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Download Packet 12 - Pascack Valley Regional High School District
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Packet #12 Post Classical Era: Islam 600-1450 Packet #12 In this Packet you will learn about: The Birth of Islam This does NOT include the second flowering of Islam Resource: Traditions and Encounters Islam arose in the Arabian Peninsula, and the new religion faithfully reflected the social and cultural conditions of its homeland. Desert covers most of the peninsula, and agriculture is possible only in the well-watered area of Yemen in the south and in a few other places, such as the city of Medina, where oases provide water. Nomadic peoples known as Bedouin kept herds of sheep, goats, and camels, migrating through the deserts to find grass and water for their animals. They were organized in family and clan groups. Clan identities survived for centuries after the appearance of Islam Arabia figured prominently in the long-distance trade networks of the postclassical era. Commodities arrived at ports on the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea After the third century Arabia became an increasingly important link in trade between China and India and Persia and Byzantium. With the weakening of classical empires, trade routes across central Asia had become insecure. Merchants abandoned the overland routes in favor of sea-lanes connecting with land routes in the Arabian Peninsula. Trade passing across the peninsula was especially important for the city of Mecca which became an important site of fairs and a stopping point for caravan traffic. Islam arose in the Arabian peninsula Extremely tribal—religious melting pot Reflected the social and cultural conditions of its homeland The epicenter of post classical long distance trade. Arabia—important link in trade between China and India in the east and Persia nad Byzantium in the west Muhammad The prophet Muhammad was born into the family of Bedouins and merchants. Packet #12 Born in 570 c.e. his family was prominent in the merchant class in Mecca By age thirty Muhammad had established himself as a merchant. He lived comfortably. He was influenced by Christianity and Judaism Spiritual Transformation: about 610 c.e. he approached the age of frty. Muhammad underwent a profound spiritual experience that transformed his life and left a deep mark on world history. Experience made him believe that there was only one true god, Allah. He experienced visions Believed the archangel Gabriel (messenger angel) instructed him to explain his views to others about Allah. The written versions of Muhammad’s revelations is written in the Quran (recitation), the holy book of Islam. His growing popularity in Mecca brought him into conflict with the ruling elites at Mecca. Muhammad’s insistence that Allah was the only divine power in the universe struck many polytheistic Arabs as offensive. Muhammad also attacked idolatry (he was against the purchase of shrines for profit) Hijra: Muhammad fled to their new home (Medina-city of the prophet). This is the hijra or migration. This begins the starting point of the Islamic calendar. Umma: community of the faithful. Muhammad lived in the community. He provided the legal and social code. He held Hebrew and Christian scriptures in high esteem and accepted the notion of monotheism Muhammad’s return to Mecca: Muhammad always wanted to return to Mecca In 630 they attacked Mecca and conquered the city. The forced the elites to adopt Muhammad’s faith, and they imposed a government dedicated to Allah. They also destroyed the pagan shrines and replaced them with mosques, buildings that sought to instill a sense of sacredness and community where Muslims gathered for prayers. Muhammad and his followers launched campaigns against other towns and Bedouin clans, and by the time of the prophet’s death in 632, they had brought most of Arabia under their control Packet #12 Five Pillars: 1. Muslims bust acknowledge Allah as the only god and Muhammad as the prophet. 2. They must pray to Allah five times a day facing Mecca. 3. They must observe fast during the daylight hours of the month of Ramadan. 4. They must contribute to alms for the poor. 5. The must undertake the hajj- the pilgrimage to Mecca. Sharia: Islamic holy law o Emerged during the centuries after Muhammad and offered detailed guidance on proper behavior o It offered guidance on marriage and family life, inheritance, slavery, business etc. it became the political authority of the of Islam. o Islam was a way of life Dar al Islam: the community of Muslim people. Political: After Muhammad’s death the Islamic community might well have unraveled and disappeared. He made no provision for a successor Disagreements in the community on the next leader. The Caliph: inconceivable that another prophet could succeed Muhammad. o Abu Bakr—close friend of the prophet and most devoted disciple. He became the head of the state for the Islamic community o Many people wanted Ali—Muhammad’s son in law to be leader. o Abu Bakr became head of state for the Islamic community and umma (community of the faithful) o Struggle to name successors intensified o Sunni and Shia Sects emerged o Sunni Muslims: caliphs were rightful political and military leaders, chosen by the Islamic community (Abu Bakr a rightly guided Caliph) o Shia Muslims: leaders should be blood relatives of Muhammad, descended from Ali and his son Husayn (cousin and son in law of Muhammad) Ali served as Caliph