for
Person weighted, 15-65 years) the type of dwelling are as follows;
Type of dwelling
Number
House on separate stand
53 687
Traditional dwelling
150
Flat in block of flats
188
Town/cluster/semi-detached
31
house
Unit in retirement village
102
House/flat/room in backyard
505
Informal
dwelling/shack
in
8715
backyard
Informal dwelling/shack elsewhere
Room/flatlet on shared property
Caravan/tent
None/homeless
178 168
2518
38
-
86
Type of dwelling
Number
Other
1359
Unspecified/NA
5746
Total
251 207
(Source: Census, 1996)
Formal housing in situated in the central and southern areas while informal
settlements on surveyed sites with services are found in other sections of
Khayelitsha.
Unplanned or informal settlements occur on vacant land or
public open spaces throughout the township (AHT International, 2002). As
has been noted, housebreaking is a common crime in Khayelitsha that occurs
in both formal and informal areas. Shacks in the informal settlements are
easy targets as owners are unable to secure it in the same manner as formal
housing.
Furthermore, privacy in overcrowded informal settlements is
infringement because of small spaces people occupy.
women vulnerable to crimes such as rape.
This then makes
Furthermore, it is easy for
criminals to find refuge in informal settlements.
4.5.3 Image and infrastructure
87
This section will discuss street lighting, maintenance of the area and
infrastructure of the area.
4.5.3.1
Street Lighting
Adequate Street lighting3 in crime-ridden areas contribute to the levels of
safety of the area. Lack of lighting increases vulnerability of the community
to crime.
This is particularly problematic in communities like Khayelitsha
where communities rely largely on public transport to travel to work places
and schools. Following is a analysis of lighting for Khayelitsha.
Diagram 13 below indicates participants’ overall impression of lighting. It can
be deduced that lighting is generally poor in the area.
Diagram 13 Rating of lighting
3
See appendix 4 for list of streets where lighting not functioning
RATING OF LIGHTING
MISSING INFO
VERY UNSATISFACTORY
88
0.8
16.1
Table 4 below indicates participants rating of lighting in various situations.
Note: Table 4 is indicated in percentage and missing information is not
included.
Area of lighting
Good
Poor
Pavements
47.5
44.9
Streets
44.1
53.4
Public buildings
38.1
45.8
Leisure areas
8.5
44.9
Fields
3.4
10.2
Sand Dunes
33.9
37.3
89
Area of lighting
Good
Poor
40.7
44.1
Illuminating signs
33.9
44.1
Schools
66.1
20.3
Pedestrian crossings
27.1
44.1
Railway lines
50.0
22.0
Railway station
42.4
28.0
Shopping centers
48.3
33.1
Parks
13.6
55.9
Bus/Taxi pick up/drop off
points
Table 4 above confirms the rating for the overall impression of lighting is
poor. Parks, fields, taxi and bus pick/up and drop off points and sand dunes
are poorly lit. These are prime areas for criminals and gangsters to operate.
Lighting in the informal settlements is poor. These areas have searchlights,
which does not provide enough light.
Diagram 14 below provides an
estimation of the percentage of lighting functional in the area.
Diagram 14 Estimation of lighting functional
ESTIMATION OF LIGHTING FUNCTIONING
MISSING INFO.
100%
90
1.7
5.1
From the above graph it can seen that a proportion lighting continually
seems to be malfunctioning. 38.1% of participants indicated that lighting is
obscured. Furthermore, 23.7% of participants indicated that street lighting is
reliant on private homes. It was, however, highlighted that

There is not enough street lighting in the area and

That quality of lighting must be improved.
4.5.4 General maintenance of the area
Diagram 15 below indicates the participants’ impressions of the general
maintenance of the area. Although maintenance does not promote or hinder
criminal activity, the lack of maintenance contributes to perceptions of being
an environmentally disordered community, thus creating the impression of a
high crime area.
91
Diagram 15 Rating of maintenance
RATING OF MAINTENANCE
1.8
MISSING INFO.
24.6
VERY UNSATISFACTORY
39.8
UNSATISFACTORY
14.4
SATISFACTORY
18.6
GOOD
0.8
EXCELLENT
0
10
20
30
40
50
As seen above maintenance of the area of Khayelitsha is generally
unsatisfactory.
This is further substantiated by 48.3% of participants
indicating that refuse removal is inadequate and 83.9% of participants
indicating cleansing is inadequate.
4.5.4.1
General state of public facilities
Diagram 16 below indicates the rating of the maintenance of public facilities.
As indicated 55.1% rated it as poor and 16.1% rated it as average.
92
Diagram 16 General state of public facilities
GENERAL STATE OF PUBLIC FACILITIES
14.4
MISSING
55.1
POOR
16.1
AVERAGE
14.4
GOOD
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Table 5 below indicates participants rating of maintenance of various public
facilities
Public facility
Properly
Not properly
None
maintained
maintained
Available
Benches
27.1
10.2
55.1
Windows
30.5
29.7
36.4
Fences
28.8
28.8
39.0
Gates
28.8
24.6
43.2
Lights
47.5
30.5
17.8
Enclosures
9.3
33.1
46.6
93
Public facility
Properly
Not properly
None
maintained
maintained
Available
44.9
38.1
13.6
Public Toilets
12.7
17.8
65.3
Schools
58.5
28.0
10.2
3.4
20.3
71.2
Public
Telephones
Parking Areas
Note: missing information is not indicated in the table
From the above table it can be deduced that public facilities, where available,
are mostly not properly maintained. The maintenance levels of the public
facilities in Khayelitsha need to be improved. This will not only improve the
aesthetic appeal of the environment but will also contribute to more effective
usage of these facilities.
4.5.5 Infrastructure of Khayelitsha
Facility
Public libraries
Number
5
94
Health Clinics
3
Multipurpose
6
centres
Fire Station
Police Stations
Hospitals
4.5.5.1
2
1 plus 2 satellite stations
3
Play areas for children
Diagram 17 below indicates how far play parks are on average from their
homes. As can be seen only 6.8% of participants indicated that play parks are
within view of their home. Cumulatively, 93.2% of participants indicated that
play parks (where available) are at least 5 minutes away
95
Diagram 17 Distance form play parks
DISTANCE FROM PLAYPARKS
40
33.9
30
19.5
20
14.4
12.7
12.7
6.8
10
0
IN VIEW
5 MIN
10 MIN
15 MIN
FURTHER
MISSING
INFO.
69.5% of participants indicated that children are nor safe while playing in the
play park. The following suggestions to improve safety of children in play
areas included;

Need security in play areas

Policing services need to patrol these areas

Play areas need to be fenced

More play parks need to be built
4.5.5.2
Transport routes
96
According to AHT International report (2002) the main roads in Khayelitsha
are connected to the N2 motorway. These access roads are very crowded
during peak morning hours. Furthermore, the report argues that the internal
road layout system is generally well maintained and constructed.
It is
estimated that 18% of the residents of Khayelitsha use private cars as their
primary mode of transport. However, the amount of road accidents per year
compared to the small volume of vehicles in use is too high. Following is a
discussion of the safety of roads.
Diagram 15 Safety of roads
SAFETY OF ROADS
80.00
69.50
60.00
40.00
29.70
20.00
0.80
0.00
YES
NO
MISSING INFO.
From the above graph it can be seen that 69.5% of participants viewed roads
as unsafe. The reasons provided for this were as follows;

There is a lack of traffic calming measures available
97

Roads are very sandy and filled with potholes

Street lights are often not in working order

Pedestrians and motorists are at risk for crimes such as robbery and
car hijacking

Some roads are not tarred

Motorists generally speed on the residential roads with little regard
for traffic laws and regulations
A number of traffic calming measures4 are required in the area. Diagram 16
below indicates the traffic calming measures required and Appendix 5,
indicates specific areas it is required.
Diagram 16 Traffic calming measures
TRAFFIC CALMING MEASURES
71.2
PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS
ROBOTS
74.6
TRAFFIC OFFICERS
72.90
82.20
STOP SIGNS
85.60
SPEED BUMPS
0.00
4
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
See Appendix 5
98
Road signage also seems to be problematic. Adequate signage contributes
to a positive image of an area.
Diagram 17 below indicates participants
overall impression of signage in Khayelitsha.
Diagram 17 Signage
SIGNAGE
MISSING INFO.
1.6
31.4
VERY POOR
33.1
POOR
20.30
SATISFACTORY
11.90
GOOD
VERY GOOD
0.00
1.70
5.00
10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00
From the above graph it can be seen that signage needs to improve in the
area.
In terms of public transport it is estimated that 52% of the population use
trains, 12% use bus and 17% use taxi’s. Trains are the most commonly used
99
mode of transport because it is the cheapest means of traveling to work
given that people work mainly outside of Khayelitsha. However, trains are
not easily accessible to the residents as there is currently only one train
station on the western part of Khayelitsha. This means that areas like Kuyasa
and Harare are far from the station. Residents from these areas walk long
distances in order to utilize this mode of transport. Much of the route entails
walking over vacant land.
This has been highlighted as particularly
dangerous for women in particular. Women are at risk for crimes such as
rape and robbery and men for robbery. Therefore suggestions made by
participants included;
4.5.6
4.5.6.1

