Download BIO101 Midterm II Study Guide 03/09/2010

BIO101
Final Exam Study Guide
05/03/2012
The final is comprehensive. Below is a complete list of topics discussed through the
semester. The list starts with the most recent topic covered, Bioengineering. The list then
starts with concepts from midterm I and goes to midterm III.
Bioengineering
1. Use restriction enzymes to cut DNA - given a strand of DNA show where the DNA
would be cut with a restriction enzyme. Chapter 12
2. Predict the outcome of gel electrophoresis on a cut strand of DNA - Show the pattern
formed by DNA in an electrophoresis gel. Chapter 12
3. Use RFLPs (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms) to determine whether two
DNA samples match - determine whether a DNA sample from a suspect matches the
sample found at a crime scene.Chapter 12
4. Link the processes and tools used in genetic engineering to show how GMOs are
created - draw a model showing how genes are inserted into a crop plant Chapter 12
5. Differentiate the different types of biotechnology (DNA profiling, cloning, gene therapy,
transgenic plants and animals (GMOs), recombinant products)- Briefly describe and
show how the following technique(s) are used ... Chapter 12
6. Identify the processes that should limit spread of transgenic genes to weeds - Show how
non-GMO plants can acquire transgenic genes Chapter 12
7. Logically evaluate the efficacy of GMO crops - What are the possible costs and benefits
of GMO crops? As a farmer support your decision. Chapter 12
Chapter 12. DNA Technology and Genomics
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What are restriction enzymes?
What are restriction fragment length polymorphisms and how are they used in DNA
fingerprinting?
How does an electrophoresis gel work?
What is PCR and why is it important?
Course Objectives (midterm 1)
1. Distinguish questions that can be answered scientifically from those that cannot.
Given a question or results from a "study" explain whether the results or question can or
cannot be answered scientifically. chapter 1
2. Identify the pattern of scientific reasoning and investigation. Given a
question/statement, create a testable hypothesis including...
o Null and alternative hypotheses
o Independent and dependent variables
Given an experimental design identify those same elements. Cane toad paper Chapter 1
3. Distinguish the difference among Observations, hypotheses, and theories. Given a
statement identify whether it is an observation, hypothesis or theory. Be prepared to
explain your rational Chapter 1
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Final Exam Study Guide
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4. identify the relationship between births and deaths that result in population change.
given the birth rate and death rate determine whether a population is increasing or
decreasing in size. determine the number of eggs surviving to reproductive age to
maintain a population. chapter 36
5. reproduce/identify exponential and logistic growth curves and all important features
relative to both (including growth phases and carrying capacity). Given a population,
show an expected growth curve and identify the important points in the curve. given a
scenario determine whether the population is under exponential or logistic growth
Chapter 36
6. Identify the intrinsic characteristics of growth (includes r vs k strategies). Given an
organisms life history is it likely an r or K strategist. Given environmental conditions
predict whether r or k strategists are more likely to succeed. for a given r is the population
increasing, decreasing, or stable? Chapter 36
7. distinguish between density dependent and density independent limiting factors.
