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Biology 2121 – Chapter Objectives
Chapter 3 – Cells
1. Know the four basic statements relating to the cell theory.
2. Be able to identify the basic parts of a cell.
3. Be able to identify and describe the important characteristics and functions of the
following cell organelles
 Mitochondria
 Lysosomes
 Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
 Golgi apparatus
 Centrioles
 Peroxisome
4. Identify and describe the characteristics and functions of each part of the nucleus
 Nuclear pores
 Nucleolus
 Chromatin
 Nuclear envelope or membrane
5. Be able to identify and describe the important characteristics and functions of a cell
membrane
 Why it is referred to as a fluid mosaic model
 Know the location and functions of the following parts
o Glycocalyx
o Cholesterol
o Integral and peripheral proteins
o Cytoskeleton
o Phospholipid bilayer
 Know the chemical characteristics of the phospholipid bilayer (polar, nonpolar,
hydrophilic, hydrophobic, etc)
 Know the various functions of the membrane proteins
o Transport
o Intercellular joining
o Cell to cell recognition
o Attachment to the cytoskeleton
o Enzyme activity
 Know the roles of the following specialized structures
o Microvilli
o Tight junction components
 desmonsomes
o The gap junction
6. Know the following concerning cell transport
 Why the membrane is referred to as selectively permeable
 Passive vs active process
 Osmosis vs diffusion
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What is simple diffusion? Examples
What is facilitated diffusion? Examples
Distinguish between a channel membrane protein and a protein carrier
(examples)
What is osmolarity? How does it affect osmosis?
What is the difference between hydrostatic and osmotic pressure? How do these
affect the process of osmosis?
Distinguish between the three types of tonicity situations below; how animal or
human cells are affected by each.
o Isotonic
o Hypertonic
o hypotonic
Use the sodium-potassium pump to describe how the process of active transport
works
o Distinguish between primary and secondary active transport and give
examples
What is meant by vesicular transport? What is a vesicle made of?
Distinguish between exocytosis and endocytosis.
How does pinocytosis differ from the two processes above?
7. What is the resting membrane potential of a cell membrane? How is it determined?
8. What is the role of CAMS in cells?
9. What is a ligand? How is it related to chemical signaling
 Use neurotransmitters as examples
10. State the general characteristics of the cytoplasm of a cell
11. Distinguish between cilia and flagella
 Describe several functions of cilia in the body
12. Identify and describe the what occurs in each part of the cell cycle
13. Identify and describe the events of each phase in mitosis.
 Make sure you know the significance of cytokinesis
14. Identify and describe the steps that result in DNA replication
 Know why it is called semi-conservative replication
 Role of DNA polymerase and helicase
15. Describe the events that take place in transcription
16. Describe the events that take place in translation – protein synthesis
17. Know the roles of each of the following RNAs in transcription and translation
 tRNA; mRNA; rRNA
18. What is a codon? Anticodon? Roles in Protein Synthesis.
19. Know how a polypeptide is formed
 Peptide bonding, etc.
20. Use the universal genetic code to translate codons into amino acids
21. Distinguish between an intron and exon of RNA. Why is this important?
22. Be able to reproduce a strand of DNA (DNA replication)
23. Be able to transcribe a strand of mRNA from DNA (transcription)
You do not need to cover the following:
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Other roles of DNA
Cytosolic Protein Degradation
Extracellular material
Developmental Aspects