Instituting shuttle services for residents to and from station

Increasing visibility of policing services

Installing Closed Camera surveillance along these routes.
Vacant land
General state of public open spaces
Public open spaces are defined as any vegetated area, which includes nature
reserves, private and public garden, stormwater detention ponds, recreational
grounds, vacant land, road, rail and electricity servitudes. It is estimated that
100
18% of all land in Khayelitsha are public open spaces (AHT International,
2002). Public open spaces are prime areas that promote criminal activity,
because it is poorly lit and maintained thus impacting on surveillance of
these areas.
Table 6 below indicates the usage of public open space in
Khayelitsha.
Table 6
Open Space Inventory
Regional Parks
18
Local parks
59
Pocket Parks
133
Linear parks, reserves and servitudes
35
Total
245
Note: Information received from local library dated 1999. This situation
may have changed given the Spatial Development Framework and other
initiatives in the area.
Diagram 15 below indicates the general state of public open spaces in the
area. As indicated public open spaces are poorly maintained as 60.2% of
participants indicted this.
101
Diagram 15 Public open spaces
PUBLIC OPEN SPACES
MISSING INFO.
11
POOR
60.2
AVERAGE
11.0
GOOD
17.8
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
Areas identified as particularly problematic, were

Area on the way to Monwabisisi beach

The Wolfgat Nature reserve

En route to Khayelitsha station
Diagram 7 below indicates the number of participants that indicated there
are overgrown bushes in the area.
Diagram 16 Overgrown bushes
OVERGROWN BUSHES
55.10
60.00
50.00
44.10
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.8
0.00
YES
NO
MISSING INFO.
102
Areas where overgrown bushes are problematic;

Between Griffiths Mxenge and Khayelitsha railway station

Between Town 2 and the Khayelitsha railway station

Parks

Between phase one and phase two at Kuyasa

Between Mandela Park and Kuyasa

Nokuntando School of the deaf – trees need to be chopped down

Back of BM Section

Near Folokwe Street

Near Tutu Avenue – 40 section

41 Section – Malandalahla

Bushes near 9SAI camp

Harare

Oscar Mpetha, Walter Sisulu road, Maphelo street
4.6 Social Characteristics
4.6.1 Age
103
The age breakdown of Khayelitsha according to Census 1996 (for persons
weighted 15-65 years) is as follows
Age
No of people
0-9
56550
10-19
46225
20-29
63471
30-39
45894
40-49
23161
50-59
9510
60-69
3824
70+
1462
Unspecified
1110
(Source: Census 1996)
66% of the population of Khayelitsha is below the age of 29. As mentioned
previously, the majority of perpetrators of crime fall within this age category.
Therefore, any crime prevention strategy will need to focus on targeting this
grouping of people.
4.6.2 Gender
104
In terms of gender breakdown, there seems to be an almost equal split of
males (123 097) and females (128 110) in the community.
4.6.3 Socio-economic status
The education levels of Khayelitsha, according to Census 1996 (for persons
weighted 15-65) is as follows;
Highest level of education
No of people
No schooling
33585
Primary
76111
Some secondary
84105
Less than matric &
992
certificate/diploma
Matric
18994
Matric &
2610
certificate/diploma/other
Matric and degree
Unspecified/ NA Aged<5
770
34039
(Source: Census 1996)
105
Currently the unemployment rate of Khayelitsha is estimated at 40%. The
average earnings of people are between R201 and R2 500 per month.
Poverty in Khayelitsha is widespread which impacts on the prevalence on the
high levels of economic crimes.
4.6.4 Youth Activities
The following sport and recreation facilities are available to the youth in
Khayelitsha
Facilities
Site C Sports Grounds
Amenities
4 Netball/ Basketball Courts
2 Soccer Fields
Site C Hall
Oliver Tambo Centre
1 Hall (Boxing and Karate Facility)
1
Hall
(1
badminton
indoor
soccer
court
netball/basketball
court
sharing,
1
–sharing,
2
–
1
sharing,
volleyball and handball court-sharing
Khayelitsha stadium
4 Cricket Nets
3 Rugby fields
106
Facilities
Amenities
Makhaza Recreation
Centre
Mandela Park Sports
1 hall
1 netball/basketball court
3 Netball/Basketball courts, 3 soccer fields,
2 Tennis courts
Manyanani Recreation
Centre
Monwabisi complex
1
Hall,
1
Indoor
Soccer-sharing,
1
netball/basketball court
Recreation resort
(Source: AHT International, 2002)
Given the high percentage of youth in Khayelitsha, these facilities are
inadequate in comparison.
4.6.5 Schools
There are 37 primary schools and 15 Senior Secondary schools in Khayelitsha,
one technical school and two special schools. There are 70 registered and 44
unregistered preschools/crèches in the area (AHT International, 2002). The
particular problems experienced by schools in this area are overcrowding,
lack of resources and exposure to gangs. 53.4% of participants indicated that
107
children
are exposed
to
gangs and gangster activity at
schools.
Furthermore, 43.25% of participants felt that children are unsafe at schools.
Aftercare facilities are currently lacking in the area. With result children are
left unsupervised from the close of school until parents return from work.
This makes children vulnerable to experimenting with drugs, alcohol and
crime. The SAPS has identified that youth are the vulnerable grouping in
terms of perpetrating crime and have introduced programmes such as Youth
Leaders Against Crime (YLEG).
4.6.6 Communication and participation in community activities
It is difficult to assess the level of participation of community in local
organizations and activities.
The area has a CPF and Neighbourhood
Watches and Street Committees. Following is a brief discussion of indicators
of communication and participation.
4.7 Community Police Forum (CPF)
As stated in section 2.9.3 of this report CPF’s are central to crime prevention
in terms of its coordinating function, mobilization of communities and
108
resources, promotion of accountability and facilitation of joint problem
solving. The Khayelitsha CPF comprises of an executive of 15 persons and 12
sub-forums of the various areas in Khayelitsha.
Membership of the sub
forums average about 20 people (AHT International, 2002). According to the
AHT International (2002) report the CPF is not an uncontested political terrain
and competition and conflict undermine initiatives and community
participation in policing. Diagram 12 below indicates participants’ knowledge
of the existence and role of the Community Police Forum (CPF)
Diagram 12
Awareness of the Community Police Forum
AWARENESS OF THE CPF
80.00
57.60
60.00
39.00
40.00
66.1
30.5
20.00
3.40
3.4
0.00
YES
KNOW OF CPF
NO
MISSING INFO.
AWARE OF ROLE OF CPF
From the above it can be deduced that most people are unaware of the
existence and/or role of the CPF in Khayelitsha.
109
Neighbourhood Watches, as highlighted previously, was rated as providing
an inadequate service in the area. The reason for this being inadequate
human and material resources. When the community was asked what they
could do in respect of improving their own safety the following ideas were
proposed;
 The community must fight crime together with the Neighbourhood
Watch
 The community must mobilize and talk with one voice
 The community must have night patrols
 Community must inform police of criminal activity.
These statements would indicate that the community is willing to become
involved in crime prevention efforts. However, it seems ironic that the CPF
and Neighbourhood watches are not adequately tapping into the human
resources of the community.
The key recommendations of the participants were related to visible policing
and improving services of these agencies in the area. Following are some of
the comments made;
 Police must patrol all the time particularly ‘hotspot’ areas at night
 People must unite and work together with the police
110
 Police vehicles must be available and visible in the community
 Mobile police station must be made available to areas that are far
from the police stations
 The Neighbourhood Watch must patrol from the train station to the
schools
 SOS phones should be available for direct access to the police
stations
 Neighbourhood Watches must be trained and make sure they work
with the police and the community
 Neighbourhood watch must patrol at night
 The community must report crime to the police
 Police must patrol in and around shebeens
 Install closed circuit camera’s in the street lights as it will not be
vandalized there
 More visibility of City Police required
 Improve response times to crime
Other recommendations included;
 Job creation
 Developing public open spaces
111
 Develop recreation facilities and activities for the youth
 Empower the youth with skills
 Provide aftercare facilities for the children
 Life skills programmes need to be conducted
Recommendations with regard to exposure to gangs at schools
 Neighbourhood Watch must patrol at the schools
 Random search of students should be instituted
 Security guards must be employed at schools
 Social workers must be employed
Recommendations with regard to solving problem of gangs
 Create jobs
 Send the youth on training. Have more workshops
 Keep the youth busy with sports, music and youth projects
 Put them in jail when caught committing crimes without bail
 Re-institute the death penalty
 Allow the residents to deal with them
 Have rehabilitation programmes
112
 More SAPS, Neighbourhood Watch, City Police and Law Enforcement
visibility in the area
 Neighbourhood Watch and CPF’s must be well-trained and paid for
services, then services will be more effective
 More social workers must be employed to assist with the problem of
gangsterism
 Families must take responsibility for children in terms of values and
morals instilled. Also parents must not hide children who are criminals
 Stronger controls need to be instituted with firearms, alcohol and drug
sale
Some other comments indicating the powerlessness and helplessness of
the community included;

