Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Biology I (H) Study Guide: CH 3 BIOCHEMISTRY E. S. Gustafson NAME:_____________________________ _______ PERIOD: ____ SECTION 3-1: WATER POLARITY Explain why some covalent bonds exhibit polarity. Draw an electron-energy-level model & the structural formula for water. Indicate the charges on the water model. What do the lines in the structural formula represent? Distinguish between polar covalent bonds & nonpolar covalent bonds and provide some examples of molecules of each type. (Lecture.) HYDROGEN BONDING Explain how a hydrogen bond is formed. Distinguish between cohesion & adhesion. Explain why water exhibits capillarity. Why does water moderate temperature? 1 Examine the diagram at right & draw in the appropriate charges on the water molecules & the solute ion. SECTION 3-2: CARBON COMPOUNDS Distinguish between organic compounds & inorganic compounds. Provide some examples of each type. Name three forms of inorganic carbon substances. (Lecture.) Use chemical symbols to list several elements that commonly form bonds with carbon in organic compounds. CARBON BONDING How many covalent bonds do carbon atoms form? ___________ List some important properties of carbon that lead to molecular diversity. (Lecture.) FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Explain what functional groups are. Write the names & draw the chemical formulas of six functional groups found in organic compounds Note: one has two variations.. (Text & Lecture.) (1) (4) (2) (5) (3) (6) Circle & label the functional groups shown at right. 2 LARGE CARBON MOLECULES Define monomer & polymer. What is a macromolecule? Describe a condensation reaction. Note the byproduct of this reaction. What other name is given to this reaction? (Lecture.) ____________________________________ Describe a hydrolysis reaction. Note the necessary reactant for this reaction. Identify the forward & reverse reactions by labeling the “yield” arrows. What does the abbreviation ATP stand for? ______________________________________ What functional group is associated with ATP? __________________________ SECTION 3-3: MOLECULES OF LIFE CARBOHYDRATES Describe what a carbohydrate is. Use chemical symbols to list the elements found in typical carbohydrates. ___________________ What is the ratio of these elements? ____________________ Name the functional groups associated with carbohydrates. _________________________ Name the general term for a monomer of a carbohydrate & write its general formula. 3 Identify the two monosaccharides below & draw the structural formula of a third common monosaccharide next to the two provided. (See Fig. 3-10.) Write their chemical formulas below & briefly discuss where these molecules are found & their functions. What term applies to molecules that have the same elemental composition but different structures? In other words, they have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas & different properties. Explain how a disaccharide is formed. List three common disaccharides & describe the composition of each. (Text & Lecture.) Are these three common sugars isomers? ________ Explain how a polysaccharide is formed. List two important fuel storage polysaccharides & discuss where they occur in organisms. List two important structural polysaccharides & discuss where they occur in organisms. 4 PROTEINS Describe what a protein is. Use chemical symbols to list the elements found in proteins. ___________________ What is an amino acid? What is the abbreviation for “amino acid”? Draw an illustration of an amino acid below & label the central C-atom, amino & carboxyl groups, hydrogen atom, & R-group. (See Fig. 3-11 & Lecture) How do amino acids differ from one another? How many different kinds of amino acids exist? ___________ What type of bond is formed when two amino acids join to form a dipeptide? _______________________ Describe the structure of a polypeptide. Describe the four levels of structure that contribute to overall protein structure. (Lecture.) (1) Primary structure - (2) Secondary structure - (3) Tertiary structure - (4) Quaternary structure - Provide an example of a protein composed of a single polypeptide. (Lecture.) _____________________ Provide an example of a protein composed of three polypeptides. (Lecture) _______________________ Provide an example of a protein composed of four polypeptides. (Lecture.) _______________________ 5 List five interactions between the R-groups of amino acids in a polypeptide or protein that causes them to fold into a characteristic shape giving tertiary &/or quaternary structure. (Lecture.) (1) (4) (2) (5) (3) What are enzymes & what is their function? What is an enzyme’s substrate? Label & color the diagram below. Word list: enzyme; substrate; products; enzyme-substrate complex. A C B D LIPIDS Describe what a lipid is. Use chemical symbols to list the elements found in typical lipids. ___________________ Discuss is the hydrogen-to-oxygen ratio in lipids. Name the functional groups associated with lipids. _________________________ Name the general term for a monomer of a lipids. _________________________ 6 Identify & circle the functional group & identify the hydrocarbon chain in the lipid below. Fill in the chemical formula for the fatty acid pictured above. CH3( ) COOH Distinguish between the terms hydrophilic & hydrophobic. Identify these regions fatty acid above. Distinguish between saturated fatty acids & unsaturated fatty acids. What type is the fatty acid above? Name the three classes of complex lipids that contain fatty acids & discuss their functions in living things. (Text & Lecture.) Discuss & describe some differences between saturated triglycerides (saturated fats) & unsaturated triglycerides (unsaturated fats). Describe & draw the basic structure of a steroid. How do steroids differ from the other lipids discussed? Many steroids have this function: ________________________ Name several important steroids found in humans. NUCLEIC ACIDS Describe what a nucleic acid is. 7 Use chemical symbols to list the elements found in nucleic acids. ___________________ Draw & label a general diagram to represent a nucleotide. (See Fig. 3-16.) Name the functional groups associated with nucleotides/nucleic acids. ___________________ How many kinds of nucleotides are found in nucleic acids? ____________ Name the two large polynucleotides, provide their common abbreviations, & discuss their functions. Label the diagrams below according to what type of organic or inorganic compound they represent. 8