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The Northern Renaissance World History/Napp “The work of such artists as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael showed the Renaissance spirit. All three artists demonstrated an interest in classical culture, a curiosity about the world, and a belief in human potential. Humanist writers expanded ideas about individuality. These ideas impressed scholars, students, and merchants who visited Italy. By the late 1400s, Renaissance ideas had spread to Northern Europe – especially England, France, Germany, and Flanders (now part of France and the Netherlands). The northern Renaissance developed its own character. For example, the artists were especially interested in realism. The Renaissance ideal of human dignity inspired some northern humanists to develop plans for social reform based on Judeo-Christian values. In 1494, a French king claimed the throne of Naples in southern Italy and launched an invasion through northern Italy. As the war dragged on, many Italian artists and writers left for a safer life in Northern Europe. In addition, Northern European artists who studied in Italy carried Renaissance ideas back to their homelands. Perhaps the most famous person to do this was the German artist Albrecht Dürer. After returning to Germany, Dürer produced woodcuts and engravings. Many of his prints portray religious subjects. Others portray classical myths or realistic landscapes. Dürer’s emphasis upon realism influenced the work of another German artist, Hans Holbein the Younger. Holbein specialized in painting portraits that are almost photographic in detail. He emigrated to England where he painted portraits of King Henry VIII and other members of the English royal family. The support of wealthy merchant families in Flanders helped to make Flanders the artistic center of northern Europe. The first great Flemish Renaissance painter was Jan van Eyck. Van Eyck used recently developed oil-based paints to develop techniques that painters still use. By applying layer upon layer of paint, van Eyck was able to create a variety of subtle colors in clothing and jewels. In addition to new techniques, van Eyck’s paintings display unusually realistic details and reveal the personality of their subjects.” ~ World History Questions: - What did the works of da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael demonstrate? - Define humanism. What did humanist writers expand ideas about? - How did the spirit of the Renaissance spread to Northern Europe? - Why was Albrecht Dürer important in spreading the Renaissance north? - Identify two significant facts about Hans Holbein the Younger. - How did Jan van Eyck create a variety of subtle colors in clothing and jewels? Christian Humanists - The northern humanists were critical of the failure of the Christian Church to inspire people to live a Christian life - The focus of Christian humanism was the reform of society - Of particular importance to humanists was education Elizabethan Age - The Renaissance spread to England in the mid-1500s - The period was known as the Elizabethan Age, after Queen Elizabeth I - Elizabeth reigned from 1558 to 1603 - As queen she did much to support the development of English art and literature - The best known of the Christian humanists were Desiderius Erasmus of Holland and Thomas More of England - The most famous writer of the Elizabethan Age was William Shakespeare - In 1509, Erasmus wrote his most famous work, The Praise of Folly - Like many Renaissance writers, Shakespeare revered the classics and drew on them for inspiration and plots - This book poked fun at greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priests - His works display a masterful command of the English language and a deep understanding of human beings Printing Press - The Chinese invented block printing, in which a printer carved words or letters on a wooden block, inked the block, and then used it to print on paper - Around 1045, Bi Sheng invented movable type, or a separate piece of type for each character - The method would prove practical for Europeans - During the 13th century, block-printed items reached Europe from China - Around 1440 Johann Gutenberg, a craftsman from Mainz, Germany, developed a printing press that incorporated a number of technologies in a new way - The process made it possible to produce books quickly and cheaply - For the first time, books were cheap enough that many people could buy them - What was important to Christian humanists? - Who did Erasmus poke fun at in his most famous work, The Praise of Folly? - Describe the Elizabethan Age in England. - Who was Shakespeare and why was he important? - Who was Johann Gutenberg and how did he revolutionize books and reading? - About how many books could a printing press produce in a month? - Which areas of the world contributed technologies to Gutenberg’s printing press? - How were books produced before the printing press? - How did the printing press change society? P R I M A RY S O U R C E Gold and silver, of which money is made, are so treated . . . that no one values them more highly than their true nature deserves. Who does not see that they are far inferior to iron in usefulness since without iron mortals cannot live any more than without fire and water? ~ THOMAS MORE, Utopia P R I M A RY S O U R C E I am amazed by the opinion of some men who claim that they do not want their daughters, wives, or kinswomen to be educated because their mores [morals] would be ruined as a result. . . . Here you can clearly see that not all opinions of men are based on reason and that these men are wrong. ~ CHRISTINE DE PIZAN, The Book of The City of Ladies In Europe, a major characteristic of humanism was 1. a belief in the supremacy of the state in relation to individual rights 2. a rejection of ancient civilizations and their cultures 3. an emphasis on social control and obedience to national leaders 4. an appreciation for the basic work of individual achievement The humanists of the Renaissance differed from the traditional medieval philosophers in the humanists’ 1. interest in the spiritual life of the people 2. lack of interest in ancient Greece and Roman culture 3. rejection of Christian principles 4. emphasis on the importance of the individual “Europe is waking out of a long, deep sleep…Time was when learning was only found in the religious orders...learning has passed to secular princes and peers.” This quotation best describes the 1. Renaissance 2. decline of the Roman Empire 3. Crusades 4. rise of Christianity Which was a significant result of the renewed study of Greek and Roman life during the late medieval period in Europe? 1. strengthening of feudalism 2. development of the Renaissance 3. reemergence of Greek city-states 4. disruption of the trade monopoly held by Italian merchants Which societal condition was basic to the development of Greek philosophy and Renaissance art? 1. rigid social classes 2. emphasis on individualism 3. religious uniformity 4. mass education Which is a valid conclusion based on a study of European art during the Renaissance in Europe? 1. Emphasis on artistic creativity can discourage a society from pursuing reforms. 2. The development of guilds prevented artistic creativity. 3. The presence of a wealthy leisure class contributes to artistic achievement. 4. An economy based on subsistence agriculture encourages artistic development. Which movement helped most to reintroduce classical Greco-Roman ideas to Western culture? 1. the Renaissance 2. the Enlightenment 3. the Protestant Reformation 4. the Commercial Revolution A major characteristic of European art during the Renaissance was the 1. use of abstract designs 2. reproduction of prehistoric buildings 3. lifelike portrayal of people and their environment 4. introduction of Gothic architecture Which statement best describes a characteristic of the Renaissance in Europe? 1. The social structure became very rigid. 2. Creativity in the arts was encouraged. 3. The political structure was similar to that of the Roman Empire. 4. Humanism decreased in importance.