Put them all on Robben Island

There is nothing the community can do

The community is powerless

Community must kill gangs for murder and castrate for rape
113
5.
RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
This section of the report will focus on the key recommendations and
conclusions of the present study. Khayelitsha, has been identified as poverty
stricken community. High unemployment rates and living below minimum
wage standards seem to be the genesis of this problem. So, reducing crime
114
in these areas will necessitate a mult-layered intervention strategy.
According to Nel (2000) crime prevention takes place at three levels, namely,
 Building on existing functions
 Aligning local government activities with crime prevention
principles
 Beyond local government activities and towards partnerships
5.1 Building on existing functions
As has been seen in this report that the policing services available in this
community are the SAPS, Law enforcement, CPF’s and Neighbourhood
Watches.
The first and most important for the community is increasing
visibility of these policing agencies in the community.
5.2 SAPS
 The services offered by the SAPS seem to be slightly better than the
other policing agencies.
However, effective services cannot be
provided because the SAPS are thinly spread in terms of crime
prevention. According to the head of crime prevention at any given
time there are only five police personnel on duty for crime prevention.
115
Given the vast geographical area of Khayelitsha, this is clearly
problematic. It is recommended that additional satellite stations be
developed for outlying areas that will cover the shortfall of police
personnel. Furthermore, additional vehicles are required. In spite of
this need it is evident that many vehicles are not being utilized after
hours which is problematic given that much of the crime particularly
the violent crimes are committed at night and over weekends. Those
are the times that visibility of the SAPS is most required.
 Furthermore, the majority of the operations of the SAPS is still in
response to crime rather than prevention.
5.3 Law enforcement
 This service was rated as poor.
 The law enforcement needs to ensure that municipal by-laws are
upheld.
 Higher visibility is required particularly on weekends and paydays
when gangs are fully operational.
5.4 The CPF and Neighbourhood Watch Associations
116
 This service was also rated as poor by the community
 Many participants where unaware of the existence of the CPF and the
Neighbourhood Watch
 The quantity and quality of these services were rated as inadequate
 It was indicated that additional training, resources, skills and funds are
required in order to function effectively
 Higher visibility required during peak hours.
 However, it is the recommendation of this study that an impact
assessment and evaluation be conducted with these organizations.
This will inform both the function and the form of these structures.
The government is currently spending a vast amount of resources on
these organizations, but there is very little evidence to indicate its
success. Furthermore, people on the ground are not reaping benefits
in terms of living in safer environments because of the existence of
these organizations. In addition to this, the CPF’s and the Community
Safety Forums (CSF) are meant to perform a coordinating function in
communities in terms of crime prevention, yet prominent stakeholders
feel this is lacking.
117
5.5 Aligning local government with crime prevention
principles
In order to improve the physical characteristics of Khayelitsha, co-operation
between different service departments are recommended. This is essential to
avoid duplication of services. Given that Khayelitsha has been identified as
an area for urban renewal, much work in terms of upgrading the area
according to the, Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)
principles have been instituted. The Khayelitsha Development Forum (KDF)
has been tasked with overseeing this process. Table 6 below indicates some
of the areas to be improved in terms of local government functions, which is
largely similar to issues identified by the urban renewal strategy.
Activity
Recommendation
High
Local economic development and
job creation
unemployment
rate
and
poverty levels need to be decreased.
Job
creation
initiatives,
training,
capacity building and empowerment
118
Activity
Recommendation
of the community particularly the
youth and young adults.
The physical environment needs to
be designed according to CPTED
principles.
Areas for improvement
include developing open spaces and
Physical environment
fields,
improving
street
lighting
particularly in the informal and
along transport routes.
Closing
walkthroughs and maintenance of
the area
Adequate traffic control needs to be
implemented
Improve general state of roads
Roads
Improve road signage
Improve
surveillance
on
roads
particularly at night to curb car
hijacking
119
Activity
Recommendation
Traffic calming measures required
Additional sports fields, extramural
activities for youth and children
Sports, culture and recreation
required
facilities
Aftercare
e.g.
Additional
music,
facilities
secured
drama.
required.
play
areas
required for children
Safe strategies for children need to
be
implemented
particularly
for
abuse and rape
Safe strategies for women need to
Social welfare programmes
be implement and awareness of
rights in terms of gendered violence
Life skills programmes
Parenting education programmes
Aid in terms of food and clothing
Poverty relief programmes
Urban farming like vegetable and
fruit gardens
120
5.6 Beyond local government activities and
towards partnerships
This level focuses on developing a crime prevention strategy that coordinates
not only functions and services of local government but also involves
developing key partnerships with local business, schools, CBO’s and NGO’s
and the community.
5.7 Activities that negatively impact on safety
5.7.1 Shebeens
As indicated previously there are estimated 1500 shebeens and police have
identified that there are approximately 200 that are problematic. Research
has indicated a correlation between substance abuse and violence (Worchel,
2000). Thus, the easy access to substances through shebeens can impact on
121
the high levels of violent crimes witnessed in the area, and on the prevalence
of economic crimes. Shebeens operate without regulation. Currently, there
is a green paper on shebeens that is in process of being legislated.
Regulation and control will solve problems regarding sale of liquor etc.
However, it will solve the problem of shebeens being the site of illegal
activity like selling of drugs and illegal firearms. Thus, visible policing and
other operations will be required on a regular basis.
Furthermore,
alternative entertainment and entertainment facilities need to be provided for
the community of Khayelitsha. In addition, programmes aimed at conducting
violence-free and substance abuse –free lives need to be instituted.
5.7.2 Gangsterism
The Tsotsies phenomenon is deeply entrenched in communities and is a
complex social problem. Thus solutions to this are not simple. Communities
together with the various stakeholders and role players will have to work
together in order to eradicate this problem. Empowerment, life skills, job
creation, peace initiatives, social and psychological interventions are all
recommended. Participants in this study indicated high levels of frustration
and powerlessness with regard to gangsterism. However, they recognized
122
tsotsies to be members of the community, therefore it is not an outside
problem but rather one that the community must jointly assume
responsibility for.
A commonly lamented statement was ‘give the
community the power to deal with the criminals and gangs’
5.8 Priority crimes
From the results of the study the following crimes were identified as the
priority crimes. Following is an analysis of the priority crimes of Khayelitsha.
Crimes
Towards Prioritization
123
Crimes
Towards Prioritization
Occurs at high levels causing fear and
distrust of the community; results in
injuries and sometimes death, poor
response from criminal justice system
Robbery
therefore
underreported,
moderate
potential
for
if
reduction
socio-
economic conditions are improved and
surveillance
improved
particularly
along transport routes and on public
transport modes such as taxi’s and
trains.
Impacts on potential outside
investments
into
community
and
tourism.
Occurs at high levels causing high
levels of fear; results in fewer injuries
Housebreaking
unless it is armed robbery when
residents
are
present;
moderate
reduction potential if visible policing of
124
Crimes
Towards Prioritization
area exists
Occurs at high levels causing fear for
Car hijacking
motorists;
results
in
injuries
and
deaths; low potential for property
recovery if committed by syndicates.
Violent crimes e.g.
murder, attempted
Occurs at higher levels than national
averages for these crimes; results in
injuries and death, instills high levels of
murder
fear in the community.
Occurs at high levels across the
community; still regarded primarily as a
private matters rather than public
Domestic violence
matters; families assume responsibility
including woman abuse
for these problems; results in injuries
and child abuse
and
deaths;
perceptions
of
poor
response from the criminal justice
system; low potential for reduction in
short term as it is about changing the
125
Crimes
Towards Prioritization
mind set of the community in terms of
roles and rights of women.
Occurs at high levels; perpetrator often
known to victim; instill huge amounts
of fear in women; results in injuries and
death;
distrust
of
criminal
justice
system in terms of protecting victims;
Rape
families often assume responsibility for
dealing with issue; moderate potential
for reduction if physical characteristics
are improved, surveillance improved,
awareness raised, and cases reported
and dealt with effectively by the
criminal justice system.
The murder ratio in Khayelitsha is estimated at 12:10 000 whereas in other
areas on the Cape Flats it is 7: 10 000 (AHT, International). At a national level
it is the priority of government to bring the violent crime of murder down.
126
However, it is a key recommendation of this study, that the priority should
not only be murder but focus on the needs of the community as well in terms
of reducing the robbery (common and armed) rate. It is these crimes that
instill constant fear in people and impact on normal community life. If one
examines some best practices internationally using this crime prevention
strategy has shown various degrees of success. Focusing on the ‘smaller’
problems instills faith in the policing services and the community. This then
eventually filters through to the more serious and violent crimes.
127
6.
STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF THE
STUDY
The strengths of study included the process of broad consultation engaged,
when conducting the study; fieldworkers delivered quality information and
research was conducted in the language of the community.
The major limitation of the study was the condensed time frame allocated to
completion of a study of this magnitude.
128
7.
RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR
FUTURE
RESEARCH

