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Science, Technology, and a New Way of Thinking
WHAP/Napp
“In contrast to the previous, postclassical period, cultural issues did not shape the
world framework during the early modern centuries. As in politics key changes
occurred, but within individual societies, not through wider contact. As in politics
also, the most important shifts involved western Europe (and European colonies in
North America by the 17th century). The Protestant Reformation split the unity of
Christianity. Protestants also pushed new ideas, for example, about the importance
of family life, that helped transform popular culture. The scientific revolution of the
17th century was more significant still. New discoveries about gravity, planetary
motion, and the circulation of the blood helped propel science to the dominant
position in intellectual life, surpassing religion at this level. Beliefs in an orderly
nature and in progress of knowledge had wide-ranging implications: They
encouraged education, as philosophers argued that children were not defined by
original sin but could be shaped through learning. In the 18th century
Enlightenment, leading intellectuals argued that political and social life should be
rationally planned and studied, as with physical nature. Traditional ideas about
religion and about the importance of the aristocracy were attacked; new notions of
democracy, even socialism and feminism, surfaced.
The changes in European culture were remarkable not only for the new directions
they suggested but for their relationship to popular beliefs. European elites
developed new disdain for ordinary people in certain respects, particularly in the
areas of popular leisure. And by no means were all cultural trends homogeneous.
But many ordinary people picked up a host of novel ideas, particularly by the 18th
century. Beliefs in magic declined (though only after a period of heightened fear
and persecution of witches). Efforts to replace magic with more rationally
organized arrangements show up in the rise of lost-and-found offices for misplaced
property, which gradually did away with appeals to traditional experts, called
cunning men, who sought items with magical sticks. Ideas about family changed,
with growing belief in the importance of love as a basis for marriage…Even
children began to be redefined: Seen as toy- or animal-life before, at least until they
were capable of work, they began to be idealized as innocent, educable creatures by
the 18th century. At all levels, from science and religion to popular views of the
social environment, European culture was shifting rapidly during the early modern
centuries. The rapid spread of literacy, prompted by the advent of the printing
press in the 15th century and also Protestant interest in reading the Bible, served as
one basis for various new trends.” ~Experiencing World History
1- How did change manifest in the early modern era?
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2- Identify several critical changes that occurred in Western Europe.
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3- What traditional ideas were attacked?
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4- Provide evidence that a belief in magic declined.
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5- How did ideas about family life change? _______________________________
Notes:
I. Inventions
A. Gunpowder, brought from China, meant end of power of feudal castle
B. Movable type, invented around 1488, put education within reach of masses
C. Compass, brought from China through Spain  exploration
II. New Way of Thinking
A. HumanismRenaissance ideaSense of tremendous capacities and
potential of every human being; humanity worthy of study in its own right
B. Dante (1265-1321) wrote Divine Comedy in Italian (vernacular) not Latin
C. Machiavelli wrote The Prince (1513), secular and pragmatic political
treatise”It is better to be feared than lovedpower by any means
D. Humanism spread into north and central Europe
III. The Renaissance
A. Renaissance: 1450 to 1559Location: Italian City-Stateswealth from trade
B. Key Ideas: Humanism and SecularismKey Artists: Michelangelo, Da
Vinci, RaphaelShakespeare/England, Cervantes/Spain, Montaigne/ France
C. Renaissance”rebirth”revival of classical Greek and Roman ideas
D. Medieval art was flatRenaissance art was realistic, more human, worldly
IV. Johann Gutenberg
A. Printing developed in China during Song Dynasty but moveable type
invented in Europe: mid-1400s, Gutenberg invented printing press