Given a population list a density dependent and density independent limiting factor. State
whether the factor is biotic or abiotic. Explain your answer. chapter 36
8. Construct a basic carbon and nitrogen model of an ecosystem. Construct a basic model
of an ecosystem including all major reservoirs. Predict the impact of a change in the
nitrogen cycle on the carbon cycle Chapter 37
9. Follow the path of a carbon atom from a consumer to a producer. Trace the path of a
carbon atom from a dead organism through a primary producer and carnivore. Be sure to
show the reservoirs that the carbon atom will pass through. Chapter 37
10. Describe primary productivity and how and what factors that speed or slow
productivity. Given two ecosystems, predict which system will have a higher rate of
primary productivity. Chapter 37
11. Use your understanding of assimilation efficiency to determine the relative energetic
cost of agricultural production. Given a choice of food items select the item that should
take the least solar energy to produce a calorie of energy consumed by a human Chapter
37
12. Predict the charge of an atom based upon its neutrons, protons, and electrons. Given an
element (ie AL+3) and the atomic number and atomic weight, determine the number of
neutrons, protons, and electrons. Similarly, given the number of electrons and protons,
give the charge of the atom. Chapter 2
13. Predict whether a substance is polar or non-polar Given a chemical structure,
determine whether a substance is polar or non-polar Chapter 2
14. Predict whether a substance will dissolve in a polar or non-polar substrate Given a
substance predict whether the compound is likely to dissolve in oil or water Chapter 2
15. Describe the difference between covalent, ionic and hydrogen bonds. Given a specific
bond in a substance identify the type of bond formed and it's relative strength (ie. is it
likely to come apart when dissolved in water?) Chapter 2
16. Predict the orientation of molecules given their chemical properties. Given a
compound with both a polar and non-polar potion, predict the orientation of the chemical
in oil and water Chapter 2
17. Describe the special properties of water. Explain why water is both an excellent
solvent and why it has water tension Chapter 2
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BIO101
Final Exam Study Guide
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18. Identify the components/monomers of the four basic macromolecules found in living
organisms. Identify the monomer of a given class of compound. Chapter 3
19. Identify the process used to add and remove monomers from the four basic
macromolecules found in living organisms. What role does water play in the synthesis
and catalysis of carbohydrates ? Given the structure of two monomers, show how they
would connect using dehydration synthesis. Chapter 3
20. Identify the different roles for each of the four basic macromolecules found in living
organisms. Given a function of a cell predict which class of compound is required to
carry out that function. Also determine the possible consequences for the loss of a given
class of chemical. Chapter 3
21. Identify the different roles for enzymes in a living organism and the importance of
structure on the role of enzymes. Predict the effect of a change in the pH on the
function of a given cellular process. Chapter 3
Part II: Chapter questions
Chapter 1. The process of science
 What is the process of science?
 What questions can (and cannot) be answered through science?
 Use criteria for to evaluate the quality of evidence
 Identify questions that can be addressed through the process of science.
 Identify the pattern of scientific reasoning and investigation
 Distinguish between hypotheses and theories
 Create a null and alternative hypothesis
 Identify dependent and independent variables.
 Interpret evidence (figures graphs, as in cane toad paper) remember p-value
Chapter 36. Population Ecology
 How does removal of a predator affect carrying capacity?
 Predict the effect of limits on population size and individual reproduction and survival.
 Predict the effect of wildlife management on deer populations.
 Determine whether limits to population growth are
1. Density-Dependent or Density-Independent
2. Biotic or Abiotic.
Chapter 37. Carbon and Nutrient Cycle
 Imagine a food chain in a forest ecosystem. What are the organisms in your forest
ecosystem at each level of the food chain listed in section 37.8? You should be able to
rearrange them into a food web. Does the rearrangement make it more difficult to classify
the organisms by trophic level? How stable do you think the food web is compared to the
food chain (think about missing links)? Are there any keystone species in your model?
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Which uses more sunlight/land, eating beef or eating grain? Why? Think about primary
production, food chains and the trophic pyramid.
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Final Exam Study Guide
05/03/2012
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What does a scientist mean by a reservoir when discussing cycles? Where is the largest
reservoir in the a) carbon, b) phosphorous, and c) nitrogen cycle? Look up the chemical
equations for photosynthesis and respiration. You should be able to identify them in the
carbon cycle.
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In population ecology we discussed when a population would grow and when it would
get smaller. If there were more births than deaths the population grew. What is the
relationship between photosynthesis and respiration in the carbon cycle? When would the
atmospheric reservoir increase and when would it decrease?
Chapter 2. Basic chemistry
 Think about the role of protons, neutrons, and electrons in determining the properties of
elements. What makes carbon, carbon? Why do some atoms have a charge? What is the
difference in the different isotopes of carbon (carbon-12, carbon-13, carbon-14)?
 The number of electrons that an element has helps determine the number and type of
bonds that an element can make. How many bonds are H, C, N, and O likely to make?
 What is the difference between ionic, covalent and hydrogen bonds? What makes water
so very good at making hydrogen bonds? Keep an eye out for hydrogen bonds later as we
talk about biological molecules/polymers.
Chapter 3. Biochemistry
 How many covalent bonds do carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen usually make?
 What is hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis? What biological compounds use these
reactions?
 What are polysaccharides made of? What do cells use them for?
