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November 27, 2014 These two compounds are structural isomers, which would have the lower boiling point? Alkyl Halides -hydrocarbons that contain a halogen atom -the halogen atom is named like an alkyl group F Cl Br I November 27, 2014 Rules for Naming Number the parent chain so that the carbons with the halogens have the lowest possible number If there are two or more of the same halogen use a prefix to indicate this If there are different halogens present, list them alphabetically Physical Properties of Alkyl Halides -the C-Cl bond and C-F bond are polar -if the molecule is polar (i.e. - the polar bonds don't cancel out, then the melting point, boiling point and solubility will be affected -a non-polar alkyl halide will have increased London Forces compared to an alkane with the same number of carbons, because London Forces are increased November 27, 2014 Example F Br Cl Cl Cl November 27, 2014 Uses Solvents Dry cleaning solvents Anesthetics Pesticides Freon Examples: Which will have a greater boiling point: CCl4 or CI4? Which will be more soluble in water: CH3Cl or CCl4? November 27, 2014 Carboxylic Acids Contain a carboxyl group Condensed formula is R-COOH or R-CO2H Rules for Naming Find the longest carbon chain with the carboxyl group (carboxyl carbon is always #1) Take the alkane name of the root and change the –e to –oic acid (i.e. methanoic acid) Branches are named as usual (remember to number starting with the functional group) November 27, 2014 Draw 3-ethylpentanoic acid November 27, 2014 Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids -carboxylic acids have 2 polar bonds and 1 H-bond -this means that their melting and boiling points are higher than alcohols and hydrocarbons -solubility decreases as the carbon chain length increases (because the carbon chain is non-polar) -they are weak acids so their pH<7 Esters Contain an ester functional group Condensed structure would be November 27, 2014 Esters form from the reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid CH3-OH + O || -C HO -CH3 This is referred to as a condensation or dehydration reaction November 27, 2014 Naming Esters -the name of the ester is derived from the parent alcohol and acid -find the functional group and draw a line through the middle of the functional group Try these November 27, 2014 Methyl methanoate November 27, 2014 Esters are isomers of carboxylic acids Draw an isomer of CH3CH2CH2COOH
