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HO3 CH. 20/21 EXAM: PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION True/False Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Shoots consist of stems and leaves. The outer protective layer of tissue on a vascular plant is known as the meristem. The loss of water by transpiration at the leaves helps pull water into the plant at the roots. The rate of water absorption in roots is influenced by the amount of water lost through transpiration. Stomata are important regulators in photosynthesis. In a plant, sugar moves from where it is made to where it is needed, through the lenticels. The movement of sugar in a plant is called transpiration. The transport of organic molecules from a leaf to the rest of the plant is called translocation. Pollination results from the fusion of male and female gametes. Seeds are a mechanism of survival for plants. In flowering plants, the embryos of monocots have two cotyledons. Pollen is produced in the tip of the stamen, an area called the sepal. The purpose of petals is to attract pollinators such as birds and insects. The lower portion of the pistil produces pollen. Incomplete flowers consist of sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil. The fusion of a sperm with two nuclei in the ovule produces the endosperm of a seed. Double fertilization has great survival value because each new generation carries its own initial source of nutrition. All plants can only reproduce by sexual reproduction. Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. The diagram below shows the stem of a coleus plant. ____ 19. Refer to the illustration above. The tissue labeled A in the diagram is called a. meristem. c. phloem. b. xylem. d. ground tissue. ____ 20. Refer to the illustration above. In the diagram, the tissue labeled B, which conducts water and is made of elongated cells that connect end to end, is called a. meristem. c. phloem. b. xylem. d. ground tissue. ____ 21. Refer to the illustration above. In the diagram, the tissue labeled C, which transports sugars from regions where they are made, to regions where they are used, is called a. meristem. c. phloem. b. xylem. d. ground tissue. The diagram below shows a leaf cross section. ____ 22. Refer to the illustration above. The vein illustrated is made up of a. only xylem vessels. c. both xylem and phloem vessels. b. only phloem vessels. d. neither xylem nor phloem vessels. ____ 23. Refer to the illustration above. Structure A a. is the cuticle. b. protects the leaf. c. d. covers the epidermis. All of the above Completion Complete each sentence or statement. 24. In leaves, the expansion and contraction of the guard cells regulate the opening and closing of the ____________________. 25. The surface of a vascular plant is covered by a waxy, waterproof layer called a(n) ____________________. 26. One of the first environmental challenges that early land plants had to overcome was finding a way to conserve ____________________. 27. Nonvascular plants transport materials within their bodies through the process of ____________________. 28. Vascular tissues are specialized cells that move ____________________, nutrients, and other materials through the plant body. 29. True roots, stems, and leaves are associated with ____________________ plants. 30. The ____________________ ____________________ is the protective cover that surrounds a seed. 31. In order for seeds to sprout, environmental conditions must be ____________________. 32. A flower is a(n) ____________________ structure that produces pollen and seeds. 33. Appendages on seeds are an important adaptation that aid in ____________________. 34. Because flowering plants are rooted in the ground and cannot move from place to place, they must disperse their ____________________ so that their offspring can grow in new environments. 35. A(n) ____________________ is a specialized structure that develops from an ovule and serves to protect a plant embryo from harsh conditions. 36. The tissues that transport water and minerals within a plant make up the ____________________ system. 37. ____________________ are zones of actively dividing plant cells that produce plant growth. 38. Angiosperms are ultimately the source of much of our ____________________. 39. Many fruits are spread by ____________________ that are attracted to sweet, fleshy fruits, which they use for food. 40. Gymnosperms are pollinated through ____________________, which makes sexual reproduction possible even during dry conditions. 41. ____________________ are seed plants whose seeds do not develop within a sealed container (fruit). 42. A plant that has flower parts that occur in fours or fives or multiples of four or five is a(n) ____________________. 43. A fern is an example of a(n) ____________________ vascular plant. 44. Fruit is a characteristic associated only with ____________________. 45. The structure labeled X in the diagram above is called the ____________________. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. The structure labeled c in the diagram above is called the ____________________. The structure labeled f in the diagram above is called the ____________________. The structure labeled b in the diagram above is called the ____________________. The flower in the diagram above is an example of a(n) ____________________ flower. Flowers are a source of ____________________ for pollinators. The transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma is known as ____________________. In angiosperms, seeds develop from the ____________________ after an egg has been fertilized. The seeds of angiosperms are enclosed in ____________________. The event in which one sperm fertilizes an egg and a second sperm fuses with two nuclei is called ____________________ ____________________. Many of the structures by which plants reproduce vegetatively are modified ____________________. ____________________ tissue forms the protective outer layer of a plant. Dermal tissue also functions in ____________________ ____________________ as well as in the absorption of mineral nutrients. The ____________________ of plants absorb water and minerals necessary for growth. As water evaporates from the surface of leaves, more water is ____________________ up the plant. When the guard cells that surround a stoma fill with water, the stoma ____________________. Changes in ____________________ ____________________ within the guard cells cause stoma to open and close. The loss of water in guard cells causes stomata to ____________________. The transport of organic molecules from the leaf to the rest of the plant is called ____________________. Seeds typically enter a period of dormancy before they ____________________. A(n) ____________________ is a chemical produced in one part of an organism and transported to another part of the organism, where it causes a response. ____________________ is a hormone that stimulates fruits to ripen. A plant hormone that causes elongation of plant cells by enabling them to stretch during cell growth is named ____________________. A growth response in plants in which the direction of growth is determined by the direction from which a stimulus comes is called a(n) ____________________. Essay 69. Describe the function of the seed coat. 70. Ouline the processes of pollination and fertilization in gymnosperms. 71. List and describe the location of the parts of a complete flower. HO3 CH. 20/21 EXAM: PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Answer Section TRUE/FALSE 1. T 16. T 51. pollination 33. dispersal 17. T 52. ovules 34. seeds 18. F 53. fruits 35. seed MULTIPLE CHOICE 19. D 2. F 20. B 3. T 21. C 4. T 54. double fertilization 36. vascular 37. Meristems 38. food 22. C 7. F 8. T 9. F 10. T 11. F 12. F 13. T 56. Dermal 57. gas exchange 39. animals 5. F 6. F 55. stems 58. roots 40. wind 23. D 59. pulled 41. Gymnosperms COMPLETION 60. opens 42. dicot 24. stomata 61. water pressure 43. seedless 25. cuticle 62. close 44. angiosperms 26. water 63. translocation 45. cotyledon 27. diffusion 64. germinate 46. stigma 28. water 65. hormone 47. anther 29. vascular 30. seed coat 14. F 31. favorable 15. F 32. reproductive 66. Ethylene 48. sepal 49. complete 67. auxin 68. tropism 50. food ESSAY 69. The outside of the seed is covered by a protective seed coat. The seed coat prevents the embryo from drying out and protects the embryo from mechanical injury and disease. 70. Pollen produced by pollen cones are carried by the wind to female cones that have opened, exposing the ovules. After pollen grains land near ovules, slender pollen tubes grow out of the pollen grains and into the ovules. Sperm move through the pollen tubes and enter the ovules. Once inside the ovules, fertilization occurs when sperm fuse with eggs, forming zygotes. 71. A complete flower is one that contains all four floral parts. The outermost whorl of the flower is made up of sepals. Proceeding toward the interior, the second whorl is made up of petals. The third whorl is made up of stamens. At the center of the flower is the pistil. Dependent upon the species, a flower may possess more than one pistil.