 Can you identify a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid? What trait do fats/lipids have that
most other biological compounds don't have?
 How do proteins shape and amino acids affect it's function? What role do hydrogen
bonds have in the shape and reactivity of proteins?
 What kind of bond holds the two strands of DNA together? What are the nucleotides in a
DNA molecule? What are the nucleotides in RNA?
Course Objectives (midterm II)
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Identify saturated and unsaturated fatty acids based upon their chemical structure. Given the chemical
structure of a fatty acid identify it as a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid Chapter 3
Predict the properties of saturated and unsaturated fats based upon their structure. Given an triglyceride
determine whether it is likely a solid or liquid Chapter 3
Distinguish between trans-fats and cis-fats. Draw a 6 carbon cis-fatty acid. Chapter 3
Identify the vital role that ATP plays in the cell and predict consequences from its loss. Given a cell, determine
whether it requires ATP. Chapters 5, 6
Predict when cellular respiration would be reduced and connect to its role in the cell. Which organelle performs
cellular respiration? Determine how the loss of cellular respiration would affect cell function Chapter 6
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BIO101
Final Exam Study Guide
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27.
Predict when photosynthesis would be reduced and connect to its role in the cell. Which organelle performs
photosynthesis? Determine how the loss of photosynthesis would affect cell function. Chapter 7
28.
Use the role and components of cell membranes to determine the effect of a change/loss in a component to a
change/loss of function. What functions would be lost if a cell membrane had no proteins? Chapter 4, 5, 11
29.
Use the connection of genes ⇒ trait to help construct diagrams and predict outcomes of change in a
cell/organism. Given a gene, determine the effect of adding that gene to an existing genome, removing the gene, or
altering the gene. (note: this will link with later objectives) Chapters 10, 11 and throughout
30.
Predict the role of cell organelles/components for a given purpose. what effect would removal of a given cell
component have on a given cellular function? If a process is not working properly, suggest an organelle that may not
be functioning properly. Why? chapter 4, 5, 6, 7
31.
Connect all the functions and organelles of a cell through signal transduction. Chapter 11 as well as others
o Build and test a signal transduction pathway.
o Do the results of an experiment (GFP or knockout) support or not support a model of signal
transduction? How?
o Given a signal transduction model, design an experiment to test the model and provide results if the
model is supported and if it is not supported. How?
32.
Track the process of protein synthesis and identify the steps (transcription and translation) -Draw the process of
protein synthesis as part of signal transduction identifying the components and processes. chapter 10
33.
What are the components of DNA (nucleotides) and RNA (nucleotides) and how do these two molecules differ
in structure and function? chapter 10
34.
Show the products of mitosis and meiosis - draw daughter cells resulting from meiosis and mitosis for cells
with 2n=4, 6, or 8. Make sure that you have both the proper number and proper potential chromosomes in each
cell.chapter 8
35.
Identify the cells that go through meiosis and mitosis - Given a list of cells identify which cells go through
meiosis. chapter 8
36.
Differentiate genotype and phenotype. - Given the type of inheritance of a trait, and the genotype, give the
phenotype. Given the phenotype, and the mode of inheritance, give the possible genotypes. Chapter 9
37.
Link meiosis and genetics by showing the results of meiosis and mitosis on genotype. - Show the daughter cells
formed through meiosis where a dominant and recessive gene are clearly identified. Show all possible genotypes
using a punnet square. Full credit requires all possible combinations of alleles with the correct probabilities. chapter
8&9
38.
Link molecular genetics to Mendalian genetics by predicting the presence and effect of alleles resulting
in dominant, recessive and incomplete dominant traits. - Predict whether a gene is recessive or dominant based
upon how it is expressed. If you have the effect of each allele you should be able to predict whether the genes are
expressed. give an example of a recessive allele, dominant allele, and mixed dominance allele. chapter 9
o What does it mean if I say that parkinsons is a recessive trait? what genotypes would carry the
phenotype? be able to do this with any recessive trait.
o What does it mean if I say that parkinsons is a dominant trait? what genotypes would carry the
phenotype? be able to do this with any dominant trait.
o What does it mean if I say that parkinsons is a incomplete dominance trait? what genotypes would carry
the phenotype? be able to do this with any incomplete dominance trait.
o Given the genotypes TT, Tt, and Tt what would the phenotypes be if the trait was 1) dominant, 2)
recessive, 3) incomplete dominance? You should be able to do this regardless of the name of the trait.
o Given the genotype of the parents, predict the probability of occurrence for their progeny
39.
