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Biology Semester 1 Course Review Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___ Honors Extensions Appear In Boxes UNIT 1: ECOLOGY _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. made up of individual organisms of the same species all nonliving things in an environment made up of the organisms and nonliving things in an area portion of Earth that supports life all living organisms in an environment _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 6. get energy by eating other organisms 7. eat both plants and animals 8. eat only animals 9. collect energy to produce their own food 10. eat only plants 11. eat or break down dead things A. B. C. D. E. abiotic factors biosphere biotic factors ecosystem population A. B. C. D. E. F. autotrophs carnivores detritivores herbivores heterotrophs omnivores L.17.9 Label the food web below & identify each trophic level with the choices below: Carnivore Herbivore Omnivore Producer Detritivore 12. Which populations will increase if the panther is removed from the ecosystem? _____________________________ 13. Which populations will decrease if the panther is removed from the ecosystem? _____________________________ 14. Which population would be most negatively affected if the worms and insects were removed from the ecosystem? __________________________ 15. Choose one of the above organisms (except the autotrophs) and discuss the effect that the absence of that organism will have on the other organisms in the food web. Be sure to construct your response using the Claim, Evidence, Reasoning framework for constructing scientific explanations. L.17.10 Number the steps of the water cycle in order in which they occur. Begin with the collection of water in lakes or oceans. _____ 16. Groundwater and runoff from land surfaces flow into rivers, lakes, and oceans. _____ 17. Water returns to Earth as rain or snow through the process of precipitation. _____ 18. Through evaporation, water changes from a liquid to a gas that becomes part of the air. _____ 19. Through condensation, water in the air changes from a gas to tiny droplets of liquid. Biology Semester 1 Course Review Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___ 20. Use the words at the right to label the picture below. Some phrases will be used more than once. All phrases will be used at least once A. Burning of fossil fuels B. Death, decomposition C. Photosynthesis D. Respiration E. Industry & Agriculture F. Carbon Dioxide in atmosphere G. Carbon compounds converted to fossil fuels H. Carbon Dioxide dissolved in water I. Precipitation J. Calcium carbonate in seashells 21. Describe the movement of energy and nutrients through and ecosystem _______________________________________________________________________________________ L.17.4 22. What do we call those species which are present during secondary succession and that are the first to colonize previously disrupted or damaged ecosystems, beginning a chain of ecological succession that ultimately leads to a renewed ecosystem? _______________________________________________________________________________________ 23. Cite two reasons why secondary succession is faster than primary succession. _______________________________________________________________________________________ L.17.5 Identify the following as density-dependent or density-independent limiting factors. 24. Earthquake-related tsunami ______________________________ 25. Intense competition for a food source________________________ 26. Influenza epidemic _________________________ 27. Flooding due to a hurricane ___________________________ 28. Change in the number of predators ________________________ 29. Define population density ________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Time Size Population Size Population 30. Draw the 2 types of population growth graphs (S-curve and J-curve) and label. Label Carrying Capacity. Time Biology Semester 1 Course Review Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___ 31. Define limiting factor and list several factors that can affect the carrying capacity of the above pictures. _______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 32. L.17.4 Explain how each of the following influence global climate: a. Solar energy trapped in the biosphere _________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ b. Latitude ________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ c. Transport of heat by wind and ocean currents __________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ L.17.2 The distribution of life in aquatic ecosystems is affected by many factors. Match the correct Jeopardy-style response the correct factor. _____ 33. The lack of this would kill off surface level autotrophs _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. Fish would lose significant amounts of water to the environment if this is too high Not pH, this factor would slow down or halt enzymatic action Too much carbon dioxide in the atmospheres leads to decreases in this factor This factor draws its effect from latitude and proximity to land. Extremes of pressure can occur here What is …? A. pH/chemistry B. geography C. light D. depth E. salinity F. Temperature Place the zone letter in the blank next to the associated response _____ 39. Zone likely to included photosynthetic plankton _____ 40. This Zone is likely to include animals with bioluminescence like the angler fish from Nemo _____ 41. This Zone has the greatest pressure _____ 42. Besides Zone D, this zone is NOT likely to include photosynthetic organisms L.17.8 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ Identify the following statement as TRUE or FALSE 43. The current rate of species extinction is unprecedented. 44. Island species are especially vulnerable to extinction. 45. Only a few factors threaten biodiversity. 46. The primary cause of extinction is loss of habitat. 