Download Regents Chemistry

Mr. Shields
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Learning objectives: Unit 17
Functional Groups & Reactions
Regents Chemistry
Know that a STRUCTURAL ISOMER has the same Molecular formula but different structure
o They DO NOT both need to belong to the same functional group
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Example: ethyl alcohol and dimethyl ether are structural isomers (C2H6O)
Know the names of the various Organic Functional groups and their General Formulas (Table R)
o Be able to recognize and identify functional groups in a condensed structural formula and
structural formulas
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Know how to name compounds containing each of the functional groups
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Be able to associate a given IUPAC name ending (example –al) to a specific functional group
(aldehyde –CHO)
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Know the general physical properties of these functional groups such Polarity and H-bonding
capability, general B.P. trends as a function of the group, Solubility in water, do they have
characteristic Scents
o Be able to explain BP and Solubility in terms of intermolecular forces of attraction
o When give several compounds containing different functional groups be able to arrange them in
order of BP
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Know that alkyl halides can have one or more halogen atom which can be the same or different
o Number them if necessary when naming / prefixes are Fluoro, Chloro, Bromo, Iodo
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Know that amines are Bronsted-Lowry bases and react with acids to form salts (ionic compounds)
o Know that when a proton bonds to an amine a coordinate covalent bond is formed
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Know that carboxylic acids are weak acids
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Know that the carbonyl carbon (C=O) of carboxylic acids, aldehydes and amides are always terminal
carbons
o Ketones are always internal carbonyl groups / location must be designated if more than one
possibility exists
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Be able to explain the difference between an alcohol (1 -OH), diol (2 -OH) and triol’s (3 -OH)
o Recognize the glycerol molecule as a Triol
o The –OH of an alcohol is NOT the same as an ionic Hydroxide group
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Know that an amino acid contains two functional groups; carboxylic acid and an amine
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Be able to explain addition, elimination, and substitution reactions and be able recognize a given
reaction as one of these
o In addition reactions a double or triple bond is necessary
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Addition of H2 is called “Hydrogenation”
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Mr. Shields

Learning objectives: Unit 17
Functional Groups & Reactions
Regents Chemistry
HX and X2 (x = halogen) will also add across double and triple bonds
o Elimination reactions produce double bonds
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H2 can be eliminated (dehydrogenation) in the presence of heat and catalyst
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This is typically done in a catalytic cracking unit
HX ( X = Halogen) can also be elimination in the presence of a strong base
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Besides the alkene, salt and water are produced
o In substitution X2 (X= a halogen) replaces hydrogen in an alkane
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Besides the halocarbon, HX is also produced
o Substitution requires UV light (or sunlight) to initiate the reaction
o Substitution can also be used to create alcohols by reacting an alkyl halide with NaOH
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C-C-C-X + NaOH  C-C-C-OH + NaCl
Be able to explain Esterification, Fermentation, Saponification reactions and be able to recognize
these reactions
o Know that fermentation requires an enzyme such as zymase
o Know that glycerol is a by product of saponification
o Know that esters are made from alcohols and organic acids; the alcohol alkyl portion bonds to
the Hydroyl oxygen; and be able to specify what alcohol and acid combined to make the ester
based on it’s structural formula
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Know that in complete combustion water and carbon dioxide are the by-products
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Be able to explain the terms Polymerization and monomer
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Be able to recognize the natural polymers
o For example: Wool, cotton, cellulose, starch
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Be able to explain addition and condensation polymerization reactions and be able to recognize a
given reaction as an example of one of these
o Addition polymerization monomers must have double or triple bonds and no atoms are lost
during the reaction
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An example of a monomer used in addition polymerization is ethene (ethylene)
o Condensation polymerization monomer has two of the same functional group
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different monomers are needed and the functional groups must react with one another
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For example: a diacid and a dialcohol will react to form a polyester
o Know that in condensation reactions water is always lost each time two monomers join
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