Differentiate between heterozygous and homozygous - given the genotypes, determine if the individual is
heterozygous or homozygous. Then use that information combined with the type of trait (dominant, recessive,
incomplete dominant) to determine the phenotype. chapter 9
40.
Determine whether a human karyotype indicates a genetic disorder by looking at the number of
chromosomes chapter 8
Part II: Chapter questions ( 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11)
Chapter 4. Parts of the cell (also includes information from chapter 3)
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What role do each of the cell components play in the cell? Be ready to predict the consequences if a cell
component is missing or not working properly.
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BIO101
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Final Exam Study Guide
05/03/2012
What role do the macromolecules (lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates) play in each of the cell
components.
Chapter 5. Enzymes and membranes
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What role does ATP play in the cell?
What actions require ATP?
What are enzymes made out of?
What do enzymes do in the cell? What affects enzyme function (think back to the last midterm)?
What are membranes made out of?
What role do membranes play for the cell (see the chapter summary as well as thinking about
signal transduction)
Chapter 6&7. Respiration and photosynthesis
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What are the organelles involved in cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
What are the reactants and end products of cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
What cells do cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
Chapter 8. Mitosis and Meiosis
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What are the results of meiosis and mitosis (ie possible chromosomes, number of daughter cells)?
Which cells undergo cellular fission, mitosis and meiosis?
What is a karyotype and how would you use a karyotype to detect a chromosomal disorder?
I will not focus on the steps of mitosis and meiosis, but instead on the end results.
We will discuss this chapter more when we discuss sources of variation. (crossing over, jumping
genes)
Chapter 9. Mendelian genetics
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How are traits inherited from ones parents (connect meiosis with fertilization)?
What are dominant, recessive, and incomplete dominant traits?
Know and be able to apply some basic terminology (homologous chromosomes, homozygous,
heterozygous, phenotype, genotype, etc)
Determine the probability of all phenotypes given the genotypes of parents.
Chapter 10. Molecular genetics: making proteins
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What are the components of DNA and RNA?
What are the different types of RNA (mRNA, rRNA, tRNA)?
How does DNA code for proteins? (process of transcription and translation)
o How does the code for a protein move from DNA to the final protein?
o What is the role of ribosomes?
What are the different types of proteins? (note: part of variation section. May not be included in
this midterm)
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BIO101
Final Exam Study Guide
05/03/2012
Chapter 11. Molecular genetics: genetic control
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What is the role of an promotor in transcription?
How does a cell respond to an environmental stimulus (signal transduction)?
What is the consequence of a malfunctioning signal transduction pathway?
We will discuss clones and molecular engineering later, so keep this in mind as you study this
chapter.
Course Objectives (midterm III)
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54.
Explain why a change in DNA can result in a change in traits. - given a strand of mRNA that
codes for a trait, what possible effects could a point mutation have on the expressed trait? Chapter 10
Identify and create the three types and four effects of mutations. - given a strand of mRNA and
a mutated strand of mRNA, identify the type of mutation that occurred.Chapter 10
Predict the amino acid sequence from a strand of mRNA, given the codon table. - - given a
strand of mRNA and a codon table, show the resulting protein sequence. Remember to correctly
identify the start and stop codons.Chapter 10
Use a string of mRNA to show the effect of different mutation types on the resulting amino
acid sequence. - given a strand of mRNA, draw out a new strand of mRNA illustrating each of the
mutation types and their effects.Chapter 10
What is the ultimate source of variation in organisms? - question linked to evolution in future
sections, but should be able to identify mutation as an ultimate source of variation in a given
scenario. Chapter 10
What is the difference between artificial and natural selection? - given a scenario identify the type
of selection occurring (note this will expand to more than natural and artificial in future
classes)chapter 13
What is the definition of evolution? - given a scenario, is evolution occurring? (requires a change in
allele frequency) chapter 13
Identify selective agents - Given a scenario, what is the selective agent or given a change in traits,
propose a possible selective agent.Chapter 13
Predict the outcome of selection based on fitness - 1) given information on the fitness of
individuals in a population, predict how traits are likely to change in the next generation 2) given a
scenario, predict which of the individuals are the most fit chapter 13
What is the definition of a species - given a scenario, identify whether the two organisms are the
same or different species based upon the different definitions of a species Chapter 14
What is the definition of a species - given a scenario, identify whether the two organisms are the
same or different species based upon the different definitions of a species Chapter 14
What is the effect of unconscious selection - 1) describe a scenario where unconscious selection is
taking place. 2) predict the effect of unconscious selection on a population and its implications.
Chapter 13, 14
Identify the link between mutation and natural selection. - explain how an organism adapts to
environmental pressure (ie including but not limited to antibiotics). The answer should illustrate
your understanding that mutation Chapter 13
Interpret evidence of evolution and apply that knowledge to your daily decisions. - 1) use of
antibiotics as a mother, physician, farmer, 2) establishment of wildlife policy (ie
hunting/fishing)Chapter 13, 14
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BIO101
Final Exam Study Guide
05/03/2012
55. Propose a mechanism for speciation incorporating environmental changes, selection, and the
development of reproductive barriers. - use a scenario to explain the process of speciation Chapter
14, 15
56. Build and interpret a phylogenetic tree using parsimony - 1) given a phylogenetic tree determine
which species are most closely related 2) identify common ancestors on a phylogenetic tree 3)
construct a phylogenetic tree given traits and the out group Chapter 15
57. Identify different evolutionary processes (genetic drift, bottleneck effect, founder effect, gene flow,
and natural selection) - given a scenario, identify the type of evolutionary process occurring 2)
describe a process illustrating a given evolutionary process. Chapter 14
58.
What is the effect of unconscious selection - 1) describe a scenario where unconscious
selection is taking place. 2) predict the effect of unconscious selection on a population and
its implications.Chapter 13, 14
Part II: Chapter questions (10, 13, 14, 15)
Chapter 10. Molecular genetics: making proteins
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What are the components of DNA and RNA?
What are the different types of RNA (mRNA, rRNA, tRNA)?
How does DNA code for proteins? (process of transcription and translation)
o What is a codon?
o How does the code for a protein move from DNA to the final protein?
o What is the role of ribosomes?
o Read a codon table (note do not memorize the codon table) (note: part of variation
section. May not be included in this midterm)
How would a mutation affect a protein? (note: part of variation section. May not be included in
this midterm)
What are the different types of proteins? (note: part of variation section. May not be included in
this midterm)
Chapter 13. How Populations Evolve
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Before we started the section on evolution we were concerned with sources of
variation. Why is variation important for natural selection?
Read the observations and inferences made by Darwin concerning Natural Selection.
Where does Meiosis fit in? How does genetics play a role in fitness? Do all organisms
born have the same likelihood of survival? Is the survival of an individual likely to be
based upon its traits?
What is the gene pool? How does it relate to evolution?
Other than Natural Selection, what processes can alter gene frequencies? What is the
fundamental distinction between Natural selection and these other processes?
What are stabilizing, disruptive and directional selection? How would you determine
the type of selection a population was under?
What limits natural selection?
Predict the effect of selection on phenotype given fitness data.
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BIO101
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Final Exam Study Guide
05/03/2012
Identify and create scenarios illustrating different types of selection
Determine whether a population is evolving
Chapter 14. The Origin of Species
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What are the different ways that scientists define species? Although species classified by
one definition are usually also defined by the other methods, there are exceptions. Try to
think of examples of organisms that might be classified differently depending upon the
species definition used. Use your imagination.
Speciation occurs when a barrier separates populations within a species. What are the
different methods described in the book? In addition to the examples in the book, try to
think of other possible examples.
When would adaptive radiation occur? How does is this process related to the founder
effect and bottlenecks?
Chapter 15. Tracing Evolution
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Identify the link between mutation and natural selection.
Interpret evidence of evolution and apply that knowledge to your daily purchase
decisions.
Propose a mechanism for speciation incorporating environmental changes, selection, and
the development of reproductive barriers.
Build a phylogenetic tree using parsimony
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