B. Priorlong, laborious to create book, expensive books, most did not read
C. The printing pressBooks easy to produce and more affordablemiddle
class demand for books printed in vernacular
V. The Reformation
A. Medieval Churchunifying forcepowerful forcepope as intermediary
A. When church needed to finance building projects plus pay for Renaissance
artists in its employ, began to sell indulgences
B. Indulgencepiece of paper to purchase to reduce time in purgatory (sinner
would expiate or make amends for sins and then be allowed to enter heaven)
C. Land-owning noblesresentful of church, and its wealth and power
D. Selling of indulgences suggested the corrupt nature of the church to some
VI. Martin Luther
A. A professor at the University of WittenbergPosted his Ninety-five Theses
directed against the selling of indulgences in 1517
B. Claimed source of spiritual authority was not the church but scripture
C. After Diet of Worms in 1520, Luther refused to recant, excommunicated, and
Lutheranism was formed in defiance of Roman Catholic Church
D. John Calvin from France led a Protestant group by preaching an ideology of
predestinationGod had predetermined ultimate destiny for all people
E. John Knox founded the Presbyterian church in Scotland (similar to Calvin)
F. Henry VIII of England broke with Roman church in 1534 because pope
refused to allow him to divorce wifeChurch of England (Anglican)
VII. Different Protestant Denominations but Similarities
A. All Protestants rejected papal authority and supernatural character of
priesthoodreject purgatoryuse vernacularfaith alone
VIII. Catholic Counter-Reformation
A. Council of Trent, sitting irregularly in the mid-1500s, Roman Catholic
church reformed and rejuvenated
B. Saint Ignatius Loyola founded Society of Jesus (Jesuits), a monastic order
dedicated to participation in world and missionary activity
C. Inquisition (Catholic court) to enforce conformity
IX. Commercial Revolution
A. From self-sufficient town-centered economy to a capitalistic nation-centered
X. The Scientific Revolution
A. Use of reason, observation, and experimentationProof for Truth
B. Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543): advanced heliocentric or sun-centered
universe theory rather than geocentric
C. Galileotelescope to prove Copernicus
D. Isaac Newton (1642-1727): all motion could be described by mathematical
formula Universe was understandable by natural laws
Complete the Graphic Organizer Below:
When Europe Changed
Re
Renaissance:
Origins,
Ideas, and
Influence
Power of
Technology,
Particularly
Movable
Type
The
Reformation;
Particularly
Martin Luther
and John
Calvin
The Catholic
Counter
Reformation
The
Scientific
Revolution:
Questions:
 Identify and explain what inventions led to the breakdown of feudalism in Western
Europe.
 How did the Renaissance change ideas about humans, art, and society?
 Why was Gutenberg’s invention “revolutionary”?
 Discuss the causes and effects of the Protestant Reformation.
 How did the Catholic Counter-Reformation combat the rise of Protestantism?
 Why was the Scientific Revolution “revolutionary”?
1. Which of the following does NOT
5. Where did Luther’s movement first
belong in a list of Catholic doctrines
take root?
rejected by Martin Luther?
(A) France
(A) Papal authority
(B) England
(B) Granting of indulgences
(C) Spain
(C) Monasticism
(D) Italy
(D) Priestly celibacy
(E) Germany
(E) Acceptance of the Holy Trinity
6. Which label best characterizes the
2. Which group traces its roots to the
Italian Renaissance?
Catholic Reformation, sometimes
(A) A political movement
referred to as the Counter(B) A cultural movement
Reformation?
(C) A religious movement
(A) Benedictine monks
(D) A mass movement
(B) Coptic Christians
(E) A global movement
(C) Jesuits
(D) Liberation theologians
7. Who was associated with the Italian
(E) Calvinists
Renaissance?
(A) Plato
3. Who is credited with bringing
(B) Galileo
awareness of the heliocentric nature
(C) Niccolo Machiavelli
of the solar system into Western
(D) Pirandello
civilization?
(E) Vesalius
(A) Aristotle
(B) Galileo
8. Who was responsible for the
(C) Columbus
invention of movable type in the
(D) Copernicus
West?
(E) Descartes
(A) Thomas Aquinas
(B) Albrecht Durer
4. Which of the following thinkers
(C) John Harvey
established the principles of objects
(D) Johannes Gutenberg
in motion and defined the forces of
(E) Nicolaus Copernicus
gravity?
(A) Descartes
(B) Rousseau
(C) Newton
(D) Bacon
(E) Galileo
Thesis Statement: Change Over Time: Western Europe: 476 – 1750
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