from 656-661; assassinated along with much of his family line Packet #12 Umayyads: o After the assassination of Ali, the Umayyad Dynasty was established. o Part of the merchant clans of Mecca o Sunni sect o Temporarily solved problem of succession o Umayyads ranked among most prominent of the Meccan merchant clans o Moved capital to Damascus in Syria— central location o Believed in Arab military aristocracy o Conquered Jews, Christians, Persians, Indians, Greeks, Mesopotamians etc. o Allowed them to view own religious practices o Imposed a jizya—tax on non Muslims o Umayyads favored the Arab elites—caused resentment o Caliphs became alienated form other Arabs Too devoted to luxurious living than leadership of the umma Fierce resistance of Shia and conquered peoples Abbasids Founder: Abu al-Abbas Leader of Persian rebellion vs. Umayyyad Dynasty Descendent of Muhammad’s uncle He was Sunni he allied with Shias and with non Arab Muslims Seized control of Persia and Mesopotamia –shattered Umayyad forces in huge battle Founded Abbasid Dynasty Packet #12 No special favor to Arabs Persians, Egyptians, Mesopotamians and others rose in wealth and power Adopted Persian governmental practices—introduced governors to rule Not a conquering dynasty Did not expand through conquest Dar al Islam (the community of Islam) expanded but not by the Abbasid dynasty Traders/Merchants, others expanded it Central authority (capital Iraq) Became center of banking, commerce, crafts, industry, population Civil War damaged Abbasid authority Disputes over succession became problem Provincial governors took advantage of disorder Abbasids became figureheads The dynasty would be extinguished at the hands of the Mongols in 1258 Jihad Spiritual and moral obligation on Muslims-to conquer vice and evil Muslims to struggle against ignorance and unbelief by spreading the word of Islam and seeking conversions The obligation to take the sword and wage war against unbelievers who threaten Islam Economy Peasant tilled the land and merchants supported a thriving urban economy Traded staple crops along trade routes. Cotton had industrial use: it became the basis of a thriving textile industry Travel and communication in the Dar al-Islam encouraged experimentation with agricultural methods. Cultivators paid close attention to methods of irrigation, fertilization, crop rotation. Information dispersed throughout Arabia. Urbanization: rapid growth of cities: Delhi, Merv, Basra, Baghdad, Damascus, Jerusalem, Cairo. Bustling cities New Industry: Paper manufacturing from China. Packet #12 Overland trade: Much of Islam’s prosperity due to commerce Elaborate trade networks linked all the region of the Islamic world and joined it into a larger economy. Maritime Trade: innovations in nautical technology contributed to a steadily increasing volume of the Indian Ocean. Gold coins standardly used in Islamic trade Social: The Qur’an and women: the Quran and sharia law recognized descent through the male line permit men to take four wives whereas women could only take up one husband. o The Quran and the sharia law provided a religious and legal foundation for a decisively patriarchal society o Veiling: Islam encountered strong patriarchal traditions and Muslims readily adopted long-standing customs like veiling women. Sign of modesty, upper class urban women covered their faces and ventured outside their homes only in the company of servants or chaperones so as to discourage the attention of men. Madrasas: institutions of higher education o By the twelfth century they were in major cities in the Islamic world. Sufis: mystics – many sought a mystical, ecstatic union with Allah relying on sermons. In contrast with Christianity: Christianity: Giving to Caesar with is Caesar’s and to God what is God’s” Early Christians found themselves periodically persecuted by Roman authorities for more than three centuries, requiring them to work out some means of dealing with an often hostile state. The answer lay in the development of a separate church hierarchy and the concept of two coexisting authorities, one religious and one political, an arrangement that persisted even after the state became Christian Muhammad was not only a religious figure but also, unlike Jesus or the Buddha, a political and military leader able to implement his vision of an ideal Islamic society. Packet #12 No professional clergy mediating between God and humankind emerged within Islam, Teachers, religious scholars, prayer leaders, and judges within an Islamic legal system did not have the religious role that priests held within Christianity. No distinction between religious law and civil law, so important in the Christian world, existed within the realm of Islam. One law, the sharia, regulated every aspect of life. The sharia (literally, a path to water, which is the source of life) evolved over the several centuries following the birth of this new religion and found expression in a number of separate schools of Islamic legal practice. Brought PEACE to the WARRING tribes of Arab CHRISTIANITY ISLAM Packet #12 Compare the Spread of Islam to the Following Places: India West Africa Anatolia Please fill out chart based on Textbook reading Chapter 11 Spain Packet #12 SOCIAL POLITICAL ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTAL Vocabulary Packet #12 Medina Mecca Bedouin Muhammad Quran Hijra Umma Five Pillars Hajj Sharia Sunni Shia Dar al Islam Definition Packet #12 Caliph Abu Bakr Umayyad Abbasids Jizya Jihad Madrasas Sufi Islam