Monitoring and evaluation of crime prevention strategies

Impact assessment of the role and function of CPF’s and community
policing structures in order to guide funding for these organizations.

Social audit and evaluation of the functioning and effectiveness of
Non Governmental Organisations (NGO’s) in terms of crime
prevention and impact in communities.
129
8.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
This study has provided valuable insight into the priority crimes in
Khayelitsha.
Strengths and weaknesses of crime prevention have been
highlighted.
It is hoped that the study will contribute effectively to the
development of a crime prevention strategy for Khayelitsha.
130
REFERENCE LIST
AHT International. (2002). Violence Prevention through urban upgrading:
feasibility study of the Khayelitsha urban renewal programme. Unpublished
research report.
Banister, Burman, Parker, Taylor & Tindall. (1994). Qualitative methods in
Psychology. Sage: London
Baker, T. (1999). Doing Social research. Mcgraw Hill: USA
131
Cartwright, J. (1999). The community peace programme: renewing crime
prevention. SAIRR.
Community Safety Information Centre (2002). Assessment and Evaluation of
Policy Resources against crime in the six geographic priority stations.
Department Community Safety (2002). Victim survey
Dissel, A. (1997). Youth, street gangs and violence in South Africa. In Youth,
street culture and urban violence in Africa, p 405-411.
Gray, M.M.A (1999). Crime prevention in schools: a multi-disciplinary
intervention research project. Social work, 35(4), p 375 –386.
Healy, S. (2000). Finding social control in the Western Cape: the role of gangs
in a current context. U.C.T. Faculty of Law
Henderson, J. (2001/2). Crime and Security. SAIRR
132
Human sciences research council discussion document . (1997).
www.hsrc.ac.za
Kinnes, I. (2000). The future, gangs and society. Monograph no.48.
Marsh, R. (1999). With criminal intent: the changing face of crime in South
Africa. National Book Printers: Western Cape .
Nel, P. (2000). Making South Africa Safe: A manual for Community based
crime prevention. CSIR: The Institute for Security Studies
National Crime Prevention Strategy. (1998). Executive summary.
Robertshaw, Louw, Shaw, Mashiyane & Bretell (2001). Durban crime
prevention strategy
Monthly bulletin of reported crime in South Africa 4/2002. www.saps.org.za
Schonteich, M. (2001/2). Security. SAIRR
133
Shaw, M (2002).
Crime and policing in post apartheid South Africa:
transforming under fire. David Phillip publishers: Claremont.
Skogan, W.G. Disorder and Decline: crime and the spiral of American decay in
American Neighbourhoods. Free press: New York.
Tonry, M. and Farington, D.P (1995).
Building a safer society: strategic
approaches to crime prevention. University of Chicago press: Chicago.
White paper on Safety and Security.
Worchel, C. (2000). Social psychology. Wadsworth Publishing: USA
Appendix 1
INTERVIEW QUESTIONS / ONDERHOUDSVRAE/ IMIBUZO
1
What are the major crimes that impact negatively on the people in ……………. area.
134
Wat is die hoofmisdade wat die mense in …………….. area negatief beinvloed ?
Bobuphi obona bundlobongela buphatha kakubi abahlalibase ……………….....
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2
Who are responsible for committing those crimes ?
Wie is verantwoordelik vir bogenoemde misdaad / deur wie word hiertdie
misdaad gepleeg ?

probe: shebeens, gangs, illegal drugs/smuggling, sex workers
Ngobani nxulumaniswa nobu bundlobongela, ngaba thengisa utywala, iziyobisi,
imigewu, abathengisa Ngemizimba?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3
What are some of the other crimes / lesser crimes in your area
Watter ander misdade kom in die gebied voor wat nie prioriteit is nie
Bobuphi obunye ubundlobongela ubuello bongela obunga balulekanga kakhulu kwingingqi
yakho.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4
Can you rank / prioritise the major crimes (as mentioned in question 1)
Prioritiseer die hoof misdade wat in die gebied voorkom (soos genoem in 1)
Ungabudwelisa Khawu khankanye ubundlobongela obuqwesileyo (njengoko bubaluwe
/ buchaziwe ku 1)
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5
Why do these crimes occur?
Waarom kom hierdie misdade voor?
Kutheni obu buellobongela buqhubeka?

probe: what are the conditions that promote crime, e.g.
-
social eg age, unemployment
physical eg. lack of lighting, access to area, bushes
mhlawumbi: zeziphi izinto ezenza ubundlobongela, umzekelo
ekuhlaleni umzekelo iminyaka, ukuswela umsebenzi
135
ekuphileni umzekelo ukunqaba kombane, ukuya kwindawo ezithile,
amahlathi
___________________________________________________________________
-
___________________________________________________________________
6
Who are most at risk and why ?
Wie word die meeste benadeel en hoekom?
Ngobani abase ngciphekweni ngoba kutheni?

probe: people, groups, areas

mhlawumbi: ngabantu, amaqela, iindawo
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
7
What would you say are the strengths of the SAPS in terms of crime prevention?
Wat in u opinie is die sterk punte van die SAPD om misdaadvoorkoming toe te
pas?
Ngokuphi ongakutsho wena njengokunamandla okwenziwa ngamapolisa ukulwa
ubuellobongela bungekenzeki?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
8
What would you say are the weaknesses that you encounter in terms of crime
prevention?
Wat in u opinie is die swakhede wat u ervaar in terme van misdaadvoorkoming
?
Zeziphi ezona zinto onokuzitsho abangenamandla qzo ezuz ifumaneyo ekukkhuselezu
ubuellobongela?

probe: training, support, resources,traume councelling for victims
/ staff, etc.

mhlawumbi: ukuncedana, iimfundiso, abaqeqeshelwe ukungceda
amaxhoba, njalo-njalo.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
9
What do you think needs to be done in order to improve your effectiveness as a
crime prevention organisation ?
Wat, dink u, moet gedoen word om die effektiwiteit van die SAPD as ‘n
misdaadsvoorkomings organisasie te verbeter?
136
Yintoni ocinga ukuba ingenziwa ekphuculeni izinga enisebenza ngalo njengombutho
olwa ubuellobongela?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
10
What are the threats to get the job done?
Watter bedreigings is daar wat die taak van die SAPD belemmer ?
Zitoni ezithintela ukuba umsebenzi wenzeke?

probe: internal / external factors; corruption; etc

mhlawumbi: zizinto.zangaphakathi okanye ngaphandle; utyiwo
mali njalo-njalo.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
11
Do you work with other stakeholders / organisations / institutions within the
community ? Can you mention some ?
Werk u met ander rolspelers / organisasies / instellings in die gemeenskap ?
Kan u sommige noem ?
Ingaba usebenza, nonongxowa iinkampani okanye nezikolo ezikwingingqi yakho?
Ungazi zibiza ngama gama?

