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PHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM FORMULA SHEET from JUNG ^^: NAME FORMULA DESCRIPTION Fick’s Law Flux = P * A (Cout – Cin) P = permeability factor P is a combination of 3 factors (1) diffusion coefficient (size and shape of substance) (2) partition coefficient (lipid solubility of substance) (3) membrane thickness A = the cross sectional area available for diffusion C = concentrations of the substance on either side of the separating membrane Van’t Hoff Equation (Osmotic pressure) π=gCσRT π = osmotic pressure (atm or mm Hg) g = number of particles per mole in solution (Osm / mol) C = concentration (mmol / L) σ = reflection coefficient (varies from 0 to 1, where 0 means that the membrane is freely permeable to that substance; and 1 means the membrane is totally reflective or impermeable to the substance) R = gas constant T = absolute temperature (K) Nernst Equation (electrical gradient) Eion = (RT/zF) In ([ion]0 / [ion]1) R = gas constant T = absolute temperature (K) z F = constant (z = charge) Starling’s Law of the capillaries J = k [(BHP – IFHP) – (BOP-IFOP)] -the volume of fluid and solutes reabsorbed is almost as large as the volume filtered J = fluid movement (ml / min) k = hydraulic constant (ml / min) (k depends on permeability of capillaries, e.g. fenestration) Cardiac Output CO = SV * HR SV = stroke volume HR = heart rate Mean Arterial Blood Pressure (MABP) MABP = diastolic BP + 1/3 (syst BP – diast BP) -MABP is average pressure in arteries (not an arithmetic average) TPR = total peripheral resistance MABP = CO * TPR Poiseuille’s Law R = 8ηl / (πr^4) l = length of tube r = radius of tube η = viscosity of fluid Velocity of blood flow v=Q/A -flow decreases when resistance increases -flow resistance decreases when vessel diameter increases -properties of the fluid and tube affect resistance to flow -the flow of fluid through rigid tube is governed by pressure gradient and resistance to flow v = velocity of blood flow (cm / sec) Q = flow (ml / sec) A = cross – sectional area (cm^2) 1 Blood flow Q = ∆P / R or ∆P = Q * R -Q is directly proportional to ∆P and inversely proportional to R Q = flow (ml / min) ∆P = pressure difference (mm Hg) R = resistance (mm Hg / ml / min) Reynold’s number NR = p d v / η p = density of blood d = diameter of blood vessel v = velocity of blood flow η = blood viscosity -NR is used to predict whether blood flow will be laminar or turbulent -if value is less than 2,000, blood flow will be laminar, greater than 3000 – turbulent Compliance of blood vessel C=V/P -the higher the compliance of a vessel – the more volume it can hold at a given pressure Laplace’s Law Pv = T (1/ r1 + 1 / r2) for cylindrical vessel, P = T/r -the force acting on blood vessel wall is proportional to diameter of the vessel times blood pressure -relate pressure, radius of vessel, and tension on vessel wall -the larger the radius, the greater the tension needed to reach a given pressure (important in capillaries and alveoli) Pv = ventricular pressure Boyle’s Law P1 V1 = P2 V2 (from general gas law PV = nRT ) -as the size of closed container decreases, pressure inside is increased (inverse relationship) -special case of the general gas law -the pressure times volume (at a given t) is constant (diaphragm movement changes lung volume which changes P) Laplace’s Law (again) P = 2T / r -critical closing pressure -note the inverse relationship between pressure and radius (the greater the radius the lesser the pressure needed to keep the alveoli open = surfactant effect) Poiseuille’s Law (again) R = 8ηl / (πr^4) -resistance effects on flow Dalton’s Law (PP of O2 & CO2) Total pressure = sum of all partial pressures -the pressure exerted by each type of gas in a mixture -each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure (as if all other gases were not present) (partial pressures denoted as ‘P’) atm. pressure = pO2 + pCO2 + pN2 + pH2O Henry’s Law (gas solubility) clinical application of Henry’s law is Hyperbaric Oxygenation -quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid depends upon the amount of gas present and its solubility coefficient -breathing compressed air while scuba diving -breathing O2 under pressure dissolves more O2 in blood Fick’s Law (again) V = (D * A * ∆P) / X -conservation of mass -diffusion of gases through the respiratory membrane Bohr Effect acidity and oxygen affinity for Hb -as acidity increases, O2 affinity for Hb decreases -H+ binds to hemoglobin and alters it -O2 left behind in needy tissues 2 Haldane Effect transport of carbon dioxide in tissue capillaries Hamberger Shift (Cl shift) CO2 and Chloride shift (while exchange of O2 and CO2 occurs in lung and tissues) Hering-Breuer reflex inflation reflex -big deep breath stretches receptors in bronchi and bronchioles producing urge to exhale -limits the degree of inspiration and prevents overinflation of the lungs Basal Metabolic Rate BMR = minimum energy expenditure for the body to exist -unit of measurement = cal (1000 cal) Respiratory Quotient RQ = CO2 / O2 -RQ is the ration of the volume of CO2 produced to the volume of O2 utilized Renal Clearance of a substance C=UV/P -renal clearance of a substance if the volume of plasma that is completely cleared of the substance per unit time -urine excretion rate = UV mg / min U = [substance] in urine (mg/ml) V = urine flow P = [substance] in plasma (mg/ml) Renal Plasma Flow RPF = C / extraction ratio extraction ratio (E) = (Pa - Pv) / Pa -hemoglobin that has released oxygen binds more readily to carbon dioxide than hemoglobin that has oxygen bound to it -in tissue capillaries, carbon dioxide combines with water inside RBCs to form carbonic acid which dissociates to form bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions -if a substance (inulin) is freely filtered: GFR = C = UV / P -PAH is almost cleared by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion -PAH removed from plasma is known as extraction ratio Renal Blood Flow RBF = RPF / (1-hematocrit) -(1-hematocrit) is the fraction of blood volume occupied by plasma Filtration Fraction FF = GFR / RPF -FF is fraction of plasma that filters through the glomerulus Glomerular Filtration Rate GFR = Kf * NFP GFR = Kf * (cap hydr - bowman hydr - cap colloid) Kf = capillary filtration coefficient NFP = hydrostatic P + colloidal osmotic P Good Luck ~ ^.^ 3