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Ecology Refresher
This packet will quickly go over some of the basic topics in chapters 4, 5 and 8 in your textbook. The
remaining topics will be covered during other class time.
There are five levels of organization in Ecology. They are in order from largest to smallest:
Biosphere, Ecosystem, Community, Population, Organism (BECPO).
Biosphere 
Biosphere
Land ecosystems are classified as . . . .
Aquatic ecosystems are classified as . . . .
Ecosystem
Ecotone 
Ecosy
stem
Land
zone
Transition zone
Number
of species
Species in land zone
Species in aquatic
Specieszone
in
transition
zone only
Important abiotic factors include . . .
Range of tolerance 
Aquatic
zone
Biotic components of an Ecosystem
_____ converts solar energy to chemical energy
A. secondary consumers
_____ recycle organic matter in ecosystems
B.
producers
_____ feed on dead organisms
C.
herbivores
_____ feed on other consumers
D. decomposers
_____ autotrophs
E.
tertiary consumers
_____ produces energy using food and oxygen
F.
photosynthesis
_____ primary consumers
G.
consumers
_____ produces energy only using food
H. carnivores
_____ makes food without using sunlight
I.
omnivores
_____ feed on primary consumers
J.
aerobic respiration
_____ heterotrophs
K.
detritus feeders
_____ eat plants and animals
L.
scavengers
_____ take nutrients from partly decomposed matter
M. chemosynthesis
_____ consume secondary consumers
N. anaerobic respiration
Thoroughly review food chains, food webs, ecological efficiency, energy
pyramids, biomass pyramids, and number pyramids. (Chapter 4-4)
Gross primary productivity (GPP) 
Where is it high?
Where is it low?
Net primary productivity (NPP) 
NPP = GPP - ____________
Where is it high?
Where is it low?
What area produces most of the Earth’s NPP? Why?
Community 
Community
Population 
Population
An organism is any form of life. Is the organism in
the picture eukaryotic or prokaryotic? Explain.
Organism
Organisms that are alike in genetic makeup and can together produce fertile offspring are
classified as a species.
Niche 
Fundamental niche 
Realized niche 
Generalist species 
Specialist species 
Native species 
Nonnative species 
What are other names for a nonnative species?
Indicator species 
Why are frogs a good indicator species?
Why are trout a good indicator species?
Identify the three types of symbiosis and describe two complete examples for each one.
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