Probe/mhlawmbi: CPF, NGO’s, CBO’s, ward councillors,
etc/njalo-njalo.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
12
What is your relationship like with these stakeholders?
Wat is u verhouding met hierdie rolspelers?
Bunjani ubudlelwana bakho naba nongzowa?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
13
What kind of support does the SAPS offer to the victims of crime ?
Watter ondersteuning bied die SAPD aan aan slagoffers van misdaad ?
Loluphi uhlobo loncedo qthi amapolissa qlunikeze qmaxhoba obudlobongela?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
14
Is there anything else that you would like to comment on?
137
Is daar enige verdere kommentaar van u?
Ingaba ikhona into okanye ukhe uhlomle kuyo?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Appendix 2
1.
Questionnaire
BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION
INKCUKACHA ZAKHO/NGAWE
1.1 Area audited
Indawo
…………….…………………………………………………………...
1.2 Sex/Isini
Male/Ndoda
1.3 Age/Iminyaka
eseyixelengiwe
Female/Mfazi
25 and under/Nangaphantsi
25-35
35-45
45 and above/Nangaphezulu
1.4 Marital Status/Isimo Somtshato
Single/Awutshatanga
Married/Utshatile
Divorced/Ukuqhawula
Other,
please
specify/Ezinye,
……………………………………………………………
cacisa
………..…………………………………………………………………………………………..
2.
LAND USE ACTIVITIES/INKCUKACHA ZASEKUHLALENI
2.1 Indicate which of the following activities impact negatively on your safety.
Chaza kwezi zilandelayo eyonanto ingakuphathi kakuhle ekuhlaleni.
Bars/Iibari
Video Arcade/Game shops/Iivenkile Yegemzi
Sex Workers/Abathengisa ngemzimba
Shebeens/Iishibhini
Disco’s/Iidisko
Loitering/ ibala endieleru
Homeless people/Iimbacu
Gangs/Imigewu (Ootsotsi)
Abandoned buildings/ Izqkhino
Walkthroughs/ indamo zokunqumla
138
Give examples of how they influence safety?
Nika imizekelo yokuphazamisa kwabohuselebo?
……………………..…………………….…………………………………………………
Please specify other negative activities.
Nceda chaza nezinye izinto ezenzekayo ezingakuphathi kakhuhle.
……………………..…………………….…………………………………………………
2.2 How many shebeens are in your area?
Zingaphi ishibini kulondawo uhlala kuyo?
None/azikho
One/Inye
Two-Four/Phakathi kwezibini ukuyakweyesine
Five and more/ Zihlanu okanye nangaphezulu
Where?/ Ziphi
……………………………………………………………………………...
2.3 How many game shops are in your area?
Zingaphi iivenkile zemindlalo kulendawo ohlalakuyo?
None/azikho
One/Inye
Two-Four/phakathi kwezibini ukuyakweyesine
Five or more/zinhlanu okanye nangaphezulu
Where/ Ziphi …………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
.
2.4 Indicate which of the following activities or uses are found in your area?
Chaza kwezi zilandelayo ukyba zeziphi izinto ezi fumanekayo kulendawo ohlala kuyo?
Shops/ivenkile
Restuarants/Indawo yokutya
Factories/Iifektri
Residence/ Iindawo zokuhlala
Busy traffic./Ukuxakeka kwedlela
Parking lot/Indawo zokupaka
Bushes&Trees/ Amahlathi nemithi
Fields/Amabala
Vacant Buildings/ Izakhiwo ezingasebenziyo
Play Parks/ Indawo zokudlala
Clinics/Iikliniki
Office/iofisi
Other, please specify/ Ezinye Cacisa …………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………………………………….
B:
2.5
CRIMES IN AREA
UBUNDLONGELA KWINGINGQI YAKHO
Which crimes are most common committed crimes in your area?
Bobuphi ubundlobongela okwenzeka kakhulu kwingingqi yakho? …………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2.6
Where are these crimes committed?
Benzekaphi obu bundlobongela? ………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2.7 By whom are the crimes committed?
Ngoobani abenza obu bundlobongela?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2.8 What do you think is the average age of people who commit these crimes?
Xa ucinga bamalunga neminyaka eminga phi aba Bantu benza ubudlobongela?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2.9 What time of the day are these crimes committed?
Ngawaphi amaxesha emini apho kuthi kwenzeke ubundlobongela?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2.10 Who are the targets or victims of the crimes?
Ngobani amaxhoba obu bungebengu?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2.11 What are the average ages of the victims for the crimes that you mentioned?
Nqeyiphi eyona minyaka yamaxhoba apho ubundlobongela buchaziweyo?
………………….………………………………………………………………………………
2.12 Are there places where victims can be assisted in the area? Where?
Ingaba zikhona iindawo abo amaxhoba angancedwa kuyo? Phi?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2.13 Where are these crimes most likely to occur?
Zeziphi indawo ubundlobongela abuthanda ukwenzeka kuzo? ……………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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2.14 What factors, do you think, create opportunities for criminals to commit their crimes
(infrastructure, town Planning, open spaces etc.)
Zeziphi izinto ozicingayo ezenza amathuba okuba izihange zenze
ubundlobongela(ukwakhiwa kwedolophu, iindawo ezivule kileyo njalo-njalo)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2.15 What impact do these crimes have on your community?
Ingaba benza ntoni ubundlobongela ekuhlaleni? ………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2.16 What suggestions or recommendations do you have to improve safety of your area?
Unganika ngcebiso ziphi okhanye uhlomle ngendlela ezinokuthi zenze ukhuseleko lube
luqilima kule ngawo uhlala kuyo? ……………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. THE BUILT ENVIROMENT
ISIMO SOKWAKA
3.1 What is you opinion about the general state of the area in which you live?
Chaza iimbono zakho malunga nobume bendawo ohlala kuyo? ………………………………
Roads/
Iindlela
Good/Kulungile
Average/Iphakathi
Poor/Liphantsi
Pavements/
Ipayivumente
Good/Kulungile
Average/Iphakathi
Poor/Liphantsi
Public open space/
Indawo ezivulekileyo
Good/Kulungile
Average/Iphakathi
Poor/Liphantsi
Public facilities/
Iindawo zoluntu
Poor/Liphantsi
Good/Kulungile
Average/Iphakathi
3.2 Would a pedestrian visiting your area for the first time easily find their way around.
Ingaba umhambi ngenyawo oqalayo ukutyelela indawo yakho angafumana kulula
ukuhambamhamba.
Yes/ ewe
No/Hayi
If no please specify why?
Ukuba hayi cacisa?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3.3 Would a pedestrian visiting your area for the first time be able to locate.
Ingaba umhambingenyawo oqalalo ukutyelela indawo yakho anganako ekuzifumana.
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Public toilets/Izindlu zangase
Yes/ Ewe
Public telephones/ Iimfono-mfono Yes/ Ewe
No/Hayi
No/Hayi
If no specify why?
Ukuba Hayi cacisa?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3.4 Do you think that the roads in your area are safe?
Ingaba iindlela kwingingqi yakho zikhuselekile na?
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
If no please specify why?
Ukuba hayi cacisa?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3.5 Do you think roads are too wide in you area?
Ingaba iindlela zivuleke kakhulu na, kwindawo ohlala kuyo?
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
If yes what problem do they cause?
Ukuba ewe ngxaki zini zithi zibekho?
…………………………………………………………………………………….……………
3.6 Do you think that wide roads make it difficult or unsafe for people to cross?
Ingaba iindlela ezivulekileyo zenza kubenzima kwaye kunga khuseleki ukunqumla
kwabantu?
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
If yes please specify?
Ukuba ewe cacisa? ……………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3.7 Do you think that wide roads encourage people to speed?
Ingaba iindlela ezivulekileyo zenza abaqhubi babalekise ngamandla?
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
If yes, please specify why?
Ukuba ewe cacisa? ……………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3.8 Please tick if you think the following are needed in your area?
Nceda phawula ukuba ucinga ezi landelayo ziyimfuneko kwindawo ohlala kuyo?
142
Speed bumps/
Yes/ewe
No/Hayi
Isithobi santya
Specify where/phi ……………………………………………………
More stops signs/
Yes/ewe
No/Hayi
Ukungezwa lwamaphawu
Okumisa
Specify where/phi ……………………………………………………
More traffic officers/
Amagosa endlela
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
Specify where/phi
……………………………………………………
More robots/
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
Ukongezwa kwe-roboti
Specify where/phi ……………………………………………………
Narrower road/
Yes/ewe
No/Hayi
Ukucuthwa kwendlela
Specify where/phi ……………………………………………………
Pedestrian crossing/
Yes/Ewe
Indawo yokunqumla yaba hambi
Specify where/phi …………………………………………
No/Hayi
3.9 Are pedestrian crossing or pedestrian platforms next to schools in your area?
Ingaba zikhona iindawo zokunqumla zabahambi ngenyawo kufutshane nezikolo kulendawo
ohlala kuyo?
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
3.10 Do you see animals in the roads?
Ingaba uyazibona izilwanyana ezindleleni?
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
3.11 How do you think animals impact on:
Ingaba izilwanyana zinento eziyenzayo echaphazelayo:
Traffic/Ezindleleni ………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
General living conditions/ Ekuhlaleni jikelele
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3.12 What do you think can be done to accommodate animals in your community?
Ucinga ukuba kungenziwa ntoni ukuze izilwanyana zihlale kakuhle kwingingqi yakho?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
143
3.13 What else do you suggest can be done to make the roads safer in your area?
Zeziphi ezinye iingcebiso onazo ezino kwenziwa ukuze iindlela zikhuseleke kwingingqi
yakho?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4
MAINTENANCE OF PUBLIC FACILITIES
UNONOPHELO LWEZINTO ZOLUNTU
4.1 Please rate maintenance of your area such as street cleaning, repair of council
facilities etc.
Nceda bonakalisa ubungakanani bononophelo indawo ohlala kuyo olunje ngoku kwicoceka
kwezi talato ukulungiswa kwezinto zoluntu njalo-njalo.
Excellent/bugqwezile
Good/bulungile
Satisfactory/buyanelisa
Unsatisfactory/akwanelisi
Very unsatisfactory/akhenelisi konke konke
What would you like to see change in terms of maintenance?
Ingaba kungaguqulwa ntoni kwezononophelo? ……………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
4.2 Indicate whether the following public facilities are properly maintained?
Bonisa ukuba ezi zilandelayo izinto zoluntu ziphatheke kakuhle na?
Benches/Izitulo
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
Not available/azikho
Windows/Iifestile
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
Not available/azikho
Fences/Amacingo
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
Not available/azikho
Gates/Iiheke
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
Not available/azikho
Street lights/
zibane zezitalato
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
Not available/azikho
Enclosures/
Indawo ezivulekileyo
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
Not available/azikho
144
Public telephones/
Imfono-mfono zoluntu
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
Not available/azikho
Public toilets/
Izindlu zangasese zoluntu Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
Not available/azikho
Schools/Iziskolo
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
Not available/azikho
Open fields/
Amabala avulekileyo
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
Not available/azikho
Pavements/Iipayivumente Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
Not available/azikho
Trees and grass verges/
Iimithi negca
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
Not available/azikho
Public packing/
Iindawo zokupaka
No/Hayi
Not available/azikho
Yes/Ewe
4.3 Name the building or facilities not properly maintained.
Chaza izakhiwo okanye indawo ezingaphethekanga kakuhle..………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4.4 Do you think refuse removal is adequate in your area?
Ingaba uthutho lwenkunkuma luyanelisakwindawo ohlala kuyo.
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
Please specify where and how it can be improved.
Nceda cacisa ukuba phi yaye lugaphuculwa njani. ……………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4.5 Do you think that there is adequate cleansing of your area?
Ingaba luyonelisa ucoceko kwindawo ohlala kuyo.
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
Please specify where and how it can be improved.
Chaza ukuba phi kwaye ingaphuculwa njani.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4.6 Have you or anybody you know hired public facilities from the municipality, e.g. halls?
Ingaba wena okanye umntu omaziyo wakhe waboleka indawo yoluntu kumasipalathi,
umzekelo iholo?
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
4.7 What is the average cost charge for community halls?
Ingaba lixabisa malini iholo loluntu?
R20-R50
R60-R100
120 and more/nangaphezulu
145
Don’t know/andiyazi
4.8 Are there overgrown bushes or trees in your area?
Ingaba ikhona imithi ezikhulayo kwisithili sakho?
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
Please specify where and how it can be improved?
Chaza ukuba phi kwaye ingaphuculwa njani.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4.9
Do you have any other comments or suggestions?
Ingaba unazo ezinye iimbono okanye ukhe iingcebiso? ……………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5.
TO SEE AND BE SEEN
UKUBONA NOKU BONAKALA
5.1 Lighting
Ukukhanyisa
5.2 Please rate your overall impression of lighting in your area?
Qikelela iindle laekukhanya ngayo kwindawo yakho ngendlela obona ngayo?
Excellent/Kugqwesile
Good/Kulungile
Satisfactory/Kuyanelisa
Unsatisfactory/Akwanelisi
Very unsatisfactory/Akwanelisi konke-konke
5.3 Is your area relying on private residences and/or businesses to light public spaces.
Ingaba isithili sakho sixhomekeke kwindawo zokuhlala zabucala okanye kumashishini
ukukhanyisa ezitalatweni.
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
5.4 Please rate the adequacy of lighting with regard to the following.
Nceda ubonakalise ukwaneliseka kokukhanya kwezi zikhankanyiweyo.
Pavement/Ipayivumente
Good/Kulungile
Poor/liphantsi
Not available/azikho
Streets/Izitalato
Good/Kulungile
Poor/liphantsi
Not available/azikho
Public buildings/
Izakhuwo zoluntu
Leisure areas/
Good/kulungile
Poor/liphantsi
Not available/azikho
Good/Kulungile
Poor/liphantsi
Not available/azikho
146
Iindawo zokuphumla
Sand dunes/
Good/Kulungile
Iintaba zesanti
Poor/liphantsi
Not available/azikho
Taxi and bus pick up & drop off places/
Iindawo zokukhwela ooduladula
Good/Kulungile
Poor/liphantsi
Not available/azikho
Illuminating signs/Iimpawu zokuhombisa
Good/Kulungile
Poor/liphantsi
Not available/azikho
Schools/Iziskolo
Good/Kulungile
Poor/liphantsi
Not available/azikho
Pedestrian crossings/
Apho kunqumla abahambi ngenyawo
Good/Kulungile
Poor/liphantsi
Not available/azikho
Railway line/Imizila kaloliwe
Good/Kulungile
Poor/liphantsi
Not available/azikho
Stations (railway)/Izikhululo (zikaloliwe)
Good/Kulungile
Poor/liphantsi
Not available/azikho
Shopping areas/Iindawo zevenkile
Good/Kulungile
Poor/liphantsi
Not available/azikho
Parks/Eepakini
Good/Kulungile
Not available/azikho
Poor/liphantsi
5.5 What percentage of lighting do you think is fuctioning in your area?
Bonakalisa ukuba kukhanya kangakanani kwindawo ohlala kuyo ngoksebenzisa lamanani?
None/Akakho
0%
25%
50%
75%
All/Zonke
100%
5.6 Please name the streets where lighting is not functioning.
Nika amagama ezitalato apho ukukhanya kungasebenzi khona.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5.7 Is the street lighting obscured in any way?
Ingaba ukukhanya ezitalatweni kumfiliba?
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
If yes, please specify, how and where.
Ukuba ewe, chaza njani kwaye phi
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
147
5.8 If the streets lights are not working who would you report it to?
Ukuba izibane zesitalato azisebenzi ungazichazela bani? ……………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5.9 Do you have any other comments or suggestions?
Ingaba unazo ezinye iingcinga okanye iimbono?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
B. Hiding places for criminals
Iindawo zokuzimela imigewu (ootsotsi)
5.10 If you had to wait alone for someone in your area, would you feel comfortable?
Ukuba kumele ulinde umntu wedwa kwindawo ohlala kuyo ungakhululeka na?
Early in the morning/Ekuseni
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
During the day/Emini
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
Evening/Ebusuku
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
5.11 Are there small confined areas where someone could hide from view?
Ingaba zikhona iindawo ezisithekileyo onothi ubani azimele kuzo ekubonweni?
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
5.12 Please indicate where these small areas are?
Nceda uchaze iindawo ezikuzo?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5.13 Are there any place in your area where someone could take you to harm you?
Ingaba zikhona iindawo apho umntu gogakuthatha angakonzakalisela kuyo?
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
If yes, where are these areas?
Ukuba ewe, ziphi ezondawo?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5.14 Indicate which of the following security measures/services are available in your area.
Bonakalisa loluphi kwezintlobo zilandelayo uhlobo lokhuselo olukhoyo kwindawo ohlala
kuyo.
Convex mirrors/Izipili zokhuseleko
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
Closed circuit cameras/Iikamera ezifikelelayo
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
Regular police patrols/Ujikelezo lwamapolisa
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
Regular neighbourhood watch patrols/
Ukujikeleza kwequmurhu labahlali
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
148
6. TO HEAR AND BE HEARD
UKUVA NOKU VAKALA
6.1 Indicate which time of day your area is busy.
Ingaba leliphi elona xesha kuxakeka ngalo kwindawo ohlala kuyo.
Morning/Ekuseni
Afternoon/Matshona
Evening/Ebusuku
Late night/Ezinzulwini
6.2 Indicate which time of day your area is quiet.
Ingaba leliphi elona xesha kuthuleke ngalo kwindawo ohlala kuyo.
Morning/Ekuseni
Afternoon/Matshona
Evening/Ebusuku
Late night/Ezinzulwini
6.3 Are there differences in how the area feels during the week and weekends?
Ingaba ukhona umahluko phakathi kwasevekini nempelaveki?
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
If yes, please explain.
Ukuba ewe, cacisa.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6.4 Please name the kinds of people likely to be around in your area (example: children,
women, men, gangs, etc)
Bonakalisa iqela labantu elibakhona kwingingqi yakho (umzekelo: abantwana, abafazi,
amadoda, imigewu, njalo-njalo)
Morning/Ekuseni
(5H00 –12H00)
……………………………………………………….
Afternoon/Matshona
(12H00 –17H00)
..……………………………………………………..
Evenings/Ebusuku
(17H00 – 20H00)
……………………………………………………..
Night/Ezinzulwini
(20H00 – 4H00)
………………………………………………………
6.5 Have there been any crowds that have made you uncomfortable?
Ingaba kukho iqela labantu elakwenza woyika?
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
If yes, please explain.
149
Ukuba ewe, cacisa.
……………………………………………………………………………..
6.6 Do you have any other comments or suggestions?
Unazo ezinye mbono okanye ingcamango?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7.
GETTING ASSISTANCE/
UKUFUMANA UNCEDO
7.1 If you felt unsafe at any time in your area could you ask for help?
Ukuba uziva ungakhuselekanga ungakwazi ukucela uncedo nangasiphi isithuba?
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
7.2 If yes to 7.1, who would you ask?
Ukuba uthe ewe ku 7.1, ungalucela kubani?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7.3 Do you know the emergency numbers to telephone for help?
Ingaba uyayazi inombolo etsalwayo xa use ngxakini?
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
7.4 Do you carry a cell-phone with you?
Ingaba ungumntu ophatha I-cell foni xa uhamba?
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
7.5 How often during the day do you see the following service providers patrolling?
Kukangakanani ubona lamaqela alandelayo esenza umsemzi wawo kwingingqi yakho?
Police/Amapolisa
Council protection services/
Ibhunga elikhusela abahlali
Neighborhood watch/
Ukhuseleko lobumelwana
Never/
Nakanye
Seldom/
Ngalo maxesha
Often/
Never/
Nakanye
Seldom/
Ngalo maxesha
Often/
Never/
Nakanye
Seldom/
Ngalo maxesha
Often/
Qho
Qho
Qho
7.6 Do you think that police services are adequate in your area?
Ingaba amapolisa ayawenza umsebenzi wawo kakuhle kwingingqi yakho?
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
Unsure/Andiqisekanga
7.7 Do you think that the law enforcement are adequate in your area?
Ingaba ibhunga lokhuselo liyayenza usebenzi wawo kakuhle kwingingqi yakho?
150
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
Unsure/Andiqisekanga
7.8 Do you think that the neighbourhood watch services are adequate in your area?
Ingaba ukhuselo wabamelwana liyayenza usebenzi wawo kakuhle kwingingqi yakho?
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
Unsure/Andiqisekanga
7.9 Is there a community police forum in your area?
Ingaba likhona iqumrhu lamapolisa asekuhlaleni kwingingqi yakho?
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
7.10 Are you aware of the role of the community police forum in your area?
Ingaba uyayazi indima ethi idlalwe ngalamapolisa okuhlala kwingingqi yakho?
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
7.11 How would you rate the level of service offered by the following service providers
patrolling your area.
Ungalikala yani inqanaba lemisebenzi enikezwa ngalama Qlandelayo angabakweni
kwingingqi yaklo.
Police/Amapolisa
Council protection services/
Ibhunga elikhusela abahlali
Neighbourhood watch/
Ukhuseleko lwabahlali
Good/
Kulungile
Average/
iphakathi
Poor/
liphantsi
Good/
Kulungile
Average/
iphakathi
Poor/
liphantsi
Good/
Kulungile
Average/
iphakathi
Poor/
liphantsi
7.12 Are public spaces watched by neighbours and community residents making it safer for
people using those spaces?
Ingaba ingawo zika wonke-wonke eziqatshelwa ngaba melwana naba hlali kwindawo
zoluntu?
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
7.13 Do you have any other suggestions or comments?
Ingaba unazo ezinye iingcamango?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
8.
KNOWING WHERE WE ARE AND WHERE WE ARE GOING
UKWAZI APHO SIKHONA NALAPHO SISINGISE KHONA
8.1 What is you impression of the overall signage in your area?
Yeyiphi imibona kalo onokuthi uyinike eqibeleleyo kule ndawo uhlala kuyo?
Very good/Igqibelele
Good/Sihle
151
Satisfactory/Iyonelisa
Poor/Uphantsi
Very poor/ Uphantsi kakhulu
8.2 Please tick if the following signs are present or absent in your area?
Ngceda ubeke (X) Ukuba ezimpawo zilandelayo zikhona kwindawo yakho?
Nearest police station/Amapolisa
Asbent/Azikho
Present/Akhona
Nearest hospital/day hospital or clinic/
Izibhedlele/ezasemini nekliniki
Present/Akhona
Asbent/Azikho
Bus stop/Indawo yokumisa ibhasi
Present/Akhona
Asbent/Azikho
Railway station/Iziko likaloliwe
Present/Akhona
Asbent/Azikho
Taxi Rank/Indawo yetekisi
Street names/Amagama ezitalato
Present/Akhona
Present/Akhona
Asbent/Azikho
Asbent/Azikho
Wheelchair access/
Indawo zabakhubazekileyo
Present/Akhona
Asbent/Azikho
Name and address of important buildings/
Amagama ne dilesi zezakiwo ezibalulekileyoPresent/Akhona
Asbent/Azikho
Information indicating times public
buildings are officially open/Ingcazelo
ezibonisa amaxeshaezakhiwo zika
wonke-wonke
Present/Akhona
Asbent/Azikho
Council buildings eg. Administration
buildings and libraries/ikhiwo zebhuga
uzekelo: iziko zolawulo kunye namathala
eencwandi
Present/Akhona
Asbent/Azikho
Road signs (stop, yield, etc.)/
Iziboniso zendlela (hima, nqumama
njalo-njalo
Present/Akhona
Asbent/Azikho
If the signs are not present, can you suggest the best place/s to put these signs?
Ukubana ezmpawo azikho ungakhe ucebise ukuba zeziphi ezona ndawo zizilungeleyo?
Name of sign/Igama lesi boniso
Where/Phi
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
8.3 Is the lettering on the signs;
Kunamagama kwisibonisi;
Large enough to read/
Makhulu ngokwaneleyo ayafundeka
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
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Easy to read at night/
Alula ukufundeka Ebusuku
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
8.4 Are there any other comments or suggestions?
Ingaba unazona iingcamango okanye ungakhe uhlomle?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9
SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND HOW THEY AFFECT YOU
ZIKUCHAPHAZELA NJANI IINGXAKI ZOKUHLALA
Children
Abantwana
9.1 Reports indicate that a large number of children are kidnapped in your area.
Ingxelo ibonisa amanani aphakamile abantwana abathi baxhwilwe kwingingqi yakho.
Have children been kidnapped in your area.
Ingaba abantwana bayaxhwilwa kwindawo yakho.
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
If yes, where? (Specify name of street)
Ukuba ewe, phi? (Nika igama lesitilato)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
What other crimes are committed against children in your area?
Bobuphi obunye ubudlobongela obuthi bunxulumane nabantwana kwingingqi ohlala kuyo?
Where are these crimes likely to occur?
Zeziphi ezona ndawo ekuthi kwenzeke kozo obubudlobongela
9.2 Has your community organized safe strategies for the children?
Ingaba abahlali banazo iindlela ezobuqhinga zokukhusela abantwana babo?
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
9.3 Can you examples of these safe strategies.
Unganako ukunika imizekelo yalamaqhinga okukhusela. ……………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9.4 Do you have any further ideas about safe strategies for children in your area?
Ingaba unazona iigcamango ngezokhuleko lwabantwana kwindawo yakho?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
153
9.5 How far is the nearest playing area for children?
Kufuphi kangakanani indawo yokudlala abantwana?
Within view of your house/
Iyabonakala endlwini yakho
5 minutes walk/
Uhamba imizuzu emihlanu
10 minutes walk/
Uhamba imizuzu elishumi
15 minutes walk/
Uhamba imizuzu elishumi elinsihlanu
Further/Ibhekele
9.6 Do you think children are safe walking to school?
Ucinga ukuba abantwana bakhuselekile xa besiya esikolweni?
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
9.7 Do you think your children are safer playing in the play area?
Ingaba abantwana bakhuselekile xa besiya kudlala?
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
9.8 Do you think your children are safe playing in the play area?
Ucinga ukuba le ndawo abantwana badlala kuyo ikhuselekile na?
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
If no, how can play areas be made safer for children?
Ukuba hayi, ungazenza njani ukuba zikhuseleke?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9.9 Do you think your children are safe at school?
Ucinga ukuba abantwana bakhuselekile ezikolweni?
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
If no, how can schools be made safer for children?
Ukuba hayi, ungazenza njani ukuba zikhuseleke?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Gangsterism
Ubugewu
154
9.10 Are your children exposed to gangters and gangster activity at school?
Ingaba abantwana bakho bavelile kubugewu ezikolweni?
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
If yes, do you have any suggestions as to how schools could solve the problem of
Gangsters?
Ukuba ewe, unazo na iingacebiso zokubana izikolo zingayisombulula iingxaki zemigewu
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9.11
Are there gangs that operate in your area?
Ingaba le migewu iyasebenza kule ndawo uhlala kuyo?
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
9.12 In your opinion what is the average age of gangsters in your area (please circle)
Kwingcimango zakho ingakanani iminyaka yemigewu kwingingqi yakho (Beka (X)
Ecaleni kweminyaka eqikelekayo)
10-14
14 –18
18 –22
22 onwards/ukuyaphezulu
9.13 Can you list the names of the gangs and which areas they control?
Ungadwelisa uluhlu lwemigewu kunye neendawo eziphethe kuyo?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9.14 Do you or your children feel threatened by the presence of gangsters in the
Following situations.
Ingaba abantwana baziva bengakhuselekanga kwezimeko zilandelayo.
At school/Esikolweni
If yes, when/Ukuba ewe, nini
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
…………………………………………………………………..
At home/Ekhaya
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
If yes, when/Ukuba ewe, nini ………………………………………………………………..
Walking in the street/
Ukuhamba ezitalatweni
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
If yes, when/Ukuba ewe, nini ………………………………………………………………..
At shops/shopping malls/
Ezivenkileni okanye
kwindawo ekuthengwa
kuzo
Yes/Ewe
If yes, when/Ukuba ewe,
nini…………………………………………………………………..
No/Hayi
At church or mosque/
Enkonzweni
155
If yes, when/Ukuba ewe, nini
…………………………………………………………………..
Driving in your car
Beqhuba
iimoto
Yes/Ewe
If yes, when/Ukuba ewe,
nini…………………………………………………………………..
No/Hayi
Whilst using public transport:
Ngexa besebenzisa izithuthi zikawonke-wonke:
If yes, when/Ukuba ewe, nini
…………………………………………………………………..
Bus/Ibhasi
Yes/Ewe
If yes, when/Ukuba ewe,
nini…………………………………………………………………..
No/Hayi
Taxi/Itekisi
Yes/Ewe
If yes, when/Ukuba ewe,
nini…………………………………………………………………..
No/Hayi
Train/Oololiwe
Yes/Ewe
If yes, when/Ukuba ewe,
nini…………………………………………………………………..
No/Hayi
Any other place, please specify.
Ingaba ikhona enye indawo, cacisa
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9.15 Are the gangster members of your community?
Ingaba ikhona imigewu kulendawo uhlala kuyo?
Yes/Ewe
No/Hayi
9.16 How do you feel about the gangs?
Uziva njani ngalemigewu?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9.17 Which days in the week do the gangsters operate most?
Zeziphi iintsuku evekini apho imigewu iphatha ngayo?
Mon/Mvulo
Tues/Lwesibini
Wed/Lwesithathu
Thurs/Lwesine
Fri/Lwesihlanu
Sat/Mgqibelo
Sun/cawa
9.18 Which days in the month do gangsters operate most?
156
Zeziphi iintsuku enyangeni ekhuthuza ngayo kakhulu?
Payday/Ngemini zentlawulo
Anyday/Nangaluphi usuku
9.19
What do you think can be done about gangs?
Ucinga ukuba kwenziwe ntoningale migewu?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9.20 Do you have any other comments or suggestions
Unazo ezinye iingcamango okanye iihlomulo onokuthi uyinike.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9.21 What can members of the community do to improve their own safety with respect to
gangsters?
Bangenza ntoni abahlali ukuphucula ukhuseleko lwabo ngakwimigewu?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
THANK YOU FOR YOUR CO-OPERATION/
ENKOSI NGENTSEBENZISWANO YAKHO
157
Appendix 3 Where shebeens (sites of gang
activity)
4th street
Xokwana
Mngcunabe
CC Block
EE Block
BB Block
AA Block
DD Block
FF Block
Opposite Eyethu in both section F and lower section I
158
Nomsa Maphongwana Crescent
Hugh Masekela drive
Andile Nhose Crescent
Makhaya
Michael Maphongwana
GG Block
Ilitha Park
DM Section
Winnie Mandela
Area of 32
Qhelzana Street
Tutu Avenue
Nkonkwa Crescent
Gwegweleza Street
Malandalahla
41 area and Tutu Avenue
Xelela street
Site C, D.T Area
Harare, Bukwayo
33 Section, Harare
159
Kuyasa
In section B
T section
Appendix 4 Where lighting not functioning
(thus
prime
sites
for
criminal
activity)
Mngcunube
Mqoboka street
AA, BB, CC Block at Griffiths Mxenge
Xolani street
Hambayo street in BB block
Nkulumo street
Back of Eyethu
Nxawum street
In front of Bonga
Hoza street
Ngwalaza
Mdingi Street
160
Winnie Mandela
Hugh Masekela
Mncunube
Victoria Mxenge
Sisam
No lights in BM Section
Maccssar has no street lights
Shukuma street
Nwadi Cresecent
Malandalahla
Montulo
Harry Gwala street
Ncube street
Appendix 5
Traffic Calming measures
Speed bumps
Bekelentloko street –Griffiths Mxenge
All main streets in area
Oscar Mpetha
In area of Gangweni school
161
Illitha Park
Futha street and Khuphela
Qhekezana
Malandahla
Tutu Avenue
Hlanga Crescent
Khankanya
Shwabane
Buyeni crecent
Stop signs
All roads, particularly short roads
Intersection I and F
Near the taverns
Khuphelo street
Tutu Avenue
Hlanga Crescent
Hoza Avenue
Harare
162
Traffic Officers
In the area
All around Town 2
Near Lingelethu training center
Inkamzimco PD school
Lansdowne Extension and Tutu Avenue
Chris Hani
Robots
Next to day hospital
Steve Biko
Along wide roads in 19 section near Khayelitsha railway station
Lansdowne road near Town 2
T junction, Oscar Mpetha road next to 33 Harare on way to Gangwani High
school – Kuyasa
Lansdowne Extension
Treck/Hoza Avenue
Harare
Near Sobambisana preprimary school
163
164
Appendix 7
Research team
Project Manager
Waleed George
Lead Researcher
Meg George
Danielle Kowen
Assistants
Charneel Plaatjies
Queen Kekana
Queen Kekana
Interviewers
Elron Fouten
Co-ordinator
Community facilitator
Norman Jantjes
Monwabisi Xeketwana
165