47. Introduced species make biodiversity stronger and more stable 48. What is an invasive species and why does it cause so many problems? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 49. L.17.11 Name the 2 classes of natural resources and the pros and cons of each. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 50. L.17.20 Define acid rain. Explain the problems it causes for the environment. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Biology Semester 1 Course Review Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___ 51. Describe how the following are “Threats to Biodiversity” and provide examples of each a. b. c. d. e. f. Overexploitation: Destruction of habitat: Disruption of habitat: Introduced species: Fragmentation of habitat: Pollution of habitat: 52. Why is the burning of fossil fuels bad for the environment? UNIT 2: BIOCHEMISTRY L.,18.1, L.18.11 Match the following terms to their definitions __1 Activation Energy A weak bonds between the hydrogen of one water molecule and the oxygen of a nearby water molecule __2 Carbohydrate B amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius. Higher for water than any other common substance __3 Enzyme deficiency C any compound containing carbon in covalent bonds __4 Hydrogen bond D G a molecule of low molecular weight capable of reacting with identical or different molecules of low molecular weight to form a polymer the minimum amount of energy required to convert a normal stable molecule into a reactive molecule a compound of high molecular weight derived by condensation of many smaller molecules with the elimination of water substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction __5 Lipid E __6 Monomer F __7 Non-polar __8 Nucleic acid H substance formed in a chemical reaction __9 Organic compound I __10 Phospholipid bilayer J __11 Polar K __12 Polymer L organic compounds, including sugars and polysaccharides that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the general formula (C H 2 O) n : an important source of food and energy for animals fats, oils, waxes, sterols, and triglycerides, that are insoluble in water but soluble in common organic solvents, and together with carbohydrates and proteins constitute the principal structural material of living cells (CH2)nO<n long, linear macromolecules, either DNA or various types of RNA, that carry genetic information directing all cellular functions: composed of linked nucleotides. composed of 20 or more amino acids linked in a genetically controlled linear sequence into one or more long polypeptide chains The absence of a functioning protein that controls the rate of a reaction __13 Product __14 Protein __15 Reactant O __16 Specific Heat P M N A molecule in which there is (almost) no polarity in the bonds (when there is an equal sharing of electrons between two different atoms) or because of the symmetrical arrangement of polar bonds. Not soluble in water A molecule in which the atoms have differences in electronegativity, or as a result of an asymmetric arrangement of bonds and non-bonding pairs of electrons. Soluble in water The main lipid component of biological membranes, a molecule composed of glycerol, phosphate, two fatty acids, and 'headgroups' with different chemical properties. Biology Semester 1 Course Review Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___ L.18.12 21. Hydrogen bonding occurs between the positive charged _______________ (type of atom) region of one water molecule and the negatively charged _______________(type of atom) region of a nearby water molecule. 23. Compared to other substances, water has a (high/low) specific heat. Why property of water is responsible for this? _____________________________________________________ 24. In order for water to increase in temperature hydrogen bonds must (break/form). 25. List four properties of water that are related to water’s ability to form hydrogen bonds. a. b. c. d. P.8.12, L.18.7 26. Fill in the reactants and products for photosynthesis and cellular respiration? Photosynthesis: 6 _____+ 6 _____ → _____ + 6 _____ Cellular Respiration: _____ + 6 _____ → 6 _____+ 6 _____ 27. Write the name of each molecule in each of the above chemical equations. C= H= O= 28. List the properties of carbon that make it necessary to forming organic molecules. 29. L.18.1 What is the correct macromolecule associated with each of the following descriptions A. carbohydrate B. lipid C. nucleic acid D. protein ___. The monomer of this class of macromolecules is the simple sugar ___. The monomer of this class of macromolecules is the nucleotide ___. The monomer of this class of macromolecules is the amino acid Honors Extensions L.18.1-L.18.4 What is the correct macromolecule associated with each of the following descriptions A. carbohydrate B. lipid C. nucleic acid D. protein ___. This molecule is the ready form of energy used by cells. ___. This molecule stores energy, forms cell membranes, acts as a hormone, and insulates. ___. This molecule is used to transport oxygen, act as an enzyme, transport materials across the cell membrane, and forms the filaments of muscles. ___. This molecule is formed when a glycerol loses three (-OH) groups and three fatty acids lose hydrogens (-H) forming a common energy-storing molecule. 30. What is the difference between the function of glycogen, amylase, and cellulose? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Biology Semester 1 Course Review Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___ 31. What is the function of triglyceride, phospholipid, wax, and cholesterol in the cell? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 32. How does the polar head and non-polar tails of a phospholipid allow phospholipid bilayers to form the cell membrane? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ L.18.11 33. Explain the concept of optimum environment for enzyme function. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 34. Explain why reactions occur more slowly at cold temperatures that at warmer temperatures. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 35. Explain why enzyme mediated reactions slow and stop at temperatures above 50°C. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 36. Describe how a change in pH might affect the function of an enzyme. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 37. Define the relationship between enzymes and activation energy. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ UNIT 3: CELL AND CELL CYCLE 1. L.14.1, N.3.1, N.3.4 Define the following Key Terms a. Theory: b. Law: c. Hypothesis: 2. List the three principles of the cell theory. a. b. c. 3. Answer the following question. Will cell theory ever become the Law of Cells? Be sure to construct your response using the Claim, Evidence, Reasoning framework for constructing scientific explanations. 5. L.14.4 Name the 4 types of microscopes and identify their function (i.e., what they resolve). Biology Semester 1 Course Review Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___ 5. What did each of the following contribute to our knowledge of cells? How did their contributions lead to the development of the Cell Theory? a)Robert Hooke b)Anton van Leeuwenhoek c) Schleiden d) Schwann e) Virchow 6. L.14.3 List the structures typically found in a prokaryotic cell. 7. What type of organism is made up of prokaryotic cells? 8. In what ways do eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells? 9. L.14.3 List all the organelles found in plant cells but not in animal cells. 10. List all the organelles found in animal cells but not in plant cells. 11. Identify the structure and function of the following organelles: a) cell wall b) cell membrane (plasma membrane) c) cytoplasm d) nucleus e) nuclear envelope f) nucleolus g) chromatin h) chromosomes i) ribosomes j) endoplasmic reticulum k) microtubules l) microfilaments m) vacuoles 12. Using the diagram below, identify the following numbered parts: #1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11 and 12 1 2 3 4 6 9 10 12 13 n) mitochondria o) Golgi apparatus p) chloroplasts q) lysosomes r) cilia s) flagella Biology Semester 1 Course Review Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___ 13. L.14.2 Define the Key Terms associated with Cell Transport: a) b) c) d) Active transport Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Homeostasis e) Lipid Bilayer f) Osmosis g) Osmotic pressure h) Passive transport i) Selectively permeable 14. Sketch a portion of the plasma membrane and label the parts. 15. Using the following diagram, explain the process that is shown. Start After 30 minutes 16. Using the following diagram, describe what will happen to the bag if it is will ONLY allow water to move through it. (Will the bag increase in size, decrease in size or stay the same size ?) Explain why. 17. What term would best describe the process occurring below? (Choices include diffusion, osmosis or active transport). Explain why the water level is higher on the right side. Start After 30 minutes Biology Semester 1 Course Review Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___ 18. How does active transport differ from passive transport? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 19. Identify each of the following as either “active transport”, “osmosis” or “diffusion”: a) A bottle of cologne is left open in the morning. By the end of the day, your entire house smells like the cologne. b) Water moves from the soil into the root cells of a plant. c) The cell uses ATP to transport potassium ions into the cell from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration. 20. Define the following Key Terms associated with Cell Reproduction: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Asexual Reproduction Apoptosis Cell Cycle Centromere Chromosome Chromatid Chromatin Crossing Over i) Cytokinesis j) Diploid k) Gametes l) Haploid m) Homologous n) Independent assortment o) Sexual Reproduction p) Tetrad q) Zygote r) Mitosis prophase metaphase anaphase telophase s) Meiosis I t) Meiosis II 21. L.16.4 Identify what occurs during each of the following stages of the cell cycle: a) G1 b) S c) G2 d) M e) Cytokinesis 22. In the space below, sketch the cell cycle and label all the parts. 23. Cell division is a result of mitosis and cytokinesis. a) How many cells are produced if one cell undergoes mitosis and cytokinesis? b) Are the "daughter" cells genetically identical or different from the parent cell? c) Does the chromosome number in the daughter cells remain the same or is it different from the parent cell? d) What kinds of cells normally undergo mitosis? 24. L.16.8 Explain how cancer cells differ from normal cells? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Biology Semester 1 Course Review Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___ 25. L.16.17 In what ways is meiosis different from mitosis? Explain your answer in terms of ... a) How many cells are produced from the one parent cell? Mitosis____________ cells Meiosis____________ cells b) Are the cells produced genetically identical or different from the parent cell? Mitosis ___________________ Meiosis_________________ c) Does the chromosome number remain the same or is it different? Mitosis___________________ Meiosis_________________ d) What kinds of cells are produced from mitosis? What kinds are produced from meiosis? Mitosis___________________ Meiosis_________________ 26. L.16.16 Explain why the process of "crossing over" is an important event during meiosis. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 27. Using coloring pencils, make a sketch of chromosomes which shows the process described in # 26. 28. What is "independent assortment"? a) Explain why "independent assortment" is an important event during meiosis? b) Using coloring pencils, make a sketch (below) which shows this process. Honors Extensions L.16.15 29. By what process do prokaryotic cells reproduce? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 30. Describe key differences between mitosis and binary fission. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 31. Is binary fission a form of sexual or asexual reproduction? Explain why. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ UNIT 5: CELLULAR ENERGETICS 1. Define the following Key Terms associated with Cellular Energetics: a) b) c) d) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Autotroph Carbon dioxide Chlorophyll e) f) g) h) Electron transport Glucose Heterotroph Oxygen Biology Semester 1 Course Review Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___ 2. L.18.10 What is ATP? a) What do the letters A-T-P mean? b) What is the function of ATP? c) How does ATP perform this function? d) How is ATP produced in the cell? e) Where does ATP store energy? 3. L.18.8 Describe the process of cellular respiration? a) Write the word equation for cellular respiration. b) What are the reactants (the substances that are needed)? c) What are the products (the substances that are produced)? d) Other than in the cytoplasm, where does cellular respiration occur (name the organelle) ? e) Explain why cellular respiration is an AEROBIC process. 4. What is ANAEROBIC respiration? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Describe how and where the following examples of anaerobic respiration occur: a) lactic acid fermentation b) alcoholic fermentation 6. L.18.7 Describe the process of photosynthesis? a) Write the word equation for photosynthesis. b) What are the reactants (the substances that are needed)? c) What are the products (the substances that are produced)? d) Where in the cell does photosynthesis occur? e) Fill in the words for reactants and products on this drawing of a leaf: 7. L.18.9 Explain how photosynthesis is different from cellular respiration? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. Explain why cellular respiration is dependent on photosynthesis? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Honors Extensions P.10.1 9. Define the following and describe how they relate to chemical processes in the cell: a. First Law of Thermodynamics: ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ b. Second Law of Thermodynamics _______________________________________________________________________________ Biology Semester 1 Course Review c. d. Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___ Anabolic ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Catabolic_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ UNIT 5: MENDELIAN GENETICS 1. Define the following: a. Alleles b. Chromosome c. Codominance d. Diploid e. Dominant trait f. Genes g. Genotype: h. Haploid i. Heredity j. k. l. m. n. o. p. Heterozygous Homologous Homozygous Incomplete dominance Law of Independent Assortment Law of Segregation Multiple alleles q. r. s. t. u. v. w. Mutation Pathogen Pedigree Phenotype Polygenic traits Recessive trait Sex-linked Traits 2. L.16.1 In guinea pigs, the allele for rough coat (R) is dominant over the allele for smooth coat (r). A heterozygous guinea pig and a homozygous recessive guinea pig have 1 offspring. What is the chance that offspring will have a smooth coat? Create a Punnett Square in the space below as part of your explanation. 3. Cross a mouse that has heterozygous black fur, homozygous red eyes with a homozygous white fur, heterozygous black eyes mouse (dominant traits – black fur and black eyes). Use the above cross to provide phenotypic information below. a. Black fur, Black eyes : __________% b. Black fur, Black red : __________% c. d. White fur, Black eyes: ___________% White fur, Red eyes: ___________% Biology Semester 1 Course Review Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___ 4. L.16.2 It has been discovered that the blue skin color of Smurfs is a recessive trait (bb). Lately some Smurfs have been born with white skin. It appears that white skin is a dominant trait (B). In addition to skin color, many Smurfs have curly hair. Curley hair is an incomplete dominant trait as the genotype for curly hair is (Cc); straight hair is CC and frizzy hair is recessive (cc). If you cross the two parents below, what is the probability of having a white Smurf child with curly hair? a. Parent 1: CcBb b. Parent 2: ccbb 5. What is the probability that a couple will have a color-blind female if the mom is a carrier and the dad is color blind? 6. Incomplete and Complete Dominance Check a. In which type of inheritance does the offspring display characteristics of both parents? ______________________________ b. In which type of inheritance does the offspring display a blend of traits from the parents? ______________________________ 7. Coat color in cows is inherited as a codominant pattern. If you mate two CWCB bovine, what will the offspring look like? 8. The various blood types provide examples of 2 distinct inheritance patterns. What are the 2 patterns and the examples of those patterns? 9. Multiple Alleles: A woman with Type O blood and a man who is Type AB have are expecting a child. What are the possible blood types of the kid? 10. Give 2 examples of common polygenetic traits Biology Semester 1 Course Review Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___ 11. HE.912.C.1.4 List 4 common environmental mutagens and explain how they affect genes a. b. c. 12. Refer to the pedigree above to answer the following questions: a. Which person is most likely to develop symptoms of the disease that is tracked in the pedigree? b. According to the pedigree, identify the individual in Generation II who is a carrier of the disease but has no offspring? 13. Examine the pedigrees and determine the MOST probable mode of inheritance for each one 8. Explain how environmental factors can reduce or increase a person’s risk of developing cancer? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________