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Chapter 7: Ancient Rome Notes 1. Roman Republic and Beginnings: - founded by twin brothers Romulus and Remus - settled on seven hills, along banks of Tiber river (easy to defend, fertile soil) - Republic- Most powerful was senate, made up of patricians, - Plebians (ordinary citizens, wanted respect and equal treatment) - End of Republic, because of fighting, Julius Caesar came to power as dictator - Too much power, and he was murdered by senators (March 15, 44 B.C.- "Ides of March") 2. The Roman Empire - After Caesar Augustus came to power- Rome's empire from Britain to Mesopatamia - Created provinces in their empire, each with a governor, conquered people remained free - After Augustus died, good and bad rulers (Caligula, Nero) - Age of 5 Good Rulers- Hadrian was the best, Marcus Aurelius last 3. Daily Life of Ancient Romans - rich - had country estates (villas), - poor- lived in apartment houses, no running water, jobless, lots of fires in Rome, very dirty, poor ate a lot of bread, ,wheat beg for food - all enjoyed the games at Colosseum (circuses- fighting people, gladiators, animals) - Family life- strong family values, gov't rewarded parents who had many children, father had absolute power, women's role depended on wealth (more money more freedom) - Slaves- slaves almost no rights, part of homes, farms, army 4. Roman Achievements - Architecture and Technology- ideas from Greece, used arches (Pantheon), invented concrete, - Bulit Colosseum (50,000 people, used for fighting, and ship battles), Circus Maximus for chariot racing, aqueducts, - Roman roads- "All roads lead to Rome" - Roman Law- an early form of the Bill of Rights (Justinian Code), have to face your accusers, "Beyond a shadow of doubt" 5. Mt. Vesuvius and Pompeii - Mt. Vesuvius erupted in 79 A.D.- buried the cities of Pompeii and Herculeaneam - Warning signs came for years before - People believed this was the anger of the Roman Gods - Pompeii was discovered March 23, 1748, excavations still continuing today - Pliny the Younger was a live witness who wrote down what he saw 6. Christianity - Believed in only 1 true God, God is loving and forgiving, holy book is the Bible - Romans allowed them to practice own religion, but as opposition to Rome grew, Rome became fearful and punished them - Jesus’ teachings alarmed many people, Roman ruler condemned Jesus to death - Christianity spread all over, Christians refused to worship Roman Gods - Nero began first part of persecuting Christians (sent them to their death, such as Colosseum) - Many Romans began to admire the Christians, eventually they adopted it as the official religion 7. Fall of Rome - trouble began with Commodus, savage ruler, very bad - One reason- after Commodus, rulers were weak and corrupt (stole money, economy fell, gov't crumbled) - Second reason- size of the empire was too big, could not rule from one place - Third Reason- stop conquering, no new money coming in, heavy taxes and food was scarce, gov't produced more money but it was of less value (inflation) - Consatantine took over and proclaimed Christianity the religion, moved capital to Byzantium, after he died Rome fell apart