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Mr. Shields Learning objectives: Unit 17 Functional Groups & Reactions Regents Chemistry Know that a STRUCTURAL ISOMER has the same Molecular formula but different structure o They DO NOT both need to belong to the same functional group Example: ethyl alcohol and dimethyl ether are structural isomers (C2H6O) Know the names of the various Organic Functional groups and their General Formulas (Table R) o Be able to recognize and identify functional groups in a condensed structural formula and structural formulas Know how to name compounds containing each of the functional groups Be able to associate a given IUPAC name ending (example –al) to a specific functional group (aldehyde –CHO) Know the general physical properties of these functional groups such Polarity and H-bonding capability, general B.P. trends as a function of the group, Solubility in water, do they have characteristic Scents o Be able to explain BP and Solubility in terms of intermolecular forces of attraction o When give several compounds containing different functional groups be able to arrange them in order of BP Know that alkyl halides can have one or more halogen atom which can be the same or different o Number them if necessary when naming / prefixes are Fluoro, Chloro, Bromo, Iodo Know that amines are Bronsted-Lowry bases and react with acids to form salts (ionic compounds) o Know that when a proton bonds to an amine a coordinate covalent bond is formed Know that carboxylic acids are weak acids Know that the carbonyl carbon (C=O) of carboxylic acids, aldehydes and amides are always terminal carbons o Ketones are always internal carbonyl groups / location must be designated if more than one possibility exists Be able to explain the difference between an alcohol (1 -OH), diol (2 -OH) and triol’s (3 -OH) o Recognize the glycerol molecule as a Triol o The –OH of an alcohol is NOT the same as an ionic Hydroxide group Know that an amino acid contains two functional groups; carboxylic acid and an amine Be able to explain addition, elimination, and substitution reactions and be able recognize a given reaction as one of these o In addition reactions a double or triple bond is necessary Addition of H2 is called “Hydrogenation” 1 Mr. Shields Learning objectives: Unit 17 Functional Groups & Reactions Regents Chemistry HX and X2 (x = halogen) will also add across double and triple bonds o Elimination reactions produce double bonds H2 can be eliminated (dehydrogenation) in the presence of heat and catalyst This is typically done in a catalytic cracking unit HX ( X = Halogen) can also be elimination in the presence of a strong base Besides the alkene, salt and water are produced o In substitution X2 (X= a halogen) replaces hydrogen in an alkane Besides the halocarbon, HX is also produced o Substitution requires UV light (or sunlight) to initiate the reaction o Substitution can also be used to create alcohols by reacting an alkyl halide with NaOH C-C-C-X + NaOH C-C-C-OH + NaCl Be able to explain Esterification, Fermentation, Saponification reactions and be able to recognize these reactions o Know that fermentation requires an enzyme such as zymase o Know that glycerol is a by product of saponification o Know that esters are made from alcohols and organic acids; the alcohol alkyl portion bonds to the Hydroyl oxygen; and be able to specify what alcohol and acid combined to make the ester based on it’s structural formula Know that in complete combustion water and carbon dioxide are the by-products Be able to explain the terms Polymerization and monomer Be able to recognize the natural polymers o For example: Wool, cotton, cellulose, starch Be able to explain addition and condensation polymerization reactions and be able to recognize a given reaction as an example of one of these o Addition polymerization monomers must have double or triple bonds and no atoms are lost during the reaction An example of a monomer used in addition polymerization is ethene (ethylene) o Condensation polymerization monomer has two of the same functional group different monomers are needed and the functional groups must react with one another For example: a diacid and a dialcohol will react to form a polyester o Know that in condensation reactions water is always lost